PKMICT Reviewer PDF

**PKMICT -- Reviewer** - [Globalization and ICT] during the 1980s and 1990s facilitated the growth in knowledge and learning networks - [Public Administration] can be considered and ecosystem where different entities, from central government units to local authorities, and public s...

**PKMICT -- Reviewer** - [Globalization and ICT] during the 1980s and 1990s facilitated the growth in knowledge and learning networks - [Public Administration] can be considered and ecosystem where different entities, from central government units to local authorities, and public sectors agencies interact, cooperate, and sometimes clash - Definition of KM by leading gurus: - Ikujiro Nonaka -- "Justified belief that increases an entity's capacity for effective actions" - Karl Erik Sveiby -- "I define knowledge as a capacity to act" - Peter F. Drucker -- "Knowledge is information that changes something or somebody" - Carla O-Dell et al. -- "Knowledge is information in action" - Types of knowledge: - [Explicit] -- expressed in words and numbers and easily communicated and shared - [Tacit] -- found in the mind and is difficult to share unless made explicit - Explicit knowledge is just information to the recipients until they internalize it as their own tacit knowledge - Knowledge is [internal] to humans, while information is [external] - [Nonaka and Takeuchi] developed the SECI Model (Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization) - [Socialization] -- Tacit to Tacit Direct transfer of knowledge from person to person through social interaction and experience sharing (e.g. exchanging insights) - [Externalization] -- Tacit to Explicit Example: writing an article using one's experience - [Combination] -- Explicit to Explicit Bringing together different bodies of explicit knowledge (e.g. formal training in schools) - [Internalization] -- Explicit to Tacit Internalizing explicit knowledge of others (e.g. practicing how to run a machine after reading the manual) - [KM] is an integrated approach of creating, sharing, and applying knowledge to enhance organizational productivity, profitability and growth - [Integrated approach KM] is a holistic approach that involved multi-disciplinary systems to make it work. - [KM] is generally defined as a [set of new organizational practices] with wide relevance in the knowledge economy. - Governments are often at the forefront of needing to adopt new approaches to electronic information management. - KM tools have increasingly been recognized by most governments in the world as strategic resources within the public sector. - [Public Sector] refers to the functioning agencies and units at all federal, state, country, municipality, and local levels of government. - Private sectors focus on economic efficiency - Public sectors focus on enactment of public policies, whereas profit, revenues, and growth are the organizing principles of the private sector - Making the government '[customer friendly]' is one of the many challenges facing public administrators - Knowledge management provides the overall strategy to manage the content of e-government - Decision making is an intrinsic aspect of public-sector activities - Based on the survey of the OECD, [efficiency and productivity] stood out as the main motivators for establishing knowledge management practices - Four critical issues faced by the government that motivated the establishment of KM: - Drive efficiencies across all public services - Develop new or consolidating outdated systems to improve overall performance - Improve accountability and mitigate risk by making informed decisions and resolving issues - Deliver better and more cost-effective constituent services - [Principles of Knowledge Management] -- enduring set of guidelines for managing knowledge that are established by an organization, program, or team Establishing principles of KM: 1. [Knowledge is a valuable asset] It is an asset that should be managed 2. [Knowledge is stored in a central repository] Your knowledge repository (e.g. enterprise content management system) should allow teams and users to create their own knowledge spaces. 3. [Knowledge is retained] It is retained according to organizational retention policies. 4. [Knowledge is quality controlled] Set the expectation that knowledge is quality controlled. 5. [Knowledge is sustained] For example, minimizing the resources used by knowledge repositories. 6. [Knowledge is decentralized] It\'s a bad idea to centralize all knowledge management processes. 7. [Knowledge is social] The value of knowledge depends on communication and socialization. 8. [Knowledge is shared] A primary goal of knowledge management is to facilitate the sharing of knowledge. 9. [Knowledge is accessible] Knowledge is more valuable when it\'s accessible to a wide audience. 10. [Knowledge is secured] It\'s critical that information security best practices be followed for knowledge management processes and tools. 11. [Knowledge is searchable] Search is a critical tool for knowledge discovery. 12. [Work produces knowledge] Set the expectation that every program, project, process and initiative is expected to generate knowledge. 13. [Knowledge is measured] Require teams to measure their knowledge management processes and knowledge assets. 14. [Knowledge is improved] Knowledge that isn\'t improved quickly loses its value. - [Beyerlein] compared three levels of collaborative work systems: - Traditional teams -- better use of expertise at all levels of the organization - Team-based organizations -- coordination and responsiveness - Collaborative organizations -- fluid set of interdependencies - RACK (retention of all critical knowledge) - Four Public Administration KM are considered: - Enhance decision making within public services - Aid the public to participate effectively in public decision making - Build competitive societal IC capabilities - Develop knowledge competitive work force - [Information technology] is also known as Information and Communication(s) Technology (ICT) and [Infocomm] is concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information, especially in organization. - [Information Technology] - as formally defined in the country's National Information Technology Plan (NITP), is the totality of means employed to systematically collect, process, store, present, and share information, in support of human intellectual activities - [Data Communication] - has made it possible to transmit using a network which brings down critical and timely information - LAN (Local Area Network) - usually linked within an office building - WAN (Wide Area Network) - internet which is connected over a vast distance - [Foster] defines IT as 'the group of technologies that are revolutionizing the handling of information' - [Chowdhury] states that ICT encompass technologies that can process different kinds of Information (voice, video, audio, text, and data) - Four characteristics that describe modern IT: - [Interactivity]: for the first time ICTs are effective two-way communication technologies - [Permanent availability]: the new ICTs are available 24 hours a day - [Global reach]: geographic distances hardly matter anymore - [Reduced costs for many]: relative costs of communication have shrunk to a fraction of previous values. - [Data] -- collection of independent raw facts - [Information] -- data made meaningful based on the needs of the user - Types of information: - [Operational] -- daily details that go into running an organization - [Management] -- needed to perform the function of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling - [Strategic] - mission critical and relates to the thrust of the organization - [Input-process-output model] -- conceptual framework wherein input in the form of data is processed resulting in the generation of an output - [Data processing] -- series of activities responsible for transforming data into information - [Computer] -- a digital electronic device that processes data Characteristics: - Speed - Accuracy - Diligence - Versatility - Power of remembering - No self-intelligence -- it works according to its instructions - No decision-making power - No learning power - Data processing methods: - [Manual Data Processing] -- extended use of human labor - [Mechanical Data Processing] -- involves the use of machines or devices - [Electromechanical Data Processing] -- mechanical devices and electronic motors (e.g. printer) - [Electronic Data Processing] -- superior capacity to perform computations and other functions at incredible speeds - Five major phase of data processing - [Origination] -- original capture, filling in and recording - [Input preparation] -- source documents are collected and converted into a form for digital processing - [Processing] -- actual operations performed on the data - [Output presentation] - preparation of processed information in a format acceptable to the user - [Storage and Feedback] - the retention of the results of processed data - Major components of computer system: - [Dataware] -- collection of data and procedures - [Hardware] -- physical components - [Software] -- intangible parts - [Peopleware] -- personnel who manage and use computer systems - [E-government] - use by government agencies of information technologies that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government (World Bank). *Hence, it is merely the delivery of government services using ICT.* Four dimensions of e-government: - E-services - E-democracy - E-commerce - E-Management - Government-to-government (G2G) - Government-to-business (G2B) - Government-to-employee (G2E) - Government-to-citizen (G2C) - [E-governance] - use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) at various levels of the government and public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance (Holmes, 2001). *It is beyond the scope of e-government.*