Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Functions PDF

# Plants and Animal Organ System and their Functions ## What organ system are you familiar with in animals? How about in Plants? ## Levels of Organization | Level | Description | |---|---| | 1 | Atoms | | 2 | Organelles | | 3 | Cells | | 4 | Tissue | | 5 | Organ | | 6 | Organ System | | 7 | Organ...

# Plants and Animal Organ System and their Functions ## What organ system are you familiar with in animals? How about in Plants? ## Levels of Organization | Level | Description | |---|---| | 1 | Atoms | | 2 | Organelles | | 3 | Cells | | 4 | Tissue | | 5 | Organ | | 6 | Organ System | | 7 | Organism | | 8 | Population | | 9 | Ecosystem | The image shows a flow chart of the levels of organization from atoms through ecosystem. ## Organization of Your Body The image shows a flow chart of the levels of organization in a human body: cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism. ## What is the basic unit of organisation in plants and animals? A cell is the smallest unit of an organism. In complex organisms, cells are specialised for specific functions. The image shows different specialised cells in a human body with their functions. ## How do cells work together? Specialised cells do not work alone. A tissue is a group of similar specialised cells that work together to perform a specific function. Animals have four types of tissue. * Connective tissue adds supports and structure. * Epithelial tissue is protective. * Muscle tissue moves body parts. * Nerve tissue relays information. The image shows a diagram of the four types of tissues in animals. ## How else are plants and animals organized? * An organ combines different kinds of tissues that function together. * Your brain is an organ in which nerve, connective, and epithelial tissues work together. Your heart is an organ made of muscle, nerve, connective, and epithelial tissues. * Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves. These organs all contain the three types of plant tissues. ## An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. * Complex animals have many organ systems, such as the nervous system and the muscular system. * Plants have only two organ systems, the shoot system and the root system. The image shows a diagram of the shoot system and root system of a plant. ## An organism is a complete living thing that relies on cells for life function. * In a complex organism, all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together. They carry out the functions necessary for the organism's life. # Plants ## Structure: Cells * **Parenchyma**- least differentiated, most abundant * **Collenchyma**- support * **Sclerenchyma**- reinforced, tough cell walls, stop mitosis The image shows a diagram of Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma, all with their functions. ## Structure: tissue/specialized cells * **Tissues:** * **Dernat**- outer, hard layer * **Vascular**- made for transport * **Ground**- everything else * **Specialized cells:** * **Xylem**- conduct water * **Phloem**- conduct solid material such as sugar. The image shows a diagram of the vascular tissue, ground tissue and dermal tissue. ## Growth * **Meristem** * 1.embryotic stem cells that produces other cells * 2. Located on tip of developmental part. The image shows a cross section of a plant stem to illustrate the meristem. ## Gas Exchange * **Stomata** * 1. Guarded by Guard Cells * 2. Promote CO2 intake and H2O and O2 outtake * 3. Grants need for Calvin Cycle The image shows a diagram of stomata. ## Energy Production/Mineral transport * **Energy Production and Distribution** * 1. Sugar produced by leaf through photosynthesis * 2. Sugar is translocated through flow of * **Minerals and Water Transport** * 1. Root intake water and mineral * 2. Aids photosynthesis * 3. Symbiolotic relationship with fungi * a. Mycorrhizae- increase abosorbsion * b. Rhizobium- convert N to solute use The image shows a diagram of a tree with a description of the path of water potential. ## There are seven major kinds of plant hormones: auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, oligosaccharins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. The image shows a table to list the seven major plant hormones, their major functions and where they are produced. ## Reproduction * **Pollination** * 1. Pollination- transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. * 2. Double Fertilization- ensure endosperm develops The image shows a diagram of the sexual reproduction in a plant to illustrate the flow of pollen and egg. ## Evolution The image shows an evolutionary cladogram for plants with a few major landmarks including vascular tissue, seeds and flowers. # Animals ## Basics - Levels of Organization * Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems * tissues are made up of groups of cells * tissues work along one another in groups which makes up organs * an organ system consists of groups of organs working together The image shows an illustration of the organisation of a human body. ## Digestive System * **Structures** * -Mouth: starting point of digestion * -Esophagus: gets food swallowed from the mouth * -Stomach: contains the food and releases enzymes to break it down * -Small intestines: uses enzymes made from the pancreas and bile made by the liver to break down food * -Gallbladder: releases bile to break down fats * -Large intestines: job of processing waste and drops it into the rectum and then anus for release * **Function** * -uses enzymes to break down, absorb, and excrete food taken into the body * -helps in cellular respiration by supplying sugars such as glucose The image shows a labelled diagram of the human digestive system. ## Respiratory System * **Structures** * -Trachea: part of the airway that connects throat and bronchi * -Bronchi: moves air from trachea to lungs * -Lungs: allows oxygen to supply red blood cells and the red blood cells move around the body * -Diaphragm: main component for respiration, functions with inhalation and exhalation * -Gills: takes in dissolved oxygen in water to breathe (fish) * -Hemoglobin: moves oxygen from lungs to tissues; moves carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs * **Function** * -allows us to breathe (this is needed to survive on Earth) * -oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the process The image shows a labelled diagram of the human respiratory system. ## Nervous System * **Structures** * -Neuron: main feature of the brain; processes and transmits information * -Axon: sends information to neurons * -Dendrites: receive information from neurons * -Synapse: sends information from cell to cell * **Function** * -allows control for the body through communication within with certain parts * -regulating processes in the body * -coordination with other The image shows a labelled diagram of the human nervous system. ## Circulatory System * **Structures (Blood Flow)** * -vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs→ pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body * **Function** * -supplies the body with blood and oxygen * -carbon dioxide, oxygen, nutrients are all transported throughout the body * **Adaptations** * -A 4 chambered heart is able to separate separate deoxygenated and oxygenated blood (oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs) The image shows a labelled diagram of the human circulatory system. ## Excretory System * **Structure** * - Kidney: Filters the blood and creates urine * - Glomerulus: Blood plasma is filtered here * - Nephron: Regulates the concentration of water * - Bowman's capsule: where blood filtration starts * - Loop of henle: Where blood and salts and reabsorbed into the blood * - Collecting duct: collects urine from the nephron and moves it to the ureters * **Function** * - Filters the blood, keeps water balance, and excretes nitrogenous waste The image shows a labelled diagram of the human excretory system. ## Muscles * **Structure** * - Muscle cells: contain protein filaments of actin and myosin * - Sarcomeres: structure unit of a myofibril * - Actin & myosin fibers: Actin form the thin filaments and myosin form the thick filaments * - Tropomyosin regulatory protein: troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in the muscle tissue * **Function** * - helps with movement The image shows a diagram of muscles. ## Immune * **Structure** * - Lymph system: major part of the immune system * - leukocytes: protect the body from infectious disease and foreign invaders * - lymphocytes: a form of lymphocyte * - macrophage: phagocytic cell found in the tissues or mobile white blood cell * - B cells: produces antibodies * - T cells: destroy t cells to hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with germs * **Function** * -protects body from attacks by pathogen The image shows a diagram of an immune cell. ## Reproduction * **Structures** * -Testicles: create sperm * -Penis: urination and semen delivery * -Glands: creates sex hormones * -Sperm: reproductive cell for males * -Ovaries: creates sex hormones * -Eggs: reproductive cells for females * -Fallopian tubes: transfers egg from ovary to uterus * -Uterus: develops embryo and fetus when pregnant * **Function** * -create offspring (make sure survival is possible) * -produce sex cells The image shows labelled diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems.