PMLS Unit 1-2 Reviewer PDF

PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER UNIT 1: OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/ WHAT IS COMMON AMONG THEM? MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROFESSION WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY? PERFORMING Analysis DIAGNOSIS AND Applicat...

PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER UNIT 1: OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/ WHAT IS COMMON AMONG THEM? MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROFESSION WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY? PERFORMING Analysis DIAGNOSIS AND Application of LABORATORY TREATMENT principles of natural, (results) physical, and RUTH biological sciences to the performance of HEINEMANN laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and CLINICAL LABORATORY treatment of disease - It is a facility that performs chemical and Branch of medicine concerned with the microscopic examination of various body performance of fluids. laboratory ANNE determinations and INSIDE THE CLINICAL LABORATORY FAGELSON analyses used in the diagnosis and PATHOLOGIST - The head of the clinical laboratory treatment of disease - A pathologist is a medical and the maintenance doctor who specializes in of health diagnosing diseases by Health profession examining tissues, cells, concerned with and bodily fluids. They play performing laboratory a crucial role in the analyses in view healthcare system by obtaining information providing essential WALTERS necessary in the insights that guide diagnosis and treatment decisions treatment of disease and monitor ongoing medical as well as in the conditions. maintenance of good MEDICAL - A medical technologist, also health TECHNOLOGIST known as a clinical laboratory An auxiliary branch of scientist, is a healthcare laboratory medicine professional who performs which deals with the complex laboratory tests and examination of procedures to help diagnose, tissues, secretion, treat, and monitor diseases. and excretion of the They work with various human body and body biological samples, such as fluids by various blood, urine, and tissue, electronic, chemical using sophisticated microscopic, and RA 5527 other medical equipment and technology to conduct analyses like blood laboratory procedures counts, chemical tests, and or techniques either microscopic evaluations. manual or automated MEDICAL - A graduate of BS medical which will aid the TECHNICIAN technology or BS medical physician in the laboratory science who diagnosis, study and failed/ did not take the board treatment of disease exam. and in the promotion - Only seen in the Philippines. of health in general  PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER WHAT DOES A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST DO? Medical technologists Medical technologists act follow strict protocols and as "medical detectives," use controls and 6. Use using scientific methods reference materials to Standards and tools to investigate ensure the accuracy of and Controls 1. MEDICAL and solve complex their results. By adhering to Improve DETECTIVES medical cases. Their work to these standards, they Reliability of helps uncover the root minimize errors and Results causes of illnesses and ensure that the test assists doctors in making outcomes are reliable and accurate diagnoses. trustworthy. They closely examine In fast-paced biological samples to environments like detect bacteria, viruses, hospitals and labs, they 2. Observe, fungi, parasites, or 7. Work Under often have to perform Identify, and abnormal cells. By Pressure tests quickly, especially in Analyze identifying the organisms with emergency situations. Organisms or cellular changes Accuracy Despite the pressure, they and Cells causing disease, they and must maintain high levels Causing provide essential Precision of accuracy and precision Infection information for in their work to avoid and Disease diagnosing infections, misdiagnosis or incorrect cancers, and other treatments. medical conditions. Medical technologists are Blood tests are crucial for held to strict ethical diagnosing a wide range standards. They must of health conditions, from ensure patient anemia to infections. 