POLI 100 Midterm Study (3) PDF

Lec. 1-2 What is Politics? Concepts from the Lecture: Polis - Polis = city → state → people - Politics as a branch of ethics - Politics - Differ across space and time - History matters - Ideas are related to events - Definitions of politics -...

Lec. 1-2 What is Politics? Concepts from the Lecture: Polis - Polis = city → state → people - Politics as a branch of ethics - Politics - Differ across space and time - History matters - Ideas are related to events - Definitions of politics - Art and science of governing - Postmodern definition: the construction of and resistance to power in society as a whole Plato - Art of governing (art of justice) - “Republic” - How politics “ought” to be - Creation of a just state - Philosopher’s rule - Reason - Cave analogy - Good of the people is paramount - Reason - If a person is ruled by reason they are just and good - Philosopher's rule - Purpose of politics = to create justice - Justice means goodness for individuals and the state Machiavelli - Art of governing (art of power) - “The Prince” 1400s - Politics as they are not as they ought to be - Politics is a struggle for power - Humans are inherently self-interested - Virtu - Foresight/intelligence/skill - Must overcome fortuna - Fortuna - River - Woman  - Purpose of politics = ensure the power of the prince to maintain order - Dirty hands required in politics - The ends justify the means - Make the people need you → Night watchman state - Strong power for order Modern Age - Science of governing - State vs Citizens - Rene Descartes = “I think therefore I am” - Individuality, reason, skepticism, not dominated by god - Tenets - Individuals, science, market, progress - Scientific approach - Contemporary approach - Polling Thomas Hobbes - Modern Politics - History - English civil war (17 C) - Law of Nature - Self preservation - We have the right to life and to preserve life - Absolute Monarchy - Humans are self interested Leviathan - Science as applied to politics - Galileo’s Mathematical Scientific Method - Components parts: individual citizens - Forces acting upon them: Glory, power, ambition - Image - Power comes from consent of the people - Monarch brings together land and power Concepts from the Texts: ‘Simile of the Cave’ - Three stages of liberation - Freedom from chains → prisoner is confused by the fire and shadows - Out of the Cave into daylight → gradual acclimatization as he begins to gain a fuller understanding of reality - The sun → understanding the sun then reflection on the cave (pity) - Return to cave  - Prisoner is killed ‘Fortuna’ - Raging river, women - Price must be flexible and adaptable to overcome fortuna - Virtu Philosopher-king - Plato - Revealed in cave analogy - Reason - If a person is ruled by reason they are just and good - To rule is the highest calling Behaviouralism - Post WWII in the US - Study of behavior - Objective measurements of the social world - Scientific method in social phenomena - Can’t be falsified - Opponents - Political behavior is inconsistent with scientific laws - Should not be value free Inductive Method - Behaviouralism - Start with empirical observations then draw explanations Deductive Method - Rational choice theory = assumption that humans are rational thinkers and make choice that will benefit them - Rooted in economic theory - Start with an assumption then test Empirical Analysis - Observable phenomenon - Value free - Comparative Semantic Analysis - Meaning of the concepts we use - Definitions are easily contested Positivism - Separation of fact and value - Scientific methodology applied to social phenomena - Science must limit itself to what is observable - Logical positivism - Normative claims are meaningless Practice quiz 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C  Lec. 3 The State? Concepts from the Lecture: Treaty of Westphalia - Signed in 1648 - Ended the 30 year war - Introduced concept of sovereignty - In order to replace imperialist wars Social Contract - Agreement between citizens and state - Locke and Rousseau - Cooperating for social benefits - Giving up some freedom to receive security from the state Branches of State - Legislative → parliament + congress = pass laws - Executive → cabinet + president = develop and enforce laws - Judicial → courts and supreme court = interpret laws - Coercive → military - Administrative → bureaucracy = advice on laws - Socialization → schools Levels of State - Federal - Provincial Aristotle’s Taxonomy of Constitutions - Good = monarchy, aristocracy, polity - Bad = tyranny, oligarchy, democracy Additional Concepts from the Texts: Natural Rights - Rights humans possess regardless of the law - Positive = freedom to (education, healthcare) - Negative - freedom from (property, life) Totalitarianism - Type of authoritarian regime - Brutal and oppressive - Examples - Nazi Germany - China after Mao Pluralism - State is a neutral mediator between groups  - Fragmentation of power - Acknowledgement of competing groups - Interest groups = organizations defending interest or cause - Sectional groups = unions - Cause groups = opposition to pornography - Polygarchy → minority rule - Problems - Devalues capacity of humans to work together Elitism - Elite rule - Elite pluralism - Multiple pyramids of power - Corporatism - State corporatism - Societal corporatism - Decisions made to