History of Settlements PDF

13. PEDESTRIAN 14. SIGNAGES 15. CONFLICT 16. HISTORIC DISTRICTS (IMPORTANT) 17. ETHNIC GROUPS 18. URBAN BLIGHTED AREAS 19. ENTRIES 20. NON-PHYSICAL...

13. PEDESTRIAN 14. SIGNAGES 15. CONFLICT 16. HISTORIC DISTRICTS (IMPORTANT) 17. ETHNIC GROUPS 18. URBAN BLIGHTED AREAS 19. ENTRIES 20. NON-PHYSICAL ASPECTS (FESTIVALS, ELEMENTS) 21. INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS (ROAD, CIRCULATION, UTILITIES) o URBAN MORPHOLOGY o BUIL.T AND UNBUILT o TRANSPORTATION o INFRASTRUCTURE o ACTIVITY HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS NATURAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF URBAN AREAS: - CALAMITIES (FIRE, FLOOD) - FERTILE SOIL, BODIES OF WATER, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES - SLOPE AND TERRAIN AND OTHER NATURAL DEFENSES - CLIMATE ANCIENT TIMES - INNOVATIONS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF EARLIEST CITIES o PLOW AND RECTILINEAR FARMING. o CIRCULAR AND RADIOCENTRIC PLANNING (FOR HERDING/ DEFENSE) 7000-9000 B.C, - NEOLITHIC CITIES o JERICHO: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN ISRAEL (9000 B.C.) o WELL ORGANIZED COMMUNITY OF 3000 PEOPLE o 3 HECTARES AND ENCLOSED WITH CIRCULAR STONE WALL o OVERRUN IN 6500 B.C. RECTANGULAR LAYOUTS FOLLOWED - KHIRIKITIA: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN CYPRUS (5500 B.C.) o FIRST DOCUMENTED SETTLEMENT WITH STREETS o MAIN STREET HEADING UPHILL o NARROW BUT WIDER TERMINAL  - CATALHOYUK: EARLY SETTLEMENT IN TURKEY (ASIA MINOR) o CIRCA 7000 B.C. o LARGEST NEOLITHIC CITY (13 HECTARES; 10,000 PEOPLE) o INTRICATELY ASSEMBLED COMPLEX WITHOUT STREETS o INCLUDE SHRINES AND QUARTERS FOR CRAFTS, PRODUCTION, ETC. 2000-4000 B.C. CITIES IN THE FERTILE CRESCENT WERE FORMED BY THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEYS OF MESOPOTAMIA. - MESOPOTAMIA: EARLIEST FORM OF SETTLEMENT - ERIDU: ACKNOWLEDGED AS THE OLDEST CITY - DAMASCUS: OLDEST CONTINUALLY INHABITED CITY - BABYLON: LARGEST CITY WITH 80,000 INHABITANTS 3000 B.C. CITIES OF THEBES AND MEMPHIS ALONG NILE VALLEY - EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION WAS DEVELOPED - MONUMAL ARCHITECTURE (MONUMENTAL AVENUES, COLOSSAL TEMPLE PLAZAS AND TOMBS) - NO NEED FOR DEFENSIVE WALLS (NO ZONING) - EVIDENCE IN CONTROLLED PLANNING TEL-EL-AMARNA - A TYPICAL EGYPTIAN CITY W/: 1. CENTRAL AREA 2. NORTH SUBURB  3. SOUTH CITY 4. CUSTOM’S HOUSE 5. WORKER’S VILLAGE 2500 B.C. INDUS VALLEY (PRESENT-DAY PAKISTAN) CITIES OF MOHENJO – DARO AND HARRAPA: - ADMINISTRATIVE-RELIGIOUS CENTERS W/ 40,000 INHABITANTS - ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INDICATES ADVANCED CIVILIZATION (SANITARY AND SEWAGE) 1900 B.C. YELLOW RIVER VALEY OF CHINA - “LAND WITHIN THE PASSES” -PRECURSOR OF LINEAR CITY ANYANG: LARGEST CITY OF YELLOW RIVER VALEY 800 B.C. BEIJING FOUNDED (MING DYNASTY- 1300-1600) B.C. TO A.D. ELABORATE NETWORK OF CITIES IN MESOAMERICA WERE BUILT BY THE ZAPOTECS, MEXTECS, AND AZTECS IN ROUGH RUGGED LAND. - TEOTIJUACAN AND DZIBICHATUN: LARGEST CITIES - TEOTIJUACAN: PRESENT DAY MEXICO 700 B.C. G REEK CLASSICAL CITIES GREEK CITIES SPREAD THRU AEGEAN REGION TOWARDS WESTWARD TO FRANCE AND SPAIN - “POLIS” DEFINED AS “CITY-STATE” o ACROPOLIS  MOST FAMOUS  A RELIGIOUS AND DEFENSIVE