Physiology Gastrointestinal System Self PDF

Physiology Gastrointestinal System 1. The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the: a) anus b) cecum c) elbow d) mucosa 2. All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT: a) salivary glands b) pharynx c) liver d) larynx 3. Mo...

Physiology Gastrointestinal System 1. The digestive tract is an internal passageway, which begins at the mouth and ends at the: a) anus b) cecum c) elbow d) mucosa 2. All of the following are components of the digestive system EXCEPT: a) salivary glands b) pharynx c) liver d) larynx 3. Most of the digestive tract is lined by: a) complex columnar epithelia b) simple columnar epithelia c) squamous epithelia d) cuboidal endothelia 4. There are three pairs of salivary glands, which produce saliva, which contains all of the following EXCEPT: a) water b) electrolytes c) mucin d) pancreatic amylase 5. Chewing (mastication) breaks up large food particles and mixes the food with the secretions of the: a) salivary glands b) pituitary gland c) pons d) small intestine 6. Salivary secretion is under neural control and food in the mouth causes ____________ secretion of saliva. a) reflex b) somatic c) voluntary d) unconditional 7. Swallowing is initiated by a voluntary action of collecting oral contents on the tongue and propelling them backwards into the: a) trachea b) endotubular duct c) pharynx d) nasal cavity 8. A travelling wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels food along the digestive tract is called a: a) bolar wave b) peristalsis c) endotubular systole d) pharyngeal shunt 9. The entrance to the stomach is guarded by the lower esophageal ______________, which allows food to enter the stomach but prevents gastric reflux of stomach contents. a) gate b) sphincter c) valve d) foramen 10. Which of the following is NOT a region of the stomach? a) cardia b) pylorus c) fundus d) duodenum 11. Mucus is secreted by goblet cells, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by parietal cells, while pepsin is secreted from the ___________________ of the stomach. a) chief cells b) paraparietal cells c) islet cells d) digestive cells 12. A major function of mucus is to protect the lining of the stomach from the digestive actions of: a) hydrochloric acid b) sulphuric acid c) pepsin d) bicarbonate 13. All of the following are phases of gastric secretion EXCEPT: a) chyme phase b) cephalic phase c) gastric phase d) intestinal phase 14. The pyloric sphincter regulates the release of chyme INTO the: a) ileum b) duodenum c) cecum d) stomach 15. The small intestine plays a key role in digestion and absorption of nutrients while the large intestine: a) secretes water, sodium and other minerals b) excretes water, sodium and other minerals c) breaks down water, sodium and other minerals d) reabsorbs water, sodium and other minerals 16. In healthy individuals, the small intestine is divided into: a) duodenum, ileum and jejunum b) duodenum, bile duct and ileum c) ileum, bile duct and jejunum d) ileum, jejunum and anus 17. The large intestine is consists of all of the following except: a) cecum b) anus c) colon d) rectum 18. Exocrine pancreatic cells include the acinar cells and epithelial cells, which secrete pancreatic juice into: a) the oral cavity b) the stomach c) the small intestine d) the large intestine 19. Which of the following is NOT a specific pancreatic exocrine enzyme: a) pancreatic lipase b) pancreatic glucagon c) pancreatic proteolytic enzymes d) pancreatic alpha-amylase 20. The liver is one of the most versatile organs of the body, which provides essential metabolic and synthetic functions and secretes a fluid called: a) bile b) chyme c) trypsin d) interstitial fluid 21. Bile salts are involved with __________________, which dramatically increases the surface area of lipid droplets to enhance enzyme attack, and facilitates interaction between the lipids and lipid- digesting enzymes. a) suspension b) expansion c) exocytosis d) emulsification 22. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile prior to release into the small intestine in response to stimulation by the intestinal hormone: a) gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) b) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) c) cholecystokinin (CCK) d) intestinal secretory peptide (ISP) 23. Duodenal enteroendocrine cells help co-ordinate and regulate digestive functions by production of hormones including which of the following: a) insulin b) secretin c) trypsin d) pepsin 24. Secretin increases secretions of bile and buffers by the: a) liver and pancreas b) liver and stomach c) liver and gall bladder d) liver and small intestine 25. Cholecystokinin (CCK) accelerates production and secretion of digestive enzymes and pushes pancreatic secretion and bile into the a) ileum b) duodenum c) cecum d) rectum 26. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activity and mainly stimulates a) glucagon release b) insulin release c) somatostatin release d) pancreatic polypeptide release 27. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the: a) liver b) stomach c) kidney d) large intestine 28. Gastrin promotes increased ___________________ motility. a) esophageal b) intestinal c) stomach d) rectal 29. Carbohydate digestion starts in the mouth (salivary amylase) and continues to digest food in the stomach for about ______________ before stomach acids inactivate the enzyme. a) 5-10 minutes b) 1-2 hours c) 5-10 hours d) 1-2 days 30. Disaccharides and trisaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by brush border enzymes of the intestinal microvilli before: a) digestion b) absorption c) secretion d) gluconeogenesis 31. Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide: a) maltose b) sucrose c) lactose d) fructose 32. Absorption of monosaccharides is by: a) osmosis b) facilitated diffusion c) peristalsis d) filtration 33. Lipid digestion involves pancreatic lipase from the pancreas, which transforms triglycerides into free fatty acids and: a) monoglycerides b) diglycerides c) polyglycerides d) decaglycerides 34. The fatty acids produced from triglycerides interact with bile salts to form small lipid-bile salt complexes called: a) glycerides b) lipobiles c) phospholipid bilayers d) micelles 35. Lipids enter intestinal cells and generate new triglycerides, which associate with steroids, phospholipids and proteins to create _________________, which are secreted into the interstitial fluid. a) micelles b) chylomicrons c) lipobiles d) protein-lipid bilayers 36. Protein digestion is complex and time-consuming, where stomach acids, pepsin, trypsin and other enzymes break bonds in the protein to degrade it into constituent : a) fatty acids b) amino acids c) nucleic acids d) monosaccharides 37. Amino acids are absorbed by each of the following EXCEPT: a) facilitated diffusion b) co-transport c) specific amino acid transport systems d) osmosis 38. Of the 9 litres of water passing through the intestine, ____________________ are reabsorbed and the remainder is excreted in stool. a) 0.2 litres b) 8.8 litres c) 8 litres d) 2 litres 39. Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the action of ________________ into the digestive epithelium in healthy individuals a) micelles b) vitamin excretory pathways (VEPs) c) specific carriers d) osmosis 40. Up to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed and this process is regulated by the _______________________ derivative and facilitated by protein. a) vitamin A b) vitamin D c) vitamin C d) vitamin E