incorporate economic interests Night Watchman State - Minimal state interventions - Only provides security - Popular with libertarians - Individuals know what is best for themselves and can live responsibility without government interference - New right - Creates reliance on the state Social Contract tradition - Agreement among society to cooperate for social benefits - Hobbs, Locke, Rousseau - Justifies the existence of the state - Security - Protection of natural rights Practice Quiz 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B  Lec. 4 The State: Power, Authority, and Sovereignty Concepts from the Lectures and Readings: Power - Ability to do something - Soft - Ability to convince others to do something - Diplomacy - Hard - Ability to force others to do something - Violence - Conservative view - Hard power is key - Necessary for order - IR realists - Power defines everything - Thinkers - Hobbes and Machiavelli - Liberal view - Power of the state is dangerous - To be kept in check by the rights of citizens - IR liberals - Soft power is important - Thinkers - JS Mill, Locke - Marxist view - Power is capacity or ability - Coercive and repressive - Power is not in the state but the economic realm - State protects the interests of the dominant economic class - Revolution is necessary - Overturn capitalist economic system - State will soon disappear - Key thinkers - Marx - Gramsci - Hegemony - Power amongst intellectuals can convince people Authority - Legitimate exercise of power - Supported by the people - Can have power without authority and vice versa Sovereignty - Supreme law making power within a territory - Internal - Relationship between state and people - Counters parallel authority within a state - External - Relationship between states and international institutions - Protects smaller states from larger states - Challenges - Globalization - Movement of people, economics, information tech - Identity challenges - regional/national claims to sovereignty - Quebec - Indigenous rights Weber’s Typology of Authority - Rational Legal Authority - Rule of law - Obedience to office holder not individual - Charismatic Authority - Rule based on qualities of a person - Devotion - Hero/savior - Hitler, Mussolini, Trump, Mandela - Traditional Authority - Rule by inherited right - Hereditary power - Authority as organic rather than enacted Postmodern definition of power (Foucult) 1. Power is not held but it circulated - Should be critiqued 2. Can be a creative or productive force - Resistance to power - BLM - Produces things, induces pleasure 3. Power extends beyond the state - States can only operate via pre-existing power structures - Power is everywhere - Who writes books - Who decides what is mental illness - Chomsky - Anarcho-syndicalism - No states. Capitalism - Groups govern themselves  - Via revolution - Modern marxism - Power as a coercive oppressive force Concepts from Readings: Marxist Theory of Politics - Power should be in the hands of the working class - Capitalist society requires permanent surveillance Weber on Authority - Traditional authority - Divine right of kings - Charismatic authority - Legal-rational authority  Lec. 5 Political Ideologies: Liberalism Concepts from the Lecture Ideology - Political doctrine based on rational principles that provide both an explanatory theory and a prescriptive program of mass action - Applies to all people equally - “What is and what ought to be” - Shaped by history - Modern - Mass action - Universal rational principles - Prescriptive program of action - The Market Economy - How much should the state be involved? Liberalism - Individual liberty is paramount - State must preserve freedoms of the individual - Law, equality of opportunity, tolerance - Tenets - Individual freedoms - Free market - Rule of law - Equality of opportunity - Tolerance - Representative government - Division between public and private spheres John Locke/ Two Treatises of Government - Historical context - English civil war 1689 - International colonization - English Enlightenment - Contrast to Hobbes - Laws of nature - Self preservation, liberty, property - Must be protected by the state - Liberal/Democratic state - Limited power of the king - People can reject the monarch - Basis of American Constitution - Empirical Scientific method J.S. Mill/ On Liberty 1856  - Political liberalism - Liberty is paramount 1. Liberty of thought 2. Liberty of association 3. Liberty of action - Exceptions - Harm principle - Tyranny of the majority - Harriet Taylor Mill → Came up with half of the ideas Adam Smith/ Wealth of Nation 1776 - Economic liberalism - Economic rights of the individual are key - Free market - Will lead to public good Isaiah Berlin ‘Two Concepts of Freedom’ - Negative Liberty = freedom from external constraint (freedom from) - Non-interference from the state - Manifests in civil and political rights - Alights with Classical liberal/libertarian/neoliberal - Positive Liberty = capacity to be master on one’s own density (freedom to) - State provides basic needs so individuals can be free to act - Manifests in social and economic rights - Aligns with welfare liberalism/reform liberalism/socialism Welfare Liberalism vs. Libertarianism - Welfare liberalism/Reform liberalism → Positive Liberty - Events - Response to industrial revolution and the great depression - Thinkers - T.H