Point of Emphases PDF

Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) Fins - Cartilaginous fishes have a variety of fins that Internal Line System...

Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) Fins - Cartilaginous fishes have a variety of fins that Internal Line System help them to swim, maneuver, and maintain - It consists of a series of sensory receptors balance: located along the sides of the body. These o Dorsal Fins: These fins are located receptors detect changes in water pressure, on the back of the fish and help to movement, and vibrations. This system helps stabilize the body. the fish to: o Caudal Fin: This is the tail fin, which o Navigate: By sensing water currents is used for propulsion. and obstacles. o Pectoral Fins: These fins are located o Hunt: By detecting the movement of on the sides of the body and are used prey. for steering and braking. o Avoid predators: By sensing the o Pelvic Fins: These fins are located on approach of danger. the underside of the body and are used for balance and reproduction. Buoyancy - Cartilaginous fishes lack a swim bladder, which Cloaca is a gas-filled organ that helps bony fishes - single opening that serves as the exit for the maintain buoyancy. Instead, they rely on other digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. It strategies to control their buoyancy: is located near the base of the tail. o Large Liver: Many cartilaginous fishes have a large, oily liver that helps them Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) maintain neutral buoyancy. o Active Swimming: By constantly External Anatomy swimming, they can generate lift and - Bony fishes exhibit a diverse range of external prevent sinking. features, but some common characteristics include: External Anatomy o Bony Skeleton: Unlike cartilaginous - The external anatomy of a cartilaginous fish is fishes, bony fishes possess a skeleton characterized by several key features: composed of bone, providing greater o Cartilaginous Skeleton: Their strength and support. skeleton is made of cartilage, which is o Operculum: A bony flap that covers lighter and more flexible than bone. and protects the gills. o Placoid Scales: Their skin is covered o Swim Bladder: A gas-filled sac that with tiny, tooth-like scales called helps regulate buoyancy. placoid scales, which reduce drag and o Scales: Bony scales cover the skin, offer protection. providing protection and reducing o Gill Slits: They have multiple gill slits water resistance. on each side of their head, which allow o Fins: Various fins aid in swimming, them to breathe underwater. steering, and balance. These include o Mouth: The mouth is located on the Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic underside of the head and is often equipped with sharp teeth. Swim Bladder o Nostrils: They have two pairs of - is a gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to nostrils, which are used for smelling. adjust their buoyancy. By regulating the o Eyes: Their eyes are well-developed amount of gas in the bladder, a fish can and provide them with a good sense of control its depth in the water column without sight. expending significant energy. Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. - Ovoviviparity (Egg-hatching Inside the Scales Mother): - Bony fishes have several types of scales, o Female reptiles retain fertilized eggs including: inside their bodies until they hatch. o Cycloid Scales: Thin, flexible scales o The embryos receive nourishment with smooth edges found in many fish from the yolk of the egg. species. o Examples: Some snakes and lizards. o Ctenoid Scales: Similar to cycloid scales but with tiny spines on the outer Type of Fertilization edge. - Reptiles exclusively exhibit internal o Ganoid Scales: Thick, bony scales fertilization. This means that the male's with a diamond-like pattern found in sperm fertilizes the female's eggs inside her some ancient fish groups. body. These scales provide protection against predators, reduce water resistance, and help maintain the Orders of Reptiles fish's body shape. - There are four main orders of reptiles: o Testudines: Turtles and tortoises Amphibian o Squamata: Lizards and snakes o Crocodilia: Crocodiles, alligators, Three Main Order of Amphibian caimans, and gavials - Anura: This order includes frogs and toads. o Sphenodontia: Tuataras (a unique They are characterized by their lack of tails group of reptiles found only in New in adulthood and their long, powerful hind Zealand) legs adapted for jumping. - Caudata: This order includes salamanders Parthenogenesis in Reptiles and newts. They are characterized by their - form of asexual reproduction where an elongated bodies, tails, and four limbs. unfertilized egg develops into an offspring. - Gymnophiona: This order includes While rare, it has been observed in some caecilians, which are legless, worm-like species of lizards and snakes. amphibians that live in burrows. Internal Anatomy of Reptiles Reptile - Reptiles have a complex internal anatomy, similar to other vertebrates. Key features How Reptiles Give Birth include: - Oviparity (Egg-Laying): o Digestive System: Includes a mouth, o Female reptiles lay fertilized eggs with esophagus, stomach, intestines, and hard or leathery shells. cloaca. o The eggs are incubated externally, o Respiratory System: Lungs are the often in nests or buried in soil. primary respiratory organs. o Examples: Most snakes, lizards, turtles, o Circulatory System: A closed and crocodilians. circulatory system with a heart that - Viviparity (Live Birth): typically has three chambers (two o Female reptiles give birth to live young. atria and one ventricle). o The embryos develop inside the o Excretory System: Kidneys filter mother's body and receive nourishment waste products from the blood. through a placenta-like structure or yolk o Nervous System: A well-developed sac. brain and spinal cord. o Examples: Some snakes, lizards, and o Reproductive System: Internal fertilization and various reproductive sea snakes. strategies Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. Carapace and Plastron (in Turtles and Tortoises) - Nervous