Mixed and People's Democracy PDF

Mixed democracy Definition co-existence of a dual executive authority (a ‘double-head’ executive), each with a distinct electoral The presidential characteristics (tính tổng thống): The president is directly elected by people and not accountable to the Parliamen...

Mixed democracy Definition co-existence of a dual executive authority (a ‘double-head’ executive), each with a distinct electoral The presidential characteristics (tính tổng thống): The president is directly elected by people and not accountable to the Parliament. The president is the head of state but not the head of government. The president is the head of the executive branch. (Tổng thống do nhân dân bầu & không chịu trách nhiệm trước Nghị viện Tổng thống là Nguyên thủ Quốc gia & người đứng đầu nhánh quyền hành pháp) The parliamentary characteristics (tính đại nghị): The government is influenced by//under control of Parliament. (Chính phủ có ảnh hưởng của Nghị viện). The government is held accountable by the Parliament. (chính phủ chịu trách nhiệm trước Nghị viện) The parliament and government may be dissolved by the president Examples - First appear: Finland (1919) and Germany (1919) → wasn’t identified as a new type of government - France & Russia (Typical) - Poland, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, South Korea, USA… ⇔ New trend Characteristics: President Prime Minister - The Government is elected directly by the people The President appoints the leader of the for a fixed term. majority party in the House of eg. France - five-year term Representatives as Prime Minister. Russia - four-year term The government is established on the Kazakhstan - seven-year term basis of the House of Representatives Head of the state Prime Minister - Head of the government Promulgating the law, delegated The government proposes legislation legislation and has the power to veto laws Chairing Government meetings and Shares executive power with the president: promulgate important domestic and Prime Minister manages the government to foreign policies implement the president’s policies Ex: France Head of State (nguyên thủ The President of the French Republic is elected directly by quốc gia) the people for a five-year term. Parliament Lower house (National Assembly) Elected by nationwide direct voting Upper house (Sénat) Indirect election (Electoral college includes members of regional and provincial councils, and Members of Parliament) (Đại cử tri bầu bao gồm các thành viên Hội đồng vùng, tỉnh; Đại biểu Quốc hội)  Government Dual executive system (Chính quyền hành pháp lưỡng đầu chế) The president who appoints the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. (Tổng thống bổ nhiệm Thủ tướng là thủ lĩnh của Đảng chiếm đa số trong Hạ viện) Origin Parliamentary republic → The Mixed democracy (Cộng hòa đại nghị → cộng hòa lưỡng tính) Ex: France ​ The mixed democracy was implemented/introduced/established as a solution to the political instability resulting from the rapid collapse of the French government (26 governments in 12 years - the Fourth Republic). Presidential Republic → The Mixed democracy (Cộng hòa tổng thống → cộng hòa lưỡng tính) Ex: African countries: Escaping from dictatorship, coups and political instability (Thoát khỏi nạn độc tài, đảo chính, bất ổn chính trị) ​ Social Revolution (Cách mạng xã hội) Ex: Eastern Europe: Establish social stability and promote reforms. (Tạo được sự ổn định xã hội + đẩy mạnh cải cách) ⇒ The Mixed Democracy overcomes the weaknesses of the parliamentary republic (lack of a majority party) and the presidential republic (autocratic, authoritarian) while leveraging the advantages of both traditional systems. Khắc phục nhược điểm của chính thể đại nghị (không có đảng chiếm đa số) & tổng thống (chuyên quyền, độc đoán) và phát huy điểm mạnh của 2 chính thể truyền thống. Advantage (+) Lead to a balance between executive and legislative powers, but can also lead to conflict if the president and the parliamentary majority belong to different parties. Ex:  The legislative branch makes laws, but the President in the executive branch can veto those laws with a Presidential Veto. The legislative branch makes laws, but the judicial branch can declare those laws unconstitutional. The President in the executive branch can veto a law, but the legislative branch can override that veto with enough votes (+) Power sharing between competing forces → fewer conflicts Ex: The Good Friday Agreement (1998) established a devolved government that included power-sharing between nationalist and unionist parties, such as Sinn Féin and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Disadvantage (-) Collusion: if the parliamentary leader & president collaborate with one another → possess more power Ex: Russia: Putin and Medvedev conspired to keep Putin in charge despite term-limitations (-) Political polarization / Cohabitation Ex: Taiwan (Chen Shui-bian’s presidency 2000-2008): Chen Shui-bian’s Democratic Progressive Party executive power but the opposition Kuomintang “Pan-Blue” maintain the majority in the legislature. People’s democracy Definition Minh Definition: People's democracy is a theoretical concept within Marxism–Leninism and a form of government which developed after World War II and could be defined as a form of dictatorship of the proletariat, subscribing