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URBAN DESIGN INTRODUCTION TO CONSIDERATIONS URBAN DESIGN 1. Urban Structure - how a place is Urban Design - focuses on (1)...

URBAN DESIGN INTRODUCTION TO CONSIDERATIONS URBAN DESIGN 1. Urban Structure - how a place is Urban Design - focuses on (1) put together and how its parts relate arrangement, (2) appearance (3) to each other functionality (4) shaping and uses of space 2. Urban Typology, Density, and Sustainability - spatial types and Regarded as part of Urban morphologies related to the intensity Planning, Landscape Architecture, or of use, consumption of resources, Architecture. and production and maintenance of viable communities. Linked to disciplines such as 3. Accessibility - providing for ease, landscape urbanism safety and choice when moving through places. A design practice that operates at 4. Legibility and Wayfinding - helping the intersection of all three, requires a good people find their way around and understanding of a range of others such as understand how a place works. real estate, urban economics, political 5. Animation - designing places to economy, and social theory. stimulate public activity 6. Function and Fit - shaping places to support their varied intended uses DIFFERENCE BETWEEN URBAN 7. Complementary Mixed Uses - DESIGN AND URBAN PLANNING locating activities to allow Urban Design Urban Planning constructive interaction between them Focuses on Management of private 8. Character and Meaning - physical development through recognizing and valuing the improvement of established planning methods differences between one place and public and programs, and other environment statutory development controls. another 9. Order and Incident - balancing consistency and variety in the urban Urban planning is the strategy, the overall environment in the interest of plan. appreciating both. Urban design is the art, the way things look 10. Continuity and Change - locating and feel. people in time and place, including respect for heritage and support for urban planning provides the overall contemporary culture framework for urban development, while 11. Civil Society - making places where urban design focuses on the specific details people are free to encounter each and aesthetics of the built environment other as civic equals, is an important component in building social capital. 1  ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN - Include road, rail, bicycle, and + Urban Design involves the design pedestrian networks, form the total and coordination of all that makes up movement system of city cities and towns - Balance of transport systems help define the quality and character of Buildings cities, making them either friendly or - Most pronounced element of urban hostile. design. - Best cities elevate the experience of - They shape and articulate space by the pedestrian while minimizing the forming the street walls of the city. dominance of private vehicles. - Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create Landscape a sense of place. - The green part of the city in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants, Public Space flowers, and water. - Great public spaces are the living - Helps define the character and room of the city - the place where beauty of a city and creates soft, people come together to enjoy the contrasting spaces and elements. city and each other. - Range from grand parks such as - Make high quality life in the city central park in New York and the possible - they form the stage and Washington DC Mall, to small backdrop to the drama of life. intimate pocket parks. - Range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE neighborhood parks. Involvement of people or the community in the process of design of their community Streets - Connections between spaces and Term originated in England, covers places, being spaces themselves. community planning, community - Defined by their physical dimension development, and other forms of community and character as well as size, scale, assistance and character of buildings - Range from grand avenues such as In the USA, social architecture. Champs-Elysees in Paris to small pedestrian streets. - Pattern of street network is part of what defines a city and what makes each city unique. Transport - Connect the parts of cities and help shape them - Enable movement throughout the city. 2 HISTORY OF CITIES Who were the Natufians? ANCIENT TO CLASSICAL a prehistoric hunter-gatherer culture that lived in PERIOD the Levant region of the Middle East. Their advancements in settlement building, resource The Ancient City of Catal Huyuk utilization, and societal organization underscore their role as forerunners of agricultural societies. - A settlement in Turkey 7000 BCE The Natufians were the first people of the eastern - Domestic buildings attached to one Mediterranean area to establish permanent another villages. - Flat roof, access through stairs - Rooftops serve as a place for social The Ancient City of Khirokitia activities. - Settlement in Cyprus - Communal - Khiros = hog/pig - Particular with spaces for dead and - Kiti = area where pigs were raised the living. - Dead are often found in pits beneath Housing floors, beneath hearths, platforms - Circular houses within main rooms, and under beds. - Base were built with stone, upper - Buried their dead within the village part with adobe and mud. - Roofs were with branches and Natufian Culture of Syria and straws covered in mud. Palestine (Jericho) - A fireplace at the center of the - The natural defenses of the area house. was conducive to settlement and trading Street - Presence of Water - Main street was narrow and long - Hunting - gathering society stone construction - Develop new tools in harvesting wild - Settlement was set along a long grains road, considered as wall of the - Lived in caves and villages settlement - Buried their dead in cemeteries Indus Valley Civilization Housing Modern Day Pakistan - Circular houses (3-6 diameter) A farming village and grew into a - Dug-out floor socio-cultural and economic center of the - Dry wall foundation region, commonly known as the Indus - Fire Pit at the center Valley Civilization. - Thatched Roof - Located between Afghanistan and Village Arabian Sea, Indus Valley was - 1000 sqm circular village considered one of the most - 100-150 people 3  developed urban towns such as - Blue Palaces in honor of God Anu Harappa, Mohenjodaro. (God of the Sky) - Grain storage made of mud City form and Shape platforms and brick walls were found - Use of burnt brick - Technology like irrigation and water - Inner and outer part reservoir - Heavily fortified for protection - Water = transportation Harappan Town Divided into 2 Inner Town 1. Walled Citadel made of mud brick - Square in plan platform contains religious buildings - Contains the principal buildings, the and baths Euphrates river in the west side 2. Lower Town with buildings and street in grid layout Main streets intersected at the right angles terminating in tower - framed bronze gates. - All houses were uniform and connected to streets and drains - Principal sites lined the riverfront, - Burial sites properly sited. and behind them ran a grand professional way, its vista closed on End of Civilization due to: the north by the Ishtar gate 1. Climate Change - There were palace-citadels 2. Deforestation connected with Nebuchadnezzar’s 3. Floods drying of rivers great palace complex. 4. Invasions Processional Way The Ancient Babylon - Half-mile long from Ishtar Gate - A city-state of Mesopotamia (modern - Decorated with relief images of lions, day Iraq) symbol of war goddess Ishtar, - City divided equally by Euphrates dragon Marduk the lord of gods and River Bull Adad, the storm god. - Babylon, largest city in the world - Babylon, grandeur civilization but Structures became subject to the rule of Hanging Gardens of Babylon Assyria - Original seven wonders of the - Nebuchadnezzar II made babylon ancient world into one of the wonders of ancient - Hanging Gardens of Semiramis world. He ordered the reconstruction - By Babylonian King of the imperial grounds, including the Nebuchadnezzar II 600 BC. etemenanki ziggurat and construction of the Ishtar Gate. Etemenaki - Nebuchadnezzar is credited for the - Ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the construction of the Hanging Gardens City of Babylon of Babylon for his homesick wife - Originally 7 stories in height Amyitis. 4  - 7 Stories reached a height of 91 father of urban planning, the namesake of meters, contained a temple shrine at Hippodamian plan of city layouts (grid plan) the top. His plans of Greek cities were characterized Ancient Egypt by order and regularity in contrast to the City Planning more intricacy and confusion common to - Grid Layout cities of that period, even Athens. - Walled Cities - More on square Dinocrates of Rhodes - Symmetrical A Greek Architect and technical adviser for - Similar to babylon Alexander the Great. He is known for his - Geometric in shape for defense plan for the city of Alexandria, the monumental funeral pyre for Hephaestion Considerations: and the reconstruction of the Temple of Settlements were along Nile Artemis at Ephesus, as well as other works. + Residential - NE,SW + Mid-winter sunrise Socio-Cultural + Housing according to Social Class - Greece in the Archaic Period was made up from independent states, + Majority of the Pyramid workers called Polis, or city state. were farmers because of the dry season. Greek Society 1. Free People 2. Slaves Ancient Greece - Cities were either the result of - The social classes applied to men continuous growth, or created at a only, as women all took their social single moment as a result of colonial and legal status from their husband settlement. or their male partner. Women in - Towns had fixed boundaries ancient Greece were not permitted - Some towns were surrounded by to take part in public life. fortifications - Grid layout is used for flat lands THREE ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS OF - Disadvantage: too many GREECE intersection 1. Doric - rather sturdy and plain. Used - More public spaces than private in mainland Greece and the colonies spaces because they introduced in Southern Italy and Sicily. democracy 2. Ionic - thinner and more elegant. - Greece contributed the idea of Capital is decorated with a scroll-like political structures (i,e city hall) design (volute). Style was found in eastern Greece Hippodamus of Miletus 3. Corinthian - seldom used in Greece An ancient Greek Architect, urban planner, but often seen in Roman temples. physician, mathematician, meteorologist, and philosopher and is considered to be the 5  Capital is elaborate and decorated Roman Forum with acanthus leaves. + Socio-cultural: economic political activities + Basilica,temples Agora of Athens + Introduced triumphal arches - Agora = important gathering place + Roman version of Agora - Agora is placed on flat ground and easily accessible from all directions Roman Structures for communications. 1. Forum (Marketplace) - an open - Situated on low lying damp ground area, rectangular in shape, often to the North of the Acropolis, which surrounded by colonnades, typically had been incorporated in the city in have Basilica, treasuries, and the early Archaic period. Comitium (assembly places). - Central space of Agora was free of 2. Temples - dedicated to Roman buildings. Gods and Goddesses, raised on a - Private houses were of the courtyard high podium, emphasis on the type facade, set in either single or groups - Many aspects of Athenian inside colonnaded enclosures democracy took place herecity 3. Churches - earliest worship were in council (boule) rooms of private houses, only altar Courts of law and decorations identified them as Ostracism Christians - The center of the athletic, artistic, 4. Roman House - have atrium, spiritual and political life in the greek compluvium (a large room with city. rectangular opening in the middle of roof), and impluvium (a shallow Acropolis = city on a hill basin to catch rainwater). - Contained important historic 5. Shopping Centers - had a row of structures such as Parthenon. shops opening off a barrel vaulted market hall. Greek Civic Buildings 6. Circus - used for chariot racing and Bouleuterion - council house, assembly ion occasion for venationes and house, senate house largest of all buildings for Stoa - free standing colonnaded walkway entertainment. constructed in the city to protect citizens 7. Public Bath from the sun and rain a. Apodyterium (dressing room) b. Palaestra (gym) Roman Cities c. Sudatoria (sweating room) - Continued government structures. d. Caldarium (hot bath) - Grid layout e. Tepidarium (warm bath) - Cities enclosed in walls f. Frigidarium (cold bath) - Expert in building roads and bridges. Thermae - large scale baths Balnea - small scale baths Natatio - swimming pool 6  8. Bridges - built in one major span 7. Introduction of Cardo (north to 9. Aqueducts south) and Decumanos (East to a. Top pipe - private house west) axis - a grid of smaller streets b. Middle pipe - public dividing the city into blocks, and a bath/circus wall circuit with gates (Vesuvius and c. Lowest Pipe - public Stabian). fountains 10. Triumphal Arches - dedicated to Blocks: the emperor of the imperial family 1. Islands (city blocks) were irregular but sometimes to towns 2. Forums are set apart from the major 11. Fortifications traffic arteries, and vehicles cannot 12. Tombs enter it. a. Formae - burial in ground 3. Forum is situated in the intersection covered with a stone slab of the cardo and decumanos axis. b. Locult - burial slot in the wall 4. Curia and Basilica on South. of a catacomb c. Arcosolta - an arched recess Castrum Type or military camps with with the body in sarcophagus gridiron street layout: underneath d. Chamber Tomb City Shape and Form: Pompeii Layout: 1. Not ideal Castrum Type or Timgad Type (Grid Pattern) 2. City Layout was irregular 3. City layout after rules were implemented is rectangular plan influenced due to its military condition Streets: 1. Streets do not intersect at right angles 2. Irregular and narrow. 3. Stepping stones for pedestrians Cardo Maximus - stretched from North to were spaced. South 4. Street intersections have public “Heart of the City” - main street lines with fountains. important business structure 5. “Strada Dell Abbodanza” a commercial street with small shops, Decumanos Maximus - East to West, a offices, taverns, bakeries, etc. secondary street 6. Streets are paved with heavy flagstone 7 The Roman Forum was located at or close and loyalty. This system created a to street intersection. hierarchical society with the king at the top. Medieval City Planning Medieval Cities - Irregular pattern for defense to - Started after the downfall of the confuse their enemies Roman Empire - Church dominant Medieval = medium/middle Characteristics - It was a time of significant change in 1. Street Layout - used landscaping in Europe streets for hiding. “Meandering”, zigzag streets - Dark Age, many civil and internal 2. Picturesque Town - functional in wars location and town (i.e. Mont-Saint - Church is powerful with influence Michel) over politics, Pope has the highest authority Mughal Architecture = Persian + Islamic Mudejar Architecture = Spanish + Islamic Islam Vs Christianity The expansion of Islam into the Middle East Renaissance and North Africa led to clashes with - Marriage between royals ended the Christian forces. This religious conflict war fueled the Crusades and shaped the - The Renaissance saw a revival of political landscape of the region. classical Roman and Greek architectural styles. Romanesque Attack of the Ottoman Empire: War of the and Gothic architecture were Crusades replaced by more balanced and A series of religious wars known as the harmonious designs. Crusades were launched by Christian - Many plans created for future Europeans to reclaim the Holy Land from attacks Muslim control. Antonio Averlindo In the later part of the Medieval period, the - Renaissance town Ottoman Empire, a powerful Muslim state, - Sforzinda, a theoretical model for a expanded its territory into Europe, perfectly planned city challenging Christian dominance. This led to a series of wars and conflicts known as the - Balanced Cities Ottoman Wars. - Reference was the church - Civic Buildings were organized, The Rise of Feudalism - Formal Layout To maintain order and security, a feudal system emerged in which land ownership was the basis of power. Lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service 8  Industrial Revolution 4. Juvenile Delinquency shift from agricultural to manufacturing as Labor Malpractice, Child Labor seen in Europe, particularly in London from 1760 to 1840 and spread to the United Planned Industrial Towns States Francis Cabot Lowell Marked the changes in production methods - Invented the first integrated textile from manual to machine mill - Communities build around factories FIRST WAVE - Rise of Mill Towns Many discoveries and innovations were introduced: He perfected the mill operations in Watham, New chemical manufacturing Mass. Iron production Mechanized factory system In 1816, a mill town was built in Harrisville, Rise of trade and commerce new Hampshire. Invention of steam engine Electrical telegram In 1822, he built another mill town in Lowell, Mass. He tapped the unused source of SECOND WAVE labor of the young English farm girls who Steel making came to work to earn a dowry. Mass production Assembly line Tony Garnier designed an ideal industrial town where Effects of the Industrial Revolution zoning was depicted in his early plan. In his design, he allotted specific activities in 1. Urbanization specific places like residential be located in People moved from villages and towns to a plateau, valleys for factories, hospitals in the cities where the factories were located. high hills, and cemeteries having fine vistas, Urbanization - movement of people smelting plants and mines be located at a to cities. distance. Garbage filled the overcrowded city streets, and disease spread. Krupp Factory Housing 1863 - 1906 2. No Proper Hygiene Krupp family was engaged in the Result to high incidence of death due to production of steel for the contagious diseases - cholera, chicken pox, construction of railway measles, bubonic plague Built the Krupp Housing for its loyal employees who will remain 3. Crowding apolitical. Presence of squatters in abandoned Include housing with parks, sporting buildings, lack basic utilities, lack of open ground, school. spaces Located around the steel works and mines 9  Gridiron street with long tenement He suggested the use of electricity to allow blocks all parallel to one another town to be built anywhere. Bournville Model Employees’ He advocated minimal government House intervention and maximum self-sufficiency. In 1893, George Cadbury bought a land to be converted into a model community for his Edgar Chambless factory workers. He was concerned with the American Architect who proposed a city with health and fitness of the workers-problem all vehicles running on rooftops of during the industrial