System - These are the bony structures that form the o Brain: Relatively large brain, shell of turtles and tortoises: especially the cerebellum, which is o Carapace: The dorsal (upper) part of important for coordination and the shell. balance. o Plastron: The ventral (lower) part of o Keen Senses: Well-developed the shell. senses of sight and hearing, essential for navigation, These structures provide protection for the turtle's communication, and prey detection. vital organs and help to regulate body temperature. Class Aves (Birds) - Muscular System o Powerful Flight Muscles: Large Internal Anatomy of Birds pectoral muscles power wing - Respiratory System movement for flight. o Lungs and Air Sacs: Birds have a o Leg Muscles: Strong leg muscles highly efficient respiratory system that are essential for walking, hopping, involves lungs and air sacs. and perching. o Unidirectional Airflow: Air flows through the lungs in one direction, Groups of Birds and Examples ensuring a continuous supply of 1. Passeriformes (Perching Birds): oxygen-rich air. o Sparrows: House Sparrow, Song o High Oxygen Exchange: This system Sparrow allows for efficient oxygen uptake, vital o Finches: Goldfinch, House Finch for the high metabolic demands of o Crows: American Crow, Raven flight. o Robins: American Robin, European Robin - Circulatory System o Four-Chambered Heart: This 2. Anseriformes (Waterfowl): ensures complete separation of o Ducks: Mallard Duck, Wood Duck oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, o Geese: Canada Goose, Snow maximizing oxygen delivery to Goose tissues. o Swans: Mute Swan, Trumpeter o Rapid Heart Rate: Birds have a high Swan heart rate, especially during flight, to support their high metabolic needs. 3. Galliformes (Ground Birds): o Chickens: Domestic Chicken, - Digestive System Junglefowl o Beak: Adapted for various feeding o Turkeys: Wild Turkey, Domestic behaviors, such as pecking, tearing, Turkey or filtering. o Pheasants: Ring-necked Pheasant, o Crop: A storage organ in the Lady Amherst's Pheasant esophagus for food. o Gizzard: A muscular organ that 4. Falconiformes (Birds of Prey): grinds food with the help of small o Hawks: Red-tailed Hawk, Cooper's stones. Hawk o Intestines: Absorb nutrients from o Eagles: Bald Eagle, Golden Eagle digested food. o Falcons: Peregrine Falcon, Merlin o Cloaca: A single opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. 5. Strigiformes (Owls): o Specialized Teeth: Different types of o Barn Owl: Tyto alba teeth for various functions like cutting, o Great Horned Owl: Bubo tearing, and grinding. virginianus o Well-Developed Brain: Larger brains o Snowy Owl: Bubo scandiacus compared to other vertebrates, leading to complex behaviors and 6. Apodiformes (Swifts and Hummingbirds): intelligence. o Swifts: Common Swift, Chimney Swift Ways of Giving Birth o Hummingbirds: Ruby-throated - Placental Mammals: Hummingbird, Anna's Hummingbird o Young develop inside the mother's uterus, nourished through a placenta. 7. Charadriiformes (Shorebirds): o Examples: Humans, dogs, cats, o Gulls: Herring Gull, Laughing Gull elephants, whales, bats. o Terns: Common Tern, Arctic Tern - Marsupials: o Sandpipers: Sanderling, o Young are born underdeveloped and Semipalmated Sandpiper complete their development in a pouch on the mother's body. 8. Pelecaniformes (Pelicans and o Examples: Kangaroos, koalas, Relatives): opossums. o Pelicans: American White Pelican, - Monotremes: Brown Pelican o Lay eggs. o Cormorants: Double-crested o Young hatch and are nourished with Cormorant, Great Cormorant milk. o Herons: Great Blue Heron, Great o Examples: Platypus, echidna. Egret Main group of Mammals 9. Sphenisciformes (Penguins): - Rodentia: o Emperor Penguin: Aptenodytes o Characteristics: Rodents are the most forsteri diverse group of mammals, o King Penguin: Aptenodytes characterized by their continuously patagonicus growing incisor teeth. o Adélie Penguin: Pygoscelis adeliae o Examples: Rats, mice, squirrels, guinea pigs, hamsters Mammals - Chiroptera: General Characteristics of Mammals o Characteristics: Bats are the only - Mammals are a diverse group of vertebrates mammals capable of true flight. characterized by several key features: o Examples: Bat, Flying fox o Hair or Fur: A unique characteristic that helps in insulation and sensory - Carnivora: perception. o Characteristics: Carnivores are o Mammary Glands: Produce milk to meat-eating mammals with nourish their young. specialized teeth for tearing flesh. o Endothermy: They are warm- o Examples: Dogs, cats, bears, seals, blooded, regulating their internal wolves body temperature. o Four-Chambered Heart: Efficiently separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Point of Emphases d17 Nicole A. - Primates: - Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs): o Characteristics: Primates are o Herbivorous diet characterized by their relatively o Slow-moving lifestyle large brains, opposable thumbs, o Paddle-shaped tails for propulsion and forward-facing eyes. o Examples: Humans, monkeys, apes GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS!!!! - Artiodactyla: o Characteristics: Even-toed ungulates, with hooves on an even number of toes. o Examples: Cows, deer, pigs, sheep, goats - Cetacea: o Characteristics: Fully aquatic mammals adapted for life in the water. o Examples: Whales, dolphins, porpoises - Perissodactyla: o Characteristics: Odd-toed ungulates, with hooves on an odd number of toes. o Examples: Horses, zebras, rhinoceroses Respiratory System of Aquatic and Marine Mammals - Aquatic and marine mammals, despite living in water, breathe air through the lungs. They have evolved specialized adaptations to efficiently use oxygen while underwater and to minimize the time spent at the surface. Examples of Aquatic and Marine Mammals: - Cetaceans (Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises): o Highly streamlined bodies o Complex social structures o Echolocation for navigation and hunting - Pinnipeds (Seals, Sea Lions, Walruses): o Flippers for swimming and maneuvering on land o Thick blubber for insulation o Strong jaws and teeth for capturing prey