Green → Positive freedom - Keynes → General Theory of Employment 1938 - State intervention in the economy - Spend during bust, save during boom - T.H Marshall → Citizenship and social class 1950 - Social rights are as important as other rights - Creation of welfare states - Tenets - Equality and positive freedom - Redistribution of wealthy/tax - State intervention - Healthcare, shelter, education - Neoliberalism/Libertarianism (1980s - now) → negative liberty - Events - Expanding states and increasing deficits - Thinkers  - Frederich Hayek (Road to Serfdom 1944) - Argued against Keynes - Monetarist Economics - Milton Freidman (Capitalism and Freedom 1962) - Argued against keynes - Tenets - Classical Economic Liberalism (Smith) - Small state, big market - Classical Political Liberalism (Mill) - State protects civil and political rights not social rights - Non-Interference Concepts from Readings The Enlightenment - 1600-1700s - Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau Classical Liberalism - Limitation of the state - State only ensures security Nationalism - History - Arose from the development of the modern state - People bound by nations - Arose from self-determination after WWII - Civic nationalism = loyalty to the institutions and values of a particular political community - Ethnic nationalism = loyalty to a shared inheritance based on culture, language or religion - Schools - Primordialists → nation is a natural phenomenon - Modernists → nations are constructed starting with industrial revolution - Perennialists → Nations are constructed, nationalism is group association - Ethno-symbolists → Nations are constructed based on pre-existing ethnic groups - Ethnies = named human populations with shared ancestry, histories and cultures - Core of modern nations Fascism - History - Emerged in the 20th century - Short lived regimes - Hitler and Mussolini - Definitions - Extreme nationalism + racial social and moral ideas  -Anti-enlightenment - Opposition to liberalism and individualism - Elitism - Some individuals superior to others - Rejection of abstract intellectualization in favor of action - Neo-facism - Developed after WWII - Anti-immigration - Demonization of outsiders - Simple solutions to complex problems Anarchism - Abhorrence of the state - People will be morally correct without the state - Emancipatory movement - Enable collective decision making Lec. 6 Conservatism and Socialism Concepts from the Lecture Edmund Burke / Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 - Revolution is not good for any society - Change should be incremental and slow - We should honor the past - Prediction of the reign of terror Tenets of Conservatism 1. Anti-Romantic/Revolutionary/Republican 2. Organic view of society - Connected across generations - Liberals are too focused on the future 3. Conservation of tradition - Skepticism regarding change 4. Pessimistic view of human nature - Need law and order to keep people in check - Duties rather than rights - Monarchs have an obligation to the lesser thans 5. Inequality and hierarchy - Aristocracy should lead society Neo-conservatism (1980 - now) - Small state, big market - Fiscal conservatism = Economic neoliberalism - Minimal government intervention - Decrease social spending - Cut taxes - Maximize the private sector - Social conservatism - Increase states control functions - Police power and prisons - “Three strikes and you’re out” - Law and order/tough on crime - Protect individuals right of self-defense - Pro traditional values - Anti-multiculturalism/immigration - Foreign Policy - Increase military power - Hard power - Cutting taxes + increased military spending = deficit Eduard Bernstein / Evolutionary Socialism 1899  - Modify capitalist system - Redistribution of wealth - Large taxation and large spending - Evolution of the system Karl Marx / Communist Manifesto 1848 - Communist Manifesto - Need revolution → no more capitalism - Ideological - Karl Marx (19th C German from England) - Scientific Socialism - Deductive Scientific Method - Laws governing economics and politics - Discover “Laws of capital” - “The materialistic conception of history (history via how we provide materials) and the revelation of the secret of capitalist production through surplus-value…with these discoveries, socialism became a science.” - Capitalism will collapse and be replaced by communism - Too many contradictions in capitalism - Scientific unfolding towards communism Dialectical Materialism - Economics/Technology determine history - What do people do? = material base - Getting food water and shelter - Why do they do it? = superstructure - Justification - Religion, philosophy, political ideology Antonio Gramsci - Ruling class maintains power and control because they make inequalities seem natural - Hegemony Concepts from the Readings Socialism - Focused on the whole of society - Historical development - Tenets 1. Economics/Technology determine history - Dialectical materialism 2. Class conflict in society - Bourgeoisie and proletariat 3. Capitalism must be replaced or modified - Should be no inequality 4. The Utopia  - Communal ownership, free education and healthcare, abolition of the family, redistribution of income - Canada = NDP - Principles - Optimistic view of human nature - Equality - Community - Utopianism requires authoritarianism Tommy Douglas - Founder