revolution. continuous buildings (Motopia). Model village included parks and open Eugene Henard spaces -encourage walking, indoor proposed building on stilts, traffic circles, swimming and lake swimming underpasses, and airplanes landing on Sports facilities-football rooftops. Social areas-Clubhouses In the 1900s, the Bournville Trust Fund Antonio Sant’Elia provided schools, museum, hospital, public italian futurist architect providing a bath frightening vision during that time: an enormous metropolis implying either vertical or horizontal circulation (use of above the Effects of Machine in Urban ground pedestrian walks/ connectors and Design vehicular roads). The invention of the machine in the 19th century had an effect on the urban form. Metabolism Group Trains and automobiles make travel easier Japanese visionary architects who and more convenient. Automobiles need proposed human habitat under water; cities wider paved streets. Trains need station and with unique pyramidal form. tracts. Motopia Don Soria Y Mata First introduced in his 1910 book A Spanish businessman created the first "Roadtown", the idea of Motopia imagines a street car and telephone system. In 1882,he futuristic city where modern technology, suggested the idea of La ciudad Lineal or specifically transportation, plays a central the “Linear City”. The development of the role in shaping the urban environment. city should be set along linear utility systems supplying water, communications Edgar Chambless, inspired by the and electricity. technological optimism of his time, believed that these problems could be addressed Peter Kropotkin through a radical rethinking of city design. Published a book called “Fields, Factories, He envisioned a future where transportation and Workshops” or industry combined with infrastructure would be fully integrated with agriculture manual work. human living spaces, making mobility 10 effortless and constant, while also freeing increase in population towards the city. He up land for nature and agriculture. was concerned with the moral disintegration of the dwellers. He envisioned an urban Linear Structure park be located in cities to let city dwellers The city would not be organized into enjoy nature. Other designers followed traditional blocks or neighborhoods but Olmstead like Charles Ellart. George would instead take the form of long, Kessler, kansas City Park, Jen Jensen who continuous structures that extend designed the Chicago Park. horizontally across the landscape. These structures could be kilometers long, housing The Garden City Movement thousands of people, businesses, and - Ebenezer Howard services all within a single linear framework. An English parliamentary stenographer envisioned the formation of workable, Multilevel Buildings livable satellite towns connected to a central Motopia’s buildings would be multilayered, city. He began to discuss the ideal optimum with different functions assigned to different size of towns and concluded with a cluster levels. The lower levels would house concept: a central city of 58,000 people residents, shops, and public services, while surrounded by smaller cities “Garden Cities” the upper levels would be dedicated to of 32,000 people separated by permanent transportation infrastructure. This vertical green spaces. Railroads and road linked the separation would ensure that traffic flows towns being self-sustained and contained. efficiently without disrupting pedestrian life. The first Garden City started in 1902 the Letchworth planned by Barry Barker Conservationist and Park Movement The Garden City model sought to address the social, economic, and environmental George Perkin Marsh challenges of urbanization by designing an American who saw the bad effects of self-contained communities surrounded by technology to the environment. green spaces. Howard envisioned these cities as utopian alternatives to the industrial Founder of the modern conservation city, promoting a high quality of life, access movement. to nature, and social equity. His book on ecology and proper Howard’s Garden preservation of land. He criticized the belief - Limits town distances to 7km of super abundance and emphasize the - Limits population growth in urban restoration of damaged lands. He centers contributed to the knowledge of - Characterized by having greenbelts preservation and the park system. Lewis Silkin Frederick Law Olmsted The key political figure behind the New saw the improper use of land and the labor Towns Movement, the UK’s Minister of Town damaging the democracy. He saw the and Country Planning after WWII. He was instrumental in implementing the New 11 Towns Act and believed that building new towns was essential for creating better living 5. Efficient Transportation conditions and alleviating the problems of Howard’s Garden Cities were designed with overcrowded urban areas. efficient transport networks in mind, including roads, railways, and pedestrian Key Elements Of the City paths. 1. Self-Contained Communities Each Garden City would be a self-sufficient, Examples of Garden Cities planned community designed to meet all the needs of its residents. It would have its own Letchworth Garden City housing, jobs, schools, shops, and cultural Established in 1903, Letchworth was the facilities. The goal was to reduce the need first practical application of Howard’s for commuting to larger urban centers, Garden City ideals. Located in allowing residents to live, work, and play Hertfordshire, England, it featured a radial within the same area. plan, with a green belt surrounding the city and a mixture of housing, employment, and 2. Green Belts recreational facilities. Letchworth remains A defining feature of Garden Cities is the an influential model of planned suburban surrounding green belt, which is a ring of development. open, agricultural, or natural land that prevents the city from expanding Welwyn Garden City uncontrollably (urban sprawl). This green Founded in 1920 by Howard himself, belt not only provides access to nature for Welwyn Garden City is another important residents but also serves as a buffer example of the Garden City concept. Like between the built environment and the Letchworth, Welwyn was designed with a countryside. It preserves agricultural land clear emphasis on blending urban and rural and keeps the city compact and walkable. elements, including spacious housing, abundant green spaces, and access to local employment. 3. Radial Layout The layout of Garden Cities was often Broadacre City designed in a radial or concentric pattern, - Frank Lloyd Wright with a central core dedicated to public Followed Howard. He published buildings, parks, and civic spaces. “Broadacres” proposing every family live on an acre of land, later realizing the difficulty 4. Social Equity and Cooperative of land supply, he proposed a super high Ownership skyscraper, the Mile High Garden Cities were intended to operate on a model of cooperative land ownership. The Broadacre City was a theoretical response land would be owned by the community, to the problems Wright perceived in the ensuring that any increase in land value due industrial city, including congestion, to development would benefit the residents inequality, and loss of individuality. as a whole, rather than private landowners or speculators. 12 Concept 3. Inviting city center attract investors and The fundamental idea behind Broadacre people to spend in the city Chicago “The City is decentralization. Wright envisioned a White City” was planned to host the World’s society where modern transportation (such Columbian Exposition of 1893 showcasing as automobiles and airplanes) and the concept of the “City Beautiful communications technology (like Movement”. telephones) would allow people to live spread out across the landscape, instead of Characteristics: being concentrated in dense urban centers. Tree-lined avenues flanked with civic buildings in white and neo-classical style Key Elements of the City Streets combined with grid and rotundas 1. Land Ownership for Everyone Water features and landscaped water Every family would be given an acre of land fronts to build a home and cultivate a garden. Parks and plazas 2. Low-Density Living 1890-1910 Broadacre City would consist of dispersed The City Beautiful Movement wanted to use homes, farms, and workspaces spread out the political and economic structures to over the landscape, with a focus on create cities that were beautiful, spacious, low-density, rural, and suburban living. and orderly. The city needed to get away There would be no traditional central city or from the black soot of the coal and become urban core more clean and classical. 3. Integration with Nature New Communities Movement In Broadacre City, green spaces, gardens, Advocators: and farms were integral to the urban fabric, 1. Louis Mumford offering both aesthetic and practical value. 2. Clarence Stein The landscape was seen as a key part of 3. Henry Wright daily life, with open spaces woven 4. Alexander Bing throughout the design. Realized the peace meal City Beautiful Movement developments on endless gridiron tracts A concept by Daniel Burnham who made were wasteful and unnecessary. The plans for San Francisco, Manila, Chicago, common practice of laying out block pattern and other cities. His concept was a city streets long before the builder arrived at the totally designed system of main circulation scene. They presented clustered community arteries, a network of parks and cluster of design and interspersed of open built-up local buildings. spaces. They emphasized the neighborhood concept. 