History of Settlements PDF

# HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS ## ANCIENT TIMES - Natural Factors That Affect The Development And Growth Of Urban Areas: - potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano eruptions, etc.) - presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources - slope and terrain and o...

# HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS ## ANCIENT TIMES - Natural Factors That Affect The Development And Growth Of Urban Areas: - potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano eruptions, etc.) - presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources - slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses - Climate - Innovations that influenced the development of the earliest cities: - The Plow and Rectilinear Farming - Circular and Radiocentric Planning - for herding and eventually for defense ### Mudbrick A mudbrick is a brick, made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand and water mixed with a binding material such as rice husks or straw. In warm regions with very little timber available to fuel a kiln, bricks were generally sun dried. In some cases brickmakers extended the life of mud bricks by putting fired bricks on top or covering them with stucco. ## NEOLITHIC CITIES - **Neolithic cities 7000 – 9000 В.С.** - **Jericho: Early Settlement in Israel (9000 B.C.)** - A well-organized community of about 3000 people - Built around a reliable source of freshwater - Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall - the only farming community in the world at that date - Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts followed - **Khirokitia: Early Settlement in Cyprus (5500 B.C.)** - First documented settlement with streets - The main street heading uphill was narrow but had a wider terminal, which may have been a social spot - **Jericho** - An image of Jericho with a double wall construction is shown. The image shows the different layers including the inner and upper wall, earthen embankment, outer and lower wall. The caption for the image reads: > DOUBLE REDOUBTABLE WALL FOR > THE ANCIENT CITY OF JERICHO > The fortified city of Jericho had used the Double Redoubtable Wall construction system that was used to build fortresses in Europe during the Medieval Age - **Excavated Site of Jericho:** - An image of a map of Jericho is shown which includes a wall, ditch, tower, and possible original position of a spring. - **Khirokitia** - An aerial view of the village with various circles illustrating the location of the various buildings in ancient times is shown. - A diagram is shown of the village of Khirokitia with different sectors marked, and showing the locations of several "Tholos" buildings, including Tholos A, B, C, D, E, and G. ## THE FIRST TOWNS - **Catalhoyuk:** - An image of a village plan is shown. - early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor) - Circa 7000 B.C. - Largest neolithic city of 13 hectares; 10,000 people - an intricately assembled complex without streets - Included shrines and quarters for specialized crafts, production of paintings, textile, metal, etc. - Rested on a new rationale for the city at that time- trade - **Jericho** - An image of the West Bank is shown with an inset of the municipality of Jerusalem. Jericho appears to be near the Dead Sea. - is one of the earliest continuous settlements in the world, dating perhaps from about 9000 BCE. - **Çatalhöyük** - A very large Neolithic proto-city in southern Anatolia (Turkey), inhabited from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. ## FERTILE CRESCENT - **2000 – 4000 В.С.** - Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia - **Eridu** - acknowledged as the oldest city. - **Damascus** - oldest continually inhabited city - **Babylon:** the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants - **Mesopotamia** * Eridu * Ur * Babylon - **Nile Valley** * Thebes * Memphis - **Indus Valley** * Harappa * Mohenjo-Daro - **Mediterranean Europe** * Ugarit * Byblos * Anyang - **Huang-Ho Valley** * Zhengzhou (Chengchou) - **Mesoamerica** * Teotihuacan * Dzibilchaltun - **A map of the fertile crescent** * This map shows the locations of the following cities: Ugarit, Byblos, Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, Memphis, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Babylon, Uruk, Ur, and Eridu. ## EGYPT - **3000 B.C.** - Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley - characterized by monumental architecture - cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple plazas and tombs cut from rock - An image of a series of rectangular "cells" forming a village along a narrow road are shown. The caption reads: > Worker's communities were built > in cells along narrow roads - **Tel-el-Amarna** - An example of a typical Egyptian city with the following: - Central Area - North Suburb - South City - Custom's House - Worker's Village - An image of a map of what appears be Tel-el-Amarna, with the different sections marked. ## PAKISTAN & CHINA - **2500 В.С.** - Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) - Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrappa: - administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants - archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization lived here - housing variations - sanitary and sewage systems - **1900 В.С.** - Yellow River Valley of China- “land within the passes”. - Precursor of Linear City. - Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley - **800 В.С.** - Beijing - founded in approximately same location it's in today - present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) ## MESOARMERICA - **(B.C. – A.D.)** - Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land. - Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities ## REEK CLASSICAL CITIES - **700 B.C** - Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region – westward to France and Spain - "polis": defined as a "city-state". - Most famous is the Acropolis- a religious and defensive structure up on the hills, with no definite geometrical cities - Shows an image of the Acropolis in Athens. - **700 B.C** - Sparta and Athens: the largest cities (100-150T) - "Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities) - **400 B.C** - Hippodamus (of Miletus) - the first noted urban planner. - Introduced the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace) originally placed were inhabited by a Neolithic population in 3500-3000 - 3 sections of Miletus: - for artisans, - farmers, and - the military - An image of what appears to be a city, possibly Miletus, with buildings marked A, B, C, and D. - **Miletus** - An image of a map of Miletus is shown, with various buildings and locations marked, including: - Lions - Harbour monument - Hellenist Harbour Hall - Hellenist Gymnasion - Byzantine Church of St Michael - Baths of Vergilius Capito - Palästra - Prytaneion - Buleuterion - Nymphaeum - Market Gate - Temple of Eumenes II - Town walls of ancient Miletus - Agore - Temple of Athene - Mycean settlement - Stadium - Foustina Baths - Former Village of Balat - Heroes Grave - South Agora - Iliyas-Bey Mosque - Roman Baths - Delphinion - Medieval Bridge - Kalabak Tepe - Kale Tepe - Humay Tepe - A map of Miletus is shown which denotes the following: - West Agora - Theater - Stadium - Temple of Athena - Kalabak Hill, - Humey Hill - City Walls - Delphinium - Nimphaeum - South Agora - Sacred Way (Miletus-Didyma) ## ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES - **Roman Cities :** - adopted Greek forms but with different scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy - Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public baths, utility systems, fountains, etc. - Developed housing variations and other spaces: - Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts - Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol - Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central atrium - Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts - Romans incorporated public works and arts into city designs - Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum - **Image:** - The Roman Forum is shown with the following buildings marked: - Curia - Imperial Forum - Republican Forum - Temple of Saturn - Basilica Julia - Basilica Aemilia ## MEDIEVAL AGE - Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe where growth revolved around - Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns - Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications - Sienna and Constantinople: signified the rise of the Church ## COASTAL PORT TOWNS - **11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns** - many of these coastal towns grew from military fortifications, but expansion was limited to what the city could support - Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size - World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice - Growth eventually led to congestion and slums - **Image:** - A fortress that grew into a city. Siracusa, Sicily. ## RENAISSANCE & BAROQUE - **15th Century** - Arts and architecture became a major element of town planning and urban design - Geometrical forms of cities were proposed - **Image:** - A plan is shown for an ideal city by the younger Vasari. Another plan is shown for an ideal fortified city by G. Maggi. - **15th Century** - Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first "university town" - Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens - **Image:** - A plan is shown for Karlsruhe (Germany) and another plan is shown for Versailles (France). ## THE AMERICAS - **1. Medieval Organic City** - taken after the "boug" (military town) and "fauborg" (citizen's town) of the medieval ages - **2. Medieval Bastide** - taken from the French bastide (eventually referred to as "new towns") came in the form of grids or radial plans reflecting flexibility - **3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies" town** - King Philip II's city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns: - the pueblo (civil) - the presidio (military) and.... - the mission (religious) - **4. The English Renaissance** - "the European Planned City" - ex. Savannah (designed by James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson) - **5. The Speculators Town** - developments were driven by speculation - Philadelphia- designed by William Penn - Built between the Delaware & (Scool Kill) Schuylkill Rivers - **Image:** - A sketch of Savannah's Town Plan is shown illustrating how cellular wards were laid out around a square with residential buildings in the corners, and commercial buildings east and west of the square. - An English Renaissance Town (Savannah) by James Ogelthorpe is shown in a section perspective. - A plan for Annapolis is shown. - A plan for Williamsburg is show. The caption reads: > Plan was anchored by the > governor's palace, the state > capitol, and the college of > William and Mary - A map of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania is shown. - The caption reads: > Speculators Town by William Penn ## INDSUTRIAL REVOLUTION - **The “Machine Age"** - change from manpower to assembly lines - **2 Schools Of Thought (Movements)** - the "reform movement" - Robert Owen - the "specialists" - **Image:** - Robert Owen's "Ideal City" is shown. - **Image:** - New Moral World, Owen's envisioned successor of New Harmony. Owenites fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place is shown. - **The “Reform Movement” based on Utopian Socialism** - Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England) - Designed for 800 to 1200 persons - With agricultural, light industrial, educational, and recreational facilities - **The “Owenite” or Ideal Communities” (Utopian):** - New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owen, Jr. ("Eight hours labour, Eight hours recreation, Eight hours rest") - Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of New England Planners - Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet (eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lake City, Utah) - **Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle)** - Locational features may have been a precursor to modern zoning - Ideas and theories adopted by Dutch Architect JJP Oud in the design of Rotterdam - **Image** * Une Cite Industrielle is shown, mapping the location of the following: * Overland Road * Hill Top * Farms * Residential Area * Hospitals * Cemetery * Textile Factories * Heavy Manufacturing Industries * Mines * Smelting Factories * Old City * Administration * Water Supply * Sewage Plant * Bakery * Abattoir * River