8. Adhere to confidentiality, report Medical technologists High Ethical accurate results without 3. Perform carry out tests such as Standards of manipulation, and always Blood Tests complete blood counts Performance follow professional (CBC), blood typing, and guidelines, ensuring their testing for diseases like work upholds the integrity HIV, diabetes, or and safety of the cholesterol levels. healthcare system. Medical technologists measure chemical HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY GLOBAL substances in body fluids, AND LOCAL such as electrolytes, 4. Measure hormones, enzymes, and Substances 400 BC glucose levels. These in Blood and measurements help - HIPPOCRATES (Father of Medicinie) Other Body monitor organ function o Described the “Four Humors” in Fluids and detect conditions like man -Blood, phlegm, yellow bile liver disease, kidney and black bile. problems, or metabolic - URINALYSIS imbalances. They use highly o Oldest Laboratory procedure sophisticated equipment, o Through visual analyzation: such as automated color, smell, taste, clarity, 5. Operate analyzers, microscopes, attraction of insects Complex and spectrophotometers, 600 BC Apparatus, to perform accurate and - HINDU PHYSICIANS recorded the sweet Instruments, efficient tests. Mastery of and this technology allows taste of diabetic routine as well as Machines: them to process polyuria (frequent urination) in diabetes. numerous tests quickly and precisely. PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER 1500 BC - VIVIAN HERRICK identified Taenia 1896 (tapeworm) and Ascaris (roundworm) - DR. WILLIAM OSLER o Found in humans o Opened the first clinical - “Ebers Papyrus” was discovered laboratory at John Hopkins o Oldest preserve Egyptian Hospital compilation of medical texts o William Pepper Laboratory was o It was acquired by the German opened at the University of Egyptologist Georg Ebers in the Pennsylvania 19th century and is currently 1908 housed at the Leipzig University - DR. JAMES C. TODD Library in Germany. o Wrote A MANUAL OF CLINICAL o contains chapters about DIAGNOSIS which became the pregnancy, contraception, eye standard reference of and skin problems, surgery, laboratories burns, and other intestinal 1921 diseases and parasites. - Denver Society of Clinical Pathologist 1632 was organized - ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK 1936 o Invented the compound - American Board of Pathology was microscope. organized o First to described red blood cells, WORLD WAR I protozoa, and to classify bacteria - Produced a great demand for technicians according to shape. UNIVERISTY OF MINNESOTA 1628-1694 - One of the first schools to establish - MARCELO MALPHIGI trainings for workers in 1922 o Founder of Pathology - First to offer degree program in 1923 o Greatest of the early WORLD WAR II microscopists - CLOSED SYSTEM (No entry for o Contributed to embryology and microbes) blood collection was adopted anatomy - Advanced instrumentation 1847 - Automated equipment - RUDOLF VIRCHOW - Quality control programs o Founder of the “Archives of pathology” in berlin PHILIPPINES 1848 JANUARY 9, 1945 - HERMAN FEHLING - First Clinical Laboratory o Performed the first quantitative o 26th Medical Infantry of the 6th test for urine sugar. U.S. Army 15 CENTURY th o Located at Quiricada St. Sta, - Discovery of aniline dyes (dyes that are Cruz Manila used for staining the bacteria) o Known as Public health - Staining of microorganisms Laboratory OCTOBER 1, 1945 UNITED STATES - DR. PIO DE RODA and DR. MARIANO 1878 ICASIANO reopened as Manila Public - DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH Health Laboratory o Established a laboratory at 1947 Bellevue Hospital Medical - DR. PIO DE RODA and DR. PRUDENCIA College STA. ANA offered a training for high o First Professor of Pathology at school and paramedical graduates John Hopkins University (1885)  PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER 1954 - DR. PIO DE RODA instructed DR, STA. - Develop knowledge, skills, ANA (WITH DR. BRIONES) a formal professional attitude and syllabus and a six-month laboratory values in the performance training was offered of laboratory procedures. - Acquire critical thinking FORMAL MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION skills - Engage in research and IN THE PHILIPPINES PROGRAM community related MRS. WILLA HILGERT-HEDRICK GOALS activities - Founder of Medical technology - Participate in activities education in the Philippines promoting the profession - American medical practitioner of the and engage in life-long Seventh Day Adventist Church in the learning undertakings - Develop