1. Eliminate social ills due to the effect of aesthetics, awareness of civic loyalty and believed that the way cities were being built lessen crime was wasteful. Instead of just laying out 2. American cities be at par with European streets in a grid pattern and building cities adopting European style randomly, they proposed creating planned, 13 clustered communities with a mix of Frank Lloyd Wright buildings and open spaces. Their goal was followed Howard. He published to design neighborhoods thoughtfully, “Broadacres” proposing every family live on making them more efficient and pleasant a acre of land, later realizing the difficulty of places to live. land supply, he proposed a super high skyscraper the Mile High Modern Times Eliel Saarinen Constantin Doxiades He wrote “The City”. He proposed the invented the “Ekistics”- the science of decentralization of large cities. Human Settlement”. He formulated the Ekistic Grid, a system for recording planning Ludwig Hilbershanier data and ordering of the planning process. He proposed that cities be laid with the prevailing wind to prevent smoke from Charles Abrams factories from penetrating the cities. focused on housing as one prime field of endeavor for solving urban problems Richard Neutra contained in his book “Man’s Struggle for He wrote “Rush City Reformed” which Urbanizing World’. depicts a modern city using a modern transportation system to avoid congestion. Buckminster Fuller his “Inventory of World Resources, Human Le Corbusier Trends and Needs” assess the current state He combined modern city form with modern of world products and productive energy technology. He showed how large groups of suggesting how it can be turned into high and low buildings could handle a man’s complete advantage. He massive design problem. In effect, brought invented the “Geodesic Dome”. He was cubism to a large-scale architectural the proponent of “Satellite City”. composition for planning large-scale development. Lewis Mumford urged that the fundamental needs of the Louis Khan society be the basis for the judicious use of Emphasized main street circulation technological power. His thinking is the determines the urban form need for recognizing the physical limitation of human settlement. Kenzo Tange Emphasized circulation in urban designing New Urbanism which is reflected on Tokyo Plan. He a planning and development approach envisioned New Tokyo over Tokyo Bay; based on the principles of how cities and hung on series of suspension bridges. towns had been built for the last several Vehicular traffic would be segregated centuries. according to speed, dwelling and work areas stacked in several levels. Environmentally friendly walkable blocks and streets housing and shopping in close proximity, 14  accessible public spaces ▪Settlements layout-plaza complex center New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled was public plaza surrounded by important urban design. buildings -the church and ayuntamiento Neighborhood friendly (TND) ▪Grid layout Transit-oriented design (TOD) ▪walled Proponents: 1. Peter Caltrope SENSE OF PLACE 2. Michael Corbett refers to the unique emotional and 3. Andres Duany psychological connection people feel with a 4. Elizabeth Moule specific location or environment. 5. Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk 6. Stefanos Polyzoides Anthropology 7. Daniel Solomon attachment of people to a place based on cultural links such as beliefs, practices They were tasked in 1991 by the Local Feeling of momentary belongingness to the Government Commission of Sacramento, area in doing traditional religious practices California to develop community planning principles. Geography Topophilia Green Cities People’s emotional, aesthetic attachment to Development and design of cities taking into the environment consideration the lessening of environmental impacts on land, water, air by Sociology making cities compact and sustainable. Place attachment due to personal reason, emotional attachment to the place, to the community where memories where once developed HISTORY OF CITIES PHILIPPINES Ex. Luneta and Manila Bay along Roxas Blvd. were once the leisure haven of the city dwellers in 1060s. Laws of Indies Royal decree of Spain containing the The Science of Place guidelines on how to develop settlements Good Physical Form + Good Social Activity = A positive psychological or Requirements emotional response = Sense of Place ▪Defined area adjacent to navigable waters for trading and water transportation Economic Prosperity follows Good form = ▪Near settlements of the natives for labor Good Activity force ▪Elevated area away from forest ▪Near agricultural lands for food security 15  CITY LAYOUT Metabolism Group Pyramidal City Layout Laws of Indies Grid and Walled Catal Huyuk No streets, houses