STRUCTURE ON THE HILS W/ NO GEOMETRIC PLAN (TO PREVENT ENCROACHMENT OF PUBLIC SPACES IN GREEK STRUCTURES) o NEW CITIES: NEOPOLIS o OLD CITIES: PALEOPOLIS - SPARTA AND ATHENS: LARGEST CITIES (100-150 T) 400 B.C. - HIPPODAMUS: FIRST NOTED URBAN PLANNER (IN GREECE) o INTRODUCED GRID SYSTEM AND; o AGORA (PUBLIC MARKETPLACE) o THEORIZED THE NEED OF RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEM. HENCE; THE GRIDIRON PATTERN OR GRID SYSTEM - MILETUS ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES - ADAPT GREEK FORMS BUT DIFFERENT SCALE- MONUMENTAL, HAD SOCIAL HIERARCHY o ROMAN FORUMS - ROMANS AS ENGINEERS o BUILT AQUEDUCTS, PUBLIC BATHS, UTILITY SYSTEMS, FOUNTAINS, ETC. o CONSIDERED AS CONQUERORS (BUILT FORUM AFTER FORUM) DEVELOPED HOUSING VARIATIONS AND OTHERS: - BASILICA: COVERED MARKEYS; LATER ON: LAW COURTS - CURIA: LOCAL MEETING HALL; LATER: CAPITOL - DOMUS: TRADITIONAL ROMAN HOUSE W/ CENTRAL ATRIUM - INSULAE: 3-6 STOREY APARTMENTS W/ STOREFRONTS ROMANS INCORPORATED PUBLIC WORKS AND ARTSINTO DESIN. HENCE, ROMANS WERE KNOWN AS THE FIRST REGIONAL PLANNERS. MEDIEVAL AGES - DECLINE OF ROMAN POWER - LEFT MANY OUTPOSTS ALL OVER EUROPE WHERE GROWTH REVOLVED - FEUDALISM AFFECTED URBAN DESIGN - SIENNA AND CONSTANTINOPLE: SIGNIFIED THE RISE OF CHURCH - 11TH CENTURY TOWNS IN EUROPE: AKA. COASTAL PORT TOWNS - MERCANTILIST CITIES: CONTINUOUS INCREASE IN SIZE - WORLD TRADE AND TRAVEL CREATED POPULATION CONCENTRATION (PARIS, FLORENCE, VENICE) RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE 15TH CENTURY 1. DISCOVERY OF GUNPOWDER o MOST IMPORTANT EVENT 2. RENAISSANCE REBIRTH o VERY POPULAR (IN ITALY) 15TH CENTURY FRANCE: DISPLAY OF POWER - ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE BECAME MAJOR ELEMENT OF TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN - GEOMETRICAL FORMS OF CITIES CONCEPTS THAT EMERGED DURING RENAISSANCE PERIOD 1. AXIS STYLE OF DESIGN - VIENNA EMERGED AS THE CITY OF CULTURE AND ARTS o FIRST “UNIVERSITY TOWN” SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICAS 1. MEDIEVAL ORGANIC CITY a. TAKEN AFTER THE “BOURG” (MILITARY TOWN) AND; b. “FAUBOURG” (CITIZEN’S TOWN) c. NO REGULAR STREET FORM 2. MEDIEVAL BASTIDE a. TAKEN AFTER THE FRENCH BASTIDE (EVENTUALLY REFERRED TO AQS “NEW TOWNS”) b. CAME IN THE FORM OF GRIDS OR RADIAL PLANS, REFLECTING FLEXIBILITY c. NEW TOWNS PLACED IN PREVIOUSLY UNSETTLED AREAS d. FEATURES: ON RIVER VALLEYS, BUILT RADIAL FORM 3. THE SPANISH “LAWS OF THE INDIES” TOWN a. KING PHILIP II’S CITY GUIDELINES PRODUCED 3 TYPES OF TOWNS i. PUEBLO CITY (CIVIL) ii. PRESIDIO (MILITARY) iii. MISSION (RELIGIOUS) 4. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE a. “THE EUROPEAN PLANNED CITY” (EX. SAVANNAH) BY JAMES OGLETHORPE; CAHLESTON, ANNAPOLIS AND WILLIAMSBURG (FRANCIS NICHOLSON) i. TODAY, THE SAVANNAH: WORLD’S LARGEST OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED HISTORICAL DISTRICT ii. ANNAPOLIS: FOCAL POINTS ARE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS W/ CIVIC SQUARE iii. WILLIAMSBURG: PLAN WAS ANCHORED BY THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE, STATE CAPITOL, AND COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY 5. SPECULATORS TOWN a. DEVELOPMENTS WERE SPECULATED, WITH EMPHASIS ON EQUALITY b. PHILADELPHIA: BY WILLIAM PENN  i. AMERICA’S SPECULATOR TOWN c. BUILT BETWEEN DELAWARE AND SCOOL KILL INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FAMOUS FOR THE INVENTION OF STEAM ENGINE - MACHINE AGE”- FROM MANPOWER TO ASSEMBLY LINES - 2 SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT: o “REFORM MOVEMENTS”  EMPHASIS OF BLDG FROM SCRATCH TO IMPROVE HUMAN WORKERS' CONDITION ROBERT OWENS (NEW LANARK MILLS, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND) o SPEARHEADED “REFORM MOVEMENTS; PROPOSED AN IDEAL CITY (800-1200 PEOPLE AND OCCUPYING 600-1800 ACRES OF LAND)  ROBERT OWEN’S VILLAGE: SELF- SUFFICIENT CITY COMPLETE WITH AGRICULTURAL AMENITIES, ETC. OWEN’S SON BUILT AN INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE IN INDIANA, AKA. “THE NEW HARMONY” o “THE OWENITE COMMUNITIES” (NEW HARMONY, INDIANA, USA); BY OWENS JR BROOK FARM, BY A GROUP OF NEW ENGLAND PLANNERS o ICARUS (RED RIVER, TEXAS) BY CABET o SPECIALISTS  BELIEVES THAT PROBLEMS OF CITIES ARE TACKLED 1 PROBLEM AT A TIME - TONY GARNIER o FAMOUS FOR: UNE CITE INDUSTRIELLE  INDUSTRIAL TOWN  W/ IMAGINARY SITE  W/ HIGH PLATEAU WITH LEVELED VALLEY ALONGSIDE RIVER  PLATUE FOR RESIDENTIAL  VALLEY FOR FACTORIES  IDEAS AND THEORIES ADOPTED BY DUTCH ARCHITECT JJP OUD IN THE DESIGN OF ROTTERDAM NOTE: INDUSTRIAL CITIES PROVIDED SEVERAL IMPACTS - INCREASE IN CONGESTION - NO SAFETY HAZARDS - AIR AND WATER POLLUTION - NEW STREETS, LANES, ETC - JOURNEY TO WORK (WORK IS CENTRALIZED IN FACTORIES) lopit  PHYSICAL PLANNING - A SET OF ACTIONS AIMED AT IMPROVING THE PLACE’S AND DWELLER’S PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELFARE - ENTAILS THE ORGANIZATION OF LAND USES SO PEOPLE ENJOY HIGHEST ACHIEVABLE DEGREE OF EFFICIENCY IN RESOURCE UTILIZATION, FUNCTIONALITY OF PLACES, AND AESTHETIC QUALITY OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - ENHANCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - PLAN CITIES AND TOWNS - FACILITATE PROVISIONS (OF INFRASTRUCTURE, UTILITIES, AND SERVICES) - CREATE ORDER (WHERE THERE IS NO CHAOS) CREATION OF BEAUTY REDUCE PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CREATE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION OF AESTHETICS FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - INITIATE, FORMULATE, AND REVIEW THE NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY (NLUP) - NATIONAL REGIONAL PLANNING (IN CAR) - STANDARD SETTING - TECHNICAL SUPPORT TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES - TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT TO TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING - REVIEW OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK - INSPECT AND MONITOR ALL LAND BASE DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRY TO ENSURE THEY CONFORM TO APPROVE PLANNING SCHEMES, LAWS, AND REGULATION - TO MONITOR THE MANNER OF UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAND BY VARIOUS MINISTRY AND ORG. TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE W/ NATIONAL POLICIES, STANDARDS, PLANS - TO LIASE W/ LOCAL & INT’L ORG. (INCLUDING NGO) PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - SUSTAINABILITY o PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN DEVL’PMT o PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN OPERATIONS o ENCOURAGE BROAD-BASED SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES - LAND-USE PATTERNS o RESPECT NATURAL ENVIRONMENT & PRESERVE OPEN SPACES o INTEGRATE NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT - NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES o CONTINUITY OF WILDLIFE o DESIGN EXTERIOR LANDSCAPING TO BE COMPATIBLE W/ SURROUNDING NATIVE PLANT o MAINTAIN NATURAL SURFACE DRAINAGE FLOW o PROTECT HISTORIC & PRE-HISTORIC CULTURAL RESOURCES - ACCESS AND TRANSPORTATION o EASE OF ACCESS o PARKING - LIFESTYLE o ENRICH EXPERIENCE o OFFER HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES o CREATE ARRAY OF FACILITIES THAT ENRICH QUALITY OF CITY IMPLEMENTATION: LOCAL & GLOBAL - INT’L GUIDELINES ON URBAN AND TERRITORIAL PLANNING - NAT’L FRAMEWORK FOR PHYSICAL PLANNING 2001-2023 VISION AND PRINCIPLES - SUSTAINABLE FOOD SECURITY - UTILIZE COUNTRY’S LAND & WATER RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY AND ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY - OBSERVANCE OF APPROPRIATE STANDARDS, NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, AND BALANCING RATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT  - COMPLEMENTING GROWTH OF RURAL AREAS BY URBAN DEV. APPROACH SPATIAL INTEGREGATION EQUITABLE ACCESS TO PHYSICAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES - PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP o SHARED RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN GOVERNMENT & PRIV. SECTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT - PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT o ESTABLISH FLEXIBLE AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURE - RECOGNITION OF RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE o ENSURES INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO DEVELOP, CONTROL, AND USE LANDS - MARKET ORIENTATION o ADOPTING INTERPLAY OF MARKET FORCES WITHIN FRAMEWORK - THE PLANNING ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES o NFPP PROVIDE EFFICIENT, EQUITABLE, AND SUSTAINABLE POLICY GUIDELINES o KEY CHANGES INCLUDE URBAN POPULATION, UNPLANNED SETTLEMENT, EXPANSION, DECLINING AGRICULTURAL - CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES - PROMOTE NATIONAL DISPERSION THRU REGIONAL CONCENTRATION, STRENGTHENING OF URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES, RESOURCE-AREA BASED DEVELOPMENT & INSTALLATION - ACTIVITIES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING: - VISUALIZE SCALE, DENSITY, PHYSICAL DIMENSION - CREATE AND CRITIQUE PHYSICAL MASTERS PLAN REGARDS TO THEIR CONTEXT (ESTETIKS, FUNCTIONS, INCLUSION) - UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES AND TRADITIONS - RECOGNIZE DEVELOPMENT - RESPECT PRESENT AND FUTURE INHABITANTS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD APPROACHES OF PHYSICAL PLANNING - RATIONAL APPROACH o COMPREHENSIVE PLAN  COST IS MANY  - INCREMENTAL APPROACH o PLANS ARE MADE IN TERMS OF PROJECTS INDICATORS: - SOCIAL INDICATOR o GENERAL INDICATORS o “MEASURES OF AGGREGATE WELLBEING AMONG THE PERSONS AND FAM WITHIN A SOCIETY, CITY, NEIGHBORHOOD” - IMPACT INDICATORS o ACCESS THE IMPACT OF A PLAN - PERFORMANCE INDICATORS o PRECISE INDICATORS (BECAUSE THEY ARE CALCULATING)