collaborative and Philippines leadership qualities - Technical competence 1954 PHILIPPINE - First to offer B.S Medical - Analytical and Critical UNION COLLEGE technology thinking skills OF BAESA - Dr. Jesse Umali first - Proper collection, graduate after 2 years analysis, and projection of 1957-1958 - Dr. Antonio Gabriel and health information UNIVERSITY OF Dr. Gustavo Reyes - Inter-personal skills, SANTO TOMAS - Offered MT as an elective to EXPECTED leadership qualities, and pharmacy students PERFORMANCE ethical practice of - Due to its popularity, it was OUTCOMES profession decided to be offered as a - Research skills course - Community-oriented - June 14, 1961: recognition activities of 4-year BS. MT - Life-long learning 1960 CENTRO - First Batch graduated in activities ESCOLAR 1962 - Effective teaching and UNIVERISTY communication skills 1962 FAR EASTERN - DR. HORACIO YLAGAN - General Education PROGRAM UNIVERSITY and DR. SERAFIN JULIANO - Core courses - First batch graduated in CURRICULUM - Professional Courses 1963 - 20% Clinical Chemistry UNIVERISTY OF - Offers the same course but - 20% Microbiology and THE PHILIPPINES the degree in conferred to Parasitology as B.S. Public Health SCOPE OF THE - 20% Hematology LICENSURE - 20% Blood banking and PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS EXAMINATION serology - 10% Clinical Microscopy 1. PASMETH – PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS - 10% Histopathologic OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLICH HEALTH Techniques and MT laws INC. 2. PAMET- PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL CHED Memorandum (CMO-13s. 2017) TECHNOLOGIST - CHED Memorandum Order No. 13 series of 2017 MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES establishes the Policies, Standards, and Guidelines (PSG) for the Bachelor of Science in Medical PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Medical COURSE SHALL Technology or Bachelor of Science in Technology/Medical Laboratory Science BE CALLED Medical Laboratory Science (BSMT/BSMLS) programs in the Philippines. This FOUR YEAR One-year internship with rotational memorandum is part of the Commission on Higher PROGRAM duties in different Laboratory Education's (CHED) initiative to enhance the quality of Sections in CHED- accredited training medical technology education by shifting to an Laboratory outcomes-based education framework. PRC Passed the licensure examination  PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER Key Highlights of CMO-13 s. 2017 - Collection, processed, examined or analyzed Rationale and Objectives: The memorandum aims Main Functions: to protect and promote the right to affordable quality - Analyzing bodily fluids and tissue samples. education, ensure academic freedom, and foster - Identifying pathogens, disease markers, and responsible leadership in education. It emphasizes abnormalities. the need for educational institutions to adopt competency-based standards that align with CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORY industry needs and learning outcomes DOH AO NO. 2021-0037 Curricular Innovations: Institutions are encouraged A. BASED ON OWNERSHIP to design curricula that reflect their unique contexts a. GOVERNMENT while still adhering to the minimum standards set b. PRIVATE forth by CHED. This flexibility allows for curricular B. BASED ON FUNCTION innovations that can better meet local and global a. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY demands b. ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY c. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY (possible to Faculty Requirements: The memorandum specifies stand alone or under ana path) staffing requirements, such as having at least two full-time faculty members for every 50 students CLINICAL PATHOLOGY enrolled in the program - focuses on the analysis of body fluids o Clinical Chemistry Implementation Timeline: The guidelines were o Hematology adopted and promulgated in 2017, with a focus on o Microbiology transitioning existing programs to align with these o Clinical Microscopy new standards within a specified timeframe o Immunology o Molecular Biology (OLD AO) Internship Programs: CMO-13 also outlines o Immunohematology requirements for medical technology internship o Cytogenetics programs, ensuring that students gain practical o Endocrinology experience in line with their academic training o Therapeutic drug monitoring EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MEDICAL ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY TECHNOLOGY GRADUATES - The branch of medicine that studies the effect of - Medical Technologist (generalist/specialist) disease on the structure of body organs, both as a - Clinical Laboratory Supervisor whole (grossly) and microscopically. - Chief Medical Technologist o Surgical Pathology - Laboratory Owner ▪ practice or study of tissue samples - Sales and Public Relations Representative removed during surger - Educational Representatives (Company/health o Immunohistopathology program) ▪ branch of medicine that deals with - Researcher (industrial/medical) immune responses associated with - Teacher/ instructor (second/tertiary levels) disease. It includes the study of the - Employment Abroad pathology of an organism, organ - Government Employee system, or disease with respect to UNIT 2: CLINICAL LABORATORY the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. CLINICAL LABORATORY ▪ immuno (use of antibodies), microscopic study of tissues with the - A facility where clinical tests are conducted aid of antibodies on samples (blood, urine, tissue, etc.) to o Cytology diagnose and monitor diseases. ▪ Study of cells - Prevention, diagnosis & treatment PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER o Autopsy iv.Blood typing ▪ Study / examination of dead v.Cross matching bodies vi.Gram Staining o Forensic Pathology vii.KOH staining for fungal ▪ Determining the cause of death disease o Molecular Pathology viii. Minimum 20 sqm ▪ Examination of molecules c. TERTIARY CATEGORY (OLD A.O) ▪ Analysis of genes, proteins and i. All secondary lab services other molecules in sample organs, ii. Special chemistry (cardiac tissue or body fluids markers) iii. Special hematology SATELLITE TESTING SITES (coagulation tests) - The testing site is owned by a licensed iv. Immunology/serology (HIV, laboratory but situated some distance from hepa profile, tumor markers: the main laboratory CA125/ AFP/CEA(COLON)) v. Microbiology – culture and MOBILE CLINICAL LABORATORIES sensitivity - Permitted to collect specimens only d. LIMITED SERVICE CAPABILITY (OLD A.O) - Operate within 100 km radius from its main i. Dialysis centers (blood typing, cbc, lab crea) - Moves from one testing site to another testing ii. Social Hygiene clinics (STD testing) site e. SPECIAL CLINICAL LABORATORY - Laboratory testing unit i. IVF- assisted reproduction technology lab CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ii. Molecular and cellular technology iii. Molecular pathology, forensic A. BASED ON INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER pathology and anatomic lab a. Institution- based f. NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORY b. Freestanding i. Confirmatory testing B. BASED ON SERVICE CAPABILITY ii. Surveillance a. General Clinical and Anatomical iii. Resolution of conflicting results Pathology only iv. Training and research b. Clinical Laboratory for Anatomic v. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and Pathology only reagents c. Clinical Laboratory for Molecular Pathology only NEW A.O 2021-0037 BASED ON SERVICE CAPABILITY PRIMARY CATEGORY – MINIMUM 62sqm PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING MINIMUM SERVICE : 1. GENERAL CLINICAL LABORATORY CLINICAL - Urinalysis a. PRIMARY CATEGORY (OLD A.O) MICROSCOPY - Fecalysis i. Routine Hematology (CBC) - Fecal Occult ii. Qualitative platelet blood (hidden) determination - Pregnancy Test iii. Routine Urinalysis and (Rapid test kits – fecalysis Lateral Flow) (HCG- Human iv. Blood typing – for hospital chorionic based gonadotropin) v. Minimum of 10 sqm - Wet Smears for b. SECONDARY CATEGORY (OLD A.O) Trichomonas i. Routine Clinical Chemistry ii. Routine Hematology (CBC) iii. Quantitative Platelet determination PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER CLINICAL - Fasting & random CHEMISTRY blood sugar - Blood sugar TERTIARY LABORATORY – MINIMUM 160 sqm - Oral Glucose PROVIDES THE MINIMUM SERVICE CAPABILITIES Tolerance Test OF A SECONDARY CATEGORY PLUS THE - Lipid Profile (Total FOLLOWING Cholesterol, HDL, CLINICAL - Other Clinical LDL, Triglycerides) CHEMISTRY Chemistry - Creatinine Examination - Blood Urea - Hospital based: Nitrogen Arterial Blood - Blood Uric Acid Gases HEMATOLOGY - CBC SEROLOGY/ - Any machine (hemoglobin, RBC IMMUNOLOGY based serological count, WBC count and with