clustered together Khirokitia Main street is narrow and long stone Indus Valley - Grid Layout Harappan Lower Town Indus Valley - Inner Square in Plan Town Indus Valley - Main Intersected, Right Street Angles Ancient Babylon Grid Ancient Egypt Grid, Symmetrical, Square Ancient Greece Grid Roman Cities Grid Medieval Irregular, Meandering zigzag Renaissance Formal Renaissance Town Eight point star Krupp Factory House Gridiron Motopia Linear Garden City Radial Letchworth City Radial Broadacre City Grid City Beautiful Grid & Rotundas Movement New Communities Clustered 16  URBAN DESIGN Planning Graphic Conventions SIGNS AND SYMBOLS Land Use Elements of the Urban Morphology Site Features Elements of the Urban Form Urban Structure The overall framework of a region, town or precinct, showing relationships between zones of built forms, land forms, natural environments, activities and open spaces. Encompasses broader systems including transport and infrastructure networks. Urban Grain The balance of open space to built form, and the nature and extent of subdividing an area into smaller parcels or blocks For example a ‘fine urban grain’ might constitute a network of small or detailed streetscapes. It takes into consideration the hierarchy of street types, the physical linkages and movement between locations, and modes of transport. 17  terms of detail, craftsmanship, texture, color, Elements of the Urban Form + durability, sustainability and treatment. It includes street furniture, paving, lighting Scale and signage. Density + Mix The intensity of development and the range It contributes to human comfort, safety and of different uses (residential, commercial, enjoyment of the public domain. institutional or recreational) Some aspects of privately owned space Elements of the Urban Scale such as the bulk and scale of buildings, Height + Massing or gardens that are visible from the public The scale of buildings in relation to height realm, can also contribute to the overall and floor area, and how they relate to resulting appearance surrounding land forms, buildings, and streets. includes the natural and built environment used by the general public on a It also incorporates building envelope, site day-to-day basis such as streets, plazas, coverage and solar orientation. parks, and public infrastructure Height and Massing create the sense of Elements of the Urban Morphology openness or enclosure, and affect the amenity of streets, spaces and other Cross-Cutting Forms buildings. 1. Topography, Landscape and Environment Elements of the Urban Public The natural environment includes the Realm topography of landforms, water courses, Streetscape + Landscape flora and fauna - whether natural or The design of public spaces such as introduced streets, open spaces and pathways, and includes landscaping, microclimate, shading It may be in the form of rivers and creeks, and planting lakes, bushland, parks and creeks, lakes, bushland, parks and recreational facilities, Facade + Interface streetscapes or private gardens, and is The relationship of buildings to the site, often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’ street and neighboring buildings (alignment, setbacks, boundary treatment) 2. Social + Economic Fabric and the architectural expression The non-physical aspects of the urban form of their facades (projections, openings, which include social factors (culture, patterns and materials). participation, health and well-being) as well as the productive capacity and economic Details + Materials prosperity of a community. It incorporates The close-up appearance of objects and aspects such as demographics and life surfaces and the selection of materials in stages, social interaction and support networks. 18  3. Scale The size, bulk and perception of a buildings and spaces. Bulk refers to the height, width and depth of a building in relation to other surrounding buildings, the street, setbacks and surrounding open space. For example, a large building set amongst other smaller buildings may seem ‘out of scale’. 4. Urban Forms The arrangement of a built up area This arrangement is made up of many components including how close buildings and uses are together; what uses are located where; and how much of the natural environment is a part of the built up area URBAN PATTERN. The pattern of the city is the way how different functions and elements of the settlement form are distributed and mixed together spatially. It can be measured by the size of its grain. 5. Urban Grain The balance of open space to built form, and the nature and extent of subdividing an area into smaller parcels or blocks. For example a 'fine urban grain' might constitute a network of small or detailed streetscapes. course urban grain-uneven sizing and distribution of space to built form 19