for a multi-class and multi-party democracy on the pathway to socialism. Origin: This form of government arose at a new stage in the world revolutionary process, reflecting the moment when socialism revolution was developing and imperialism was weakened simultaneously and the balance of the world forces had tipped in favor of socialism. People’s democracy highlighted the socialist revolutions in the European and Asian countries after WWII, whose peaceful development was supported and assisted by the Soviet Union. Examples Some typical examples could be seen in the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics - the leading figure, many Eastern European countries also followed Soviet influence in the 1940s after WWII, becoming people’s democracy, such as East Germany (German Democratic Republic), Hungary (Hungarian People's Republic). Looking in the American continent, we have Cuba. And Asian countries, we have China, North Korea, Laos and finally our country, Vietnam. What does People’s democracy really mean? In fact, democracy literally means people’s rules. Hence, people’s democracy could be understood as people’s people’s democracy or demo democracy. The double layers of meaning would somehow accentuate the core characteristics of this form of government, heavily demonstrating people’s rules and highlighting the validity of such a government. According to People's Democracy by Anton Pannekoek. Impact The right to make your own decisions and personal freedom Example: Vietnamese people up to 18 can have the right to vote for the National Assembly deputies, or have the right of free speech,... Help distribute power: Democracy helps prevent cases where power is concentrated in one individual or organization. At that time, power will be distributed and guaranteed not to be exploited by monopolizing plots for personal gain. Find breakthrough directions: When people have the right to freely express their views and opinions, problems will be viewed from many aspects and handled more thoroughly => Example: The state regularly solicits people's opinions on the party's projects and drafts,... (tổ chức lấy ý kiến người dân về các đề án, dự thảo của Đảng,...) Ensure strengthening solidarity and gathering people in the era of innovation: Strengthen the great national unity, attract widespread and effective participation from all walks of life in building the Party, the government, political system,... => Example: A large number of people responded to the call to help people affected by floods in the North,...(hưởng ứng lời kêu gọi cứu trợ,...) People's democracy in VietNam today: The system of guidelines, policies, institutions and democratic mechanisms is increasingly being improved:  Social life is organized and operated on the basis of democratic institutions with high stability. The content and operational programs of socio-political organizations, the issue of building democratic mechanisms and institutions are increasingly focused on. Democracy in the Party, State and political system is gradually practiced effectively: Democracy has become the working method, communication style and behavior of officials, party members, civil servants and the people. The awareness of practicing democracy in society is increasingly enhanced. Democracy is increasingly moving away from formality to become more substantive, practical and have clear results. The content, form, methods and tools of practicing democracy are increasingly profound, diverse and rich. Comparison: Mixed Democracy (France) People’s Democracy (Vietnam) In both systems, there are mechanisms in place to manage and direct public affairs. (Focus on governance) Both systems have some form of participation from the public or the electorate. Both systems aim to maintain political stability and order. Both types of systems operate within a legal framework, including constitutions, laws,... Political Framework involves a pluralistic system is usually based on with various democratic one-party rule. mechanisms Ex: Head of State (Nguyên The President of the French The President is elected by thủ quốc gia) Republic is elected directly the National Assembly for a by the people for a five-year five-year term. term. Citizen Participation citizens can participate both citizens participate mainly directly and indirectly through elections of representatives Ex: Parliament - Lower house (National Free, direct and ballot Assembly): elected by voting nationwide direct voting (Đầu phiếu tự do, trực tiếp - Upper house (Sénat): và bỏ phiếu kín) indirect election (Electoral college includes members of regional and provincial councils, and Members of Parliament) (Đại cử tri bầu bao gồm các thành viên Hội đồng vùng, tỉnh; Đại biểu Quốc hội) Ideology is more aligned with liberal is rooted in socialist and or pluralistic political communist ideology systems Highest authority ultimate power is shared communist party holds the among government highest power agencies Ex: Government - Dual executive system - Coalition government (President, Vice President, (Chính quyền hành pháp and Cabinet). lưỡng đầu chế) (Chính phủ liên hiệp (Chủ - The president who tịch nước, Phó chủ tịch nước appoints the Prime Minister & Nội các)) is the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives. (Tổng thống bổ nhiệm Thủ tướng là thủ lĩnh của Đảng chiếm đa số trong Hạ viện)