differential immunological Count, testing such as Quantitative but not limited to: Platelet Count) tumor markers, - Forward and thyroid function reverse ABO tests and grouping and RH hepatitis profile typing (tube ANATOMIC For Hospital based: method) PATHOLOGY - Cytology and SEROLOGY/ - Dengue Histopathology IMMUNOLOGY - Syphillis - Hepatitis B Screening LIMITED SERVICE CAPABILITY (HbsAg) PROVIDES ONE OR TWO SPECIALIZED TEST THAT - HIV screening ARE NOT INCLUDED UNDER ANATOMIC OF USING RAPID TEST KITS MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY - TB (DSSM) or - Hormones Nucleic Acid - Trace Metals Amplification test - Tumor Markers – FOR GOV - Allergy panel FACILITIES THIS CLASSIFICATION SHALL ALSO APPLY TO FACILITIES OFFERING DOH- PROGRAM RELATED TEST SECONDARY LABORATORY – MINIMUM 110 sqm Kato Katz : for PROVIDES THE MINIMUM SERVICE CAPABILITIES OF A PRIMARY CATEGORY PLUS THE - Schistosomiasis FOLLOWING: - Malarial Smear - Filaria Smear CLINICAL - Serum - Slit-skin Smear CHEMISTRY Electrolytes - Rapid Plasma Reagin for syphilis (Na, K, Cl) - ALT / SGPT - AST/ SGOT CLINICAL - Provides services for any HEMATOLOGY FOR HOSPITAL BASED LABORATORY of the following, but not - Coagulation FOR limited to: cytology and studies (PT, ANATOMIC histopathology aPTT) PATHOLOGY - aPTT – Partial ONLY thromboplastin CLINICAL - Provides services for time LABORATORY genetics, - PT- FOR immune/hemapathology Prothrombin MOLECULAR and infectious disease. time PATHOLOGY COVID 19 testing MICROBIOLOGY - Gram Stain ONLY laboratories shall be - KOH covered by another order ANATOMIC - Pap Smear PATHOLOGY  PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER ▪ Prothrombin Time (PT): Measures how long it takes for blood to clot. NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORY ▪ Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): - Dengue Assesses clotting function. - Influenza - TB 4. Clinical Microscopy: This area handles tests that use - Malaria microscopes to analyze urine and body fluids. Common tests: RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR - Intestinal Parasite TROPICAL MEDICINE ▪ Urinalysis: Examines urine for infections, kidney - Bacterial enteric (RITM) function, and metabolic diseases. - Measles - AMR ▪ Body Fluid Analysis: Includes cerebrospinal fluid - Blood Donors & Blood (CSF) and synovial fluid analysis. Units ▪ Macroscopic examination – check on the gross appearance of the urine (volume, color, turbidity) SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL - STD ▪ Chemical examination – check for chemical analytes STD-AIDS Cooperative - AIDS/HIV Center (SACCL) like pH, osmolarity, protein levels, creatinine, and - Environmental and sugar level Occupational ▪ Microscopic examination – check particles present in health the sample under the microscope, wet mount - Toxicology EAST AVENUE MEDICAL - Micronutrients 5. Parasitology: This section identifies parasites in the body, CENTER Assay usually through stool samples. Tests include: - Problems related to drug abuse and ▪ Stool Exam for Ova and Parasites: Detects parasitic malnutrition infections like amoebiasis and giardiasis. - Hematology NATINAL KIDNEY AND 6. Clinical Chemistry: This section performs tests on blood - Coagulation TRANSPLANT INSTITUTE - Immunohematology and other fluids to assess organ function and metabolic LUNG CENTER OF THE - Clinical Chemistry processes. Key tests: PHILIPPINES ▪ Spectrophotometry, electrophoresis ▪ glucose, lipid profile, hormones, electrolytes, proteins LABORATORY SECTIONS and other metabolic product 1. Specimen Processing: This is the initial step where ▪ Usually use serum sample samples (blood, urine, tissue, etc.) are prepared for testing. It ▪ Serum – coagulated blood (more clear due to its involves labeling, sorting, and ensuring the samples are clotting) handled correctly to prevent contamination or degradation. ▪ Plasma – uncoagulated blood 2. Hematology Section: This section performs tests related 7. Clinical Microbiology: This section focuses on identifying to blood components. Common tests include: infectious microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses). Common tests: ▪ Complete Blood Count (CBC): Measures red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and ▪ Culture and Sensitivity: Identifies bacterial infections hematocrit. and determines antibiotic sensitivity. ▪ Blood Smears- Used to examine blood cells under a ▪ Gram Stain: A staining