of the CCF (cooperative commonwealth federation) - Saskatchewan - Became leader of the NDP - Father of the modern Canadian welfare state Communist Manifesto - Society is ordered into rank groups - Modern = bourgeois = new business and industrial class - Proletarians → workers in the factories owned by the bourgeoisie - Proletariat should be the ruling class - Take capital from the bourgeoisie  Lec. 7 The Modern Citizen Concepts from the Lecture Natural Rights (17C England) - Rights we have by nature - Should be protected and preserved by government - Hobbs → life - Locke → life, liberty, property - Two Treatises of government 1689 - Rights - Life - Liberty - Property - Execute the law of nature - Punish those who threaten your rights - Alienable → given to the state via social contract ‘Life, liberty and property’ - Locke’s natural rights 17C - Civil rights → sovereign states 18 C - Human rights → UN 20 C Jeremy Bentham / ‘Nonsense upon stilts’ 1796 - Utilitarian Critique of natural rights - They have no basis - Only rights that count are positive rights in law - By judiciary, police, government - Natural rights are elevated on stilts by rhetoric - Wax man TH Marshall/ Citizenship and Social Class 1950 - Social rights are just as important as civil/political rights - Creation of welfare states Concepts from the Readings Deliberative Democracy - True democracy must allow for choice to be developed through discussion and reflection - Public debate - Quality over quantity of participation Cosmopolitan Democracy - Political leaders ensuring that global forces are controlled by democratic means - In the face of globalization - International institutions should be accountable to democratic control  - Strengthen the sovereignty of democratic states Joseph Schumpeter - Definition of democracy = elections with real opposition - Legitimate parties to choose from - Competitive - Free from coercive force Practice Questions 19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. B Lec. 8 The Modern Citizen: The Practise of Rights Concepts from the Lecture Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 - History - Followed WWII - Articles - 2 = Non-discrimination clause - 3 = Basic rights → life, liberty and security of the person - 4-21 = Political/Civil Rights → Negative freedoms - Legal, mobility, association - 22-26 = Social/Economic Rights = Positive freedom - Work, pay, education, shelter UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - 1966 - Rights of the child - Most ratified - Not by USA International Criminal Court 2002 - History - Conflicts in the 1990s - Rawandan genocide 1994 - Fall out of collapse of soviet union - Srebrenica 1995 - Kosovo 1999 - Investigates genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes - Holds violators accountable - Only 17 since 2002 - Limitations - Not ratified by all states Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Introduced under Pierre Trudeau - Rights 1. Fundamental Freedoms (sec 2) 2. Democratic Rights (Sec 3-5) 3. Mobility Rights (sec 6) 4. Legal Rights (sec 7-14) 5. Equality Rights (sec 15) 6. Language Rights (sec 16-23) Limitations on the Charter of Rights - Recognition of Group Rights  - Sec 25 → Protection of treaty rights - Sec 27 → Protection of Multiculturalism - Sikh case - Government can override charter - Sec 1 → Reasonable limits - Harm principle - Sec 23 → notwithstanding clause The Notwithstanding Clause - Section 23 - Allows the government to override the charter Concepts from the Readings: Negative and Positive Freedom - Negative → freedom from government interference - Isaiah Berlin - US constitution - Positive → state has an obligation to provide its citizens with a decent standard of living - Isaiah Berlin - Soviet Union John Rawls Theory of Justice - Original position → people meet and decide how to organize their society without knowledge of their place in society - Veil of ignorance - Principles 1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all 2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both a. To the greatest benefit of the least advantages b. Attached to offices and position open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity 3. Liberty cannot be sacrificed for economic improvement - Critiques - People would maximize the minimum for fear of their own position - Left (wolff) - Liberty should be sacrificed to achieve a basic standard of living - Right (Nozik) - Attempts to redistribute property are unjust AI quizzes Notes on last 2 sections Review Memorization of dates, books, people, sections 7 Lec. 9-10 The Modern Citizen: Participation and Protest Concepts from the Lecture Single Member Plurality System Proportional Representation Democracy in America The Civic Culture Bowling Alone Diverse Communities Socrates trial New Social Movements Ronald Inglehart Post- material values Materialist Protests (1990’s) 2008 Credit Crisis Black Lives Matter Democracy Movements (2000’s) ‘Me Too’ Alt Right Protests Lec. 11-12 International Relations Concepts from the Lecture Realism Idealism Politics Amongst Nations START NPT MAD Small Arms Proliferation International Drug Trade Transnational Responses to New Threats Concepts from the Readings: Peace of Westphalia Woodrow Wilson League of Nations English School UN Security Council Human Security Antonio Gramsci Constructivism Critical IR Theory