Planning Concepts, Theories & Principles PDF

PLANNING CONCEPTS, THEORIES & PRINCIPLES E D C H R I S TO P H E R S A Z O N D AV I D, E N P 15 AUGUST 2019 Objectives 1. Provide an introduction to key concepts and theories related to Environmental Planning 2. Underline the salient features of the laws governing the Environmental Planning Pr...

PLANNING CONCEPTS, THEORIES & PRINCIPLES E D C H R I S TO P H E R S A Z O N D AV I D, E N P 15 AUGUST 2019 Objectives 1. Provide an introduction to key concepts and theories related to Environmental Planning 2. Underline the salient features of the laws governing the Environmental Planning Profession in the Philippines PLANNING CONCEPTS Planning Defined [conventional] 1. Planning is a decision-making process: an activity that one does now, the results of which are expected to happen in the future 2. Planning is the process of choosing alternatives among different courses of action to attain a certain objective 3. Planning is problem solving. It is a systematic process of establishing ends that define direction of future development and determining means and procedures to achieve the end Planning Defined [academic] Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and aspects of the environment, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in concert throughout a period in time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions or interventions to attain desired results It pays attention to the location, form, intensity, and effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments, anticipating change, and managing such change sustainably Planning Defined [academic] 1. American – Urban and Regional Planning 2. British - Town and Country Planning 3. French – Environmental Planning 4. United Nations – Human Settlements Planning Planning Defined [academic] Urban and Regional Planning refers to the scientific, orderly, and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities and communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment, beauty, health and well-being in urban and rural communities (Canadian Institute of Planners, ca. 1919) Urban and Regional Planning is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and of states, regions, and the nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and their regulation (American Institute of Certified Planners - AICP) Planning Defined [legal] Environmental Planning refers to activities connected with the management and development of land, as well as the preservation, conservation and management of the human environment (PD 1308, 2 March 1978) Environmental Planning, also known as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of analysing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems (RA 10587, 27 May 2013) Elements of Planning 1. Land/Environment – physical environment 2. People – generates population pressures 3. Resources – necessary in human processes STATE INTERVENTION to ensure sustainable allocation of resources, for current and future generations Ultimate Goal of Planning To further the welfare of people and their communities by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, attractive, ecologically sustainable environment that contributes to the economic prosperity of the present and future generations Attributes of the Planning Process 1. Scientific – quantifiable and objective 2. Multi-Disciplinary – expertise of various disciplines 3. Comprehensive – covers all aspects/sectors of development 4. Dynamic – responsive to changes in time 5. Iterative – continuous, cyclical 6. Participatory – values engagement of multiple stakeholders 7. Time-Bound – specified time perspective Timeframe/Duration of Plans 1. Short-Term 1-3 years, Annual Investment Plans 2. Medium Term 3-6 years, Development Plans 3. Long Term 9 years, Land Use Plan 10-50 years, Master Plan Common Planning Terms Defined URBAN AREA is a human settlement with high population density and substantial infrastructure on built environment There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what constitutes “urban”; it varies from country to country o Sweden - at least 200 population o USA – at least 2,500 population, densely settled o Japan – at least 10,000 population o PH – density of at least 1,000 person per km2 or 10 persons per hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design Common Planning Terms Defined CITY – an important permanent settlement possessing the characteristics of size, density and heterogeneity, whose people are granted a substantial level of self-governance REGION - refers to a city of central place plus the outlying territories that are functionally integrated with it Common Planning Terms Defined SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and subject to common-thematic type of planning PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to achieve the functions/objectives of a sector. PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and facilities within a limited area within a given time period. Common Planning Terms Defined CONCEPT PLAN is the output of the FIRST STAGE activities in the preparation of a development plan DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps, illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become and how it wants to develop, CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may be or may not be followed. Common Planning Terms Defined VALUES – something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of person or group in which they have an emotional investment PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are related and ranked in relation to other values NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they can serve to regulate behavior Common Planning Terms Defined STANDARDS – principles and norms formulated in such a way that they can be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established measures for determining or evaluating performance GOALS – broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim; always related to community/group situation or organizational structure OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they can be doable/implementable for a defined period (SMART) PLANNING THEORIES Major Schools of Thought in Planning 1. Planning as Social Physics 2. Planning and Social Darwinism 3. Planning as Social Engineering 4. Instrumentalist View 5. Planning as Communicative Actions 6. Critical/Radical Planning 7. Systems Theory of Planning Incremental Planning CHARLES LINDBLOOM “Science of Muddling Through” Planner acts as mediator to determine common interest Determined through negotiation and political compromises Systems Theory - Cybernetics NORBERT WIENER System System Control Description System is a set or group of interconnected components interacting to form a unity or integrated whole CYBERNETICS Relationships tie the system System System together Synthesis Modelling Cyclical System – free-flowing circuit System Projection Systems View of Planning GEORGE CHADWICK Problem Finding Goal Formulation System Description Projection of goals System Modelling FEEDBACK FEEDBACK Evaluation of projection System projection Evaluation of alternatives System Synthesis Evaluation of performance System Control Linear Planning Process ALLAN WILSON  Activist or Advocacy Planning Planners should advocate for those Notable Personalities who are powerless and disenfranchised Paul Davidoff, pluralistic view Planners should work for the of politics and governance redistribution of power and resources Saul David Alinsky, Rules for to the powerless and the disadvantaged Radicals Defend the interests of weak and the Sherry Arnstein, Eight Rungs poor against the established powers of in the Ladder of Citizen business and government Participation  Communicative Planning Communicative Rationality (Science, Planning is more transactive rather than Tech, Reason) transactional Finding common ground and common aspirations among conflicting groups Group interest has to be determined by dialogue Communicative Communicative Action (agreement Competence with others, (enabling rather than democratic decision- dominating, Civil making, collaborative Society, Family, action) Mass Media)  Traditional Planning The Master Plan Approach or Imperative Planning - a grand one-shot attempt, its end-product is long range (20–40 years) affecting one whole generation Tends to be ‘top-down’ or implementing only the dominant vision of an authoritative leader or clique Daniel Burnham  Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive SYNOPTIC PLANNING FORMULATE PROBLEM Uses Reason more intensively -- FORMULATE GOALS ‘rational’ or scientific tools PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Has roots in Geddes ‘Survey- IDENTIFY Analysis-Plan’ (SAP)-- theoretically ALTERNATIVES benefits the whole of society and the larger natural environment EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES Planner an Expert-Scientist, Technical Specialist, Forecaster who SELECT THE BEST is making a prognosis, educating the ALTERNATIVE public on future scenarios PLAN IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION  Strategic Planning HENRY MINTZBERG It is an aggressive pursuit of change Ensures that all options are explored and that most appropriate option is selected Does not need comprehensive or voluminous data but only manageable data relevant to strategic issues Observed Shifts in Modern Planning BEFORE NOW Product Oriented Process-Oriented All-Inclusive Strategic Compartmental Integrated (trans-border) Agency-Led Community-Based Top-Down Bottom-Up Open Participation Focused Participation ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AS A PROFESSION Laws Governing the Practice Of Environmental Planning PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1308 [repealed] March 2, 1978 REGULATING THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10587 May 27, 2013 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ACT OF 2013 Environmental Planner Refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation Commission Art. III Sec. 14 – Upon the effectivity of this Act, no person shall practice or offer to practice environmental planning in the Philippines without having obtained from the Board and the Commission a Certificate of Registration and a Professional ID Card or a Temporary/Special Permit Fields of Planning Land Use Tourism Urban and rural community Heritage development Transportation Urban design Waste Management Development Control Health and Social Services Resources Housing Environment Economic Development Recreation Policy, Education Management Information systems Politics Scope of Planning Profession a) Providing professional services in the form of technical consultation, rendering of technical advice, plan preparation, capacity building and monitoring and evaluation of implementation b) Preparing pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies, environmental assessments; and institutional, administrative or legal systems studies; c) Curriculum and syllabi development in licensure examinations for environmental planners and teaching in academic institutions and conducting review courses in environmental planning; d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or arbitrator in hearings, competitions, exhibitions and other public fora; conduct of hearings, competitions, exhibits and other public fora; e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws, including the acquisitions of regulatory permits Code of Ethics for EnPs General ◦ Ethical Awareness ◦ Ethical Competency Specific ◦ Service to Others ◦ Integrity and Objectivity ◦ Professional Competence ◦ Solidarity and Team Work ◦ Social and Civic Responsibility ◦ Global Competitiveness ◦ Equality of All Professions REVIEW TIPS 1. No such thing as “too prepared” – confidence is key 2. Evaluate study patterns 3. Create a study plan/schedule 4. Study every day (with a rest day in each week) 5. Pray/meditate – helps to keep a positive mind EXAM TIPS 1. Have enough sleep 2. Bring a calculator (must be PRC-approved) 3. Do not shade your answer sheet immediately – avoid erasures 4. Process of elimination 5. Do not select an answer you are not familiar with THANK YOU & GOOD LUCK! CREDITS: Slides, Dr. EnP Dina Magnaye Slides, EnP Josefina Ramos Slides, Dr. Meliton Juanico Slides, EnP Oshean Garonita Slides, EnP Christian “Keesha” R. Buted