technique to classify bacteria microscope for abnormalities. as Gram-positive or Gram-negative. ▪ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): Measures ▪ Identify microorganism that causes the disease inflammation in the body. 8. Immunology / Serology: Tests related to the body's immune 3. Coagulation Section: This section assesses the blood's response, including: ability to clot. Tests often include: ▪ Pregnancy tests – detects B-HCG (beta – Human ▪ Hemophilia – Bleeding disorder chorionic gunadotropin (found in ▪ Anti-coagulant therapy – prevention of clot formation ▪ placenta) in the bloodstream Dengue Test – immunodumatographic – check for antigen/AbIgm/IgG)  PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER Antigen – Ag: Nsl, Ab - antibodies: Igm(high - Specimen volume and minimum when infection is new),IgG (low when acceptable volume infection is in the later stage / indication - Collection notes previous disease - Storage instruction of specimen HbsAg (Hepatitid B Serface Antigen) – for - Stability of the specimen hepatitis - Reference ranges Bacterial Agglutination test - Clinical significance - Widal test - Typhoid fever - Test schedule or testing interval/frequency - Weil-Felix – non specific test for typhus fever - Method 9. Immunohematology / Blood Bank: This section LABORATORY REPORTS handles blood transfusions and blood compatibility. - To transmit test results Key tests include: - Reference ranges ▪ Blood Typing: Determines ABO and Rh blood - Date and time of the specimen collection type. - Name, address of the laboratory ▪ Crossmatching: Ensures donor blood is - Name and identification number of patient compatible with the recipient. - Source of specimen ▪ Antibody Screening: Detects unexpected - Date and time the report was generated antibodies in the blood that may cause reactions. THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING 10. Histopathology / Cytopathology: These sections Occurs first in the lab process involve studying tissue samples for diseases, - Patient preparation - Paperwork and data entry particularly cancer. Common tests: - Specimen collection, PREANALYTICAL ▪ Biopsy Analysis: Examines tissue removed from processing, storage and PHASE transportation. the body to detect cancer or other abnormalities. RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL ▪ Pap Smear: Screens for cervical cancer. - Phlebotomist, laboratory technician Considered the actual lab INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL LABORATORY testing, process - Proper instrument LABORATORY REQUISITION maintenance - Reagent supplies - A form used by physician to document the tests - Quality control that are to be performed on patients RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL o Contains the following: ▪ Medical technologist o Patient’s demographic data ANALYTIC PHASE QUALITY CONTROL Ensure accuracy, precision, and o Gender reliability of the test procedure o Date and time of collection VALIDATES THE FF: o Room number if (in patient) - Test reagents / kits o Test selection - Testing process o Identification of person who - Training of the lab performed the collection personnel performing the test o Name and signature of ordering - Review and analysis of physician results o Source of specimen - Recording and reporting o Physicians’ clinical diagnosis of test results o Additional comments - Storage and disposal of POST ANALYTIC specimen LABORATORY DIRECTORY PHASE - Releasing of results RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL - Internal test number’ - Medical Technologist, - Acronyms or abbreviation of the test Section supervisor, - Type of specimen required Chief medtech, office clerk or staff PMLS 1 UNIT 1-2 REVIEWER LABORATORY POLICIES 1. LABORATORY HOUR AND EMERGENCY WORK a. Definite working hours b. Outside regular working hours, organize a system for testing urgent specimens 2. RANGE OF TEST TO BE PERFORMED AND THOSE TO BE REFERRED TO HIGHER LEVEL a. The number of staff available b. The availability of material resources c. The type of health institutions (Hospital or health center) 3. REFERRAL of SPECIMENS a. Examples specimens for HIV detection and water samples for bacteriological analysis 4. COLLECTION OF LABORATORY SPECIMEN a. Clearly labeled specimen 5. WORKLOAD CAPACITY OF A LABORATORY a. Should matched to the number of staff b. Their level of training c. Size of the lab d. The availability of lab facilities