Phytochemistry Part 2 PDF

protoalkaloid  Mescaline (Peyote) What is mescaline? Mescaline is a psychedelic drug which means it can affect all the senses, altering a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions. Psychedelics can cause a person to hallucinate, seeing or hearing thing...

protoalkaloid  Mescaline (Peyote) What is mescaline? Mescaline is a psychedelic drug which means it can affect all the senses, altering a person’s thinking, sense of time and emotions. Psychedelics can cause a person to hallucinate, seeing or hearing things that do not exist or are distorted Many cacti are known to be psychoactive, containing phenethylamine alkaloids such as mescaline How is mescaline used? The fresh or dried buttons are chewed or soaked in water to produce a liquid. Peyote buttons can also be ground into a white powder that can be placed inside capsules to be swallowed or smoked with cannabis or tobacco. Mescaline has a bitter taste, so it is put into capsules to avoid the taste Peyote is a small, spineless cactus. The active ingredient in peyote is the hallucinogen mescaline. WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN? From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by indigenous peoples in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of their religious rites Mescaline is a phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups. It has a role as a hallucinogen. The mechanism of action of mescaline is unknown. Hallucinogenic effects are believed to be due to stimulation of serotonin and dopamine receptors in the CNS Mescaline affects everyone differently, but effects may include: euphoria increased energy perceptual distortions, such as bright lights or geometric patterns space and time distortion difficulty concentrating, thinking and maintaining attention increased blood pressure and heart rate intense nausea and vomiting reduced appetite increased body temperature and sweating. Coming down In the days after using mescaline, the following may be experienced: anxiety., insomnia ,fatigue decreased appetite body and muscle aches -Although the drug may not be addictive, it is most certainly dangerous and illegal XANTHOSINE DERIVED ALKALOIDS PURINE ALKALOIDS꞉ -CAFFEINE -THEOPHYLLINE -THEOBROMINE What type of drug is theophylline? Theophylline is used together with other medicines to treat the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. Theophylline belongs to a group of medicines known as bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are medicines that relax the muscles in the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs These are purine derivatives a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Theophylline is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa Theophyllines (1,3 dimethylxanthines) are called methylxanthines because of the 1, 3 or 7 N atom substituted methyl functional groups This compound stimulates the brain to release dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure and motivation. Guarana ( Paullinia cupana sterol  Green, thus unripe tomatoes contain a substance called tomatine in addition to solanine. Both tomatine and solanine are toxic so it is not wise to eat green tomatoes in large quantities. Solanine poisoning can cause unpleasant symptoms like fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness and lethargy. ❖ Ripe green tomatoes are a very good source of vitamins A, C and potassium. They also contain iron, calcium, dietary fiber, magnesium, and other minerals.  What happens if acetylcholinesterase is inhibited Symptoms include sweating, saliva tion , miosis (pinpoint pupils), pa ralysis , respiratory failure, seizures and eventually death. What happens if acetylcholinesterase is inhibited In preventing the destruction of acetylcholine, anticholinesterase permits high levels of this neurotransmitter to build up at the sites of its action, thus stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system and in turn slowing the heart action, lowering blood pressure, increasing secretion, Anticancer activity of glycoalkaloids from Solanum plants The isolated glycoalkaloids induced antiproliferative effect which is attributed to inhibiting cell cycle progression in S phase; this in turn induced progressive cell apoptosis and ultimately cell death. These compounds worth further investigation as potential therapeutic leads for anticancer drug development  These plant secondary metabolites have the potential to become new pharmaceuticals for the treatment of tumors because they act on different cancer cell lines, even at low concentrations. Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of potato glycoalkaloids in a number of cancer cell lines These agents were introduced in the 1950s as antihypertensive agents; however, they were found to have a narrow therapeutic index and their use was discontinued. Veratridine Although is rarely ever used in modern herbalism due to its concentration of various alkaloids, it has been used in the past against high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat ; a standardized extract of V. viride alkaloids known as alkavervir was used in the 1950s and 1960s as an antihypertensive.