Physical Science Chapter Seven PDF

Chapter Seven: Magnetism  Magnets More than 2,000 years ago Greeks discovered deposits of magnetite, a mineral that is a natural magnet In the 12th century Chinese sailors used magnetite to make compasses that improved navigation Magnetism refers to the p...

Chapter Seven: Magnetism  Magnets More than 2,000 years ago Greeks discovered deposits of magnetite, a mineral that is a natural magnet In the 12th century Chinese sailors used magnetite to make compasses that improved navigation Magnetism refers to the properties and interactions of magnets Magnetic Force Depending on which ends of the magnets are close together, the magnets either repel or attract each other The strength of the force between two magnets increases as magnets move closer together and decreases as the magnets move farther apart  Magnetic Force Depending on which ends of the magnets are close together, the magnets either repel or attract each other The strength of the force between two magnets increases as magnets move closer together and decreases as the magnets move farther apart This is due to the magnetic field surrounding the magnets Magnetic Field A magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field A magnetic field exerts a force on other magnets and objects made of magnetic materials. The magnetic field is strongest close to the magnet and weaker far away.  Magnetic Field The magnetic field can be represented by lines of force, or magnetic field lines. A magnetic field also has a direction. The direction of the magnetic field around a bar magnet is shown by the arrows. Magnetic Poles Magnetic poles are where the magnetic force exerted by the magnet is strongest All magnets have a north pole and a south pole For a bar magnet, the north and south poles are at the opposite ends.  Magnetic Poles The two ends of a horseshoe-shaped magnet are the north and south poles A magnet shaped like a disk has opposite poles on the top and bottom of the disk. Magnetic field lines always connect the north pole and the south pole of a magnet.  How Do Magnets Interact? Magnets can either attract or repel each other: -Two north poles or two south poles of two magnets repel each other -However, north poles and south poles always attract each other When two magnets are brought close to each other, their magnetic fields combine to produce a new magnetic field Magnetic Field Direction When a compass is brought near a bar magnet, the compass needle rotates The force exerted on the compass needle by the magnetic field causes the needle to rotate The compass needle rotates until it lines up with the magnetic field lines  Magnetic Field Direction The north pole of a compass points in the direction of the magnetic field This direction is always away from a north magnetic pole and toward a south magnetic pole Earth’s Magnetic Field A compass can help determine direction because the north pole of the compass needle points north This is because Earth acts like a giant bar magnet and is surrounded by a magnetic field that extends into space Just as with a bar magnet, the compass needle aligns with Earth’s magnetic field lines  Earth’s Magnetic Poles Currently, Earth’s south magnetic pole is located in northern Canada about 1,500 km from the geographic north pole Earth’s magnetic poles move slowly with time Sometimes Earth’s magnetic poles switch places so that Earth’s south magnetic pole is the southern hemisphere near the geographic south pole. Magnetic Materials A magnet will not attract all metal objects Only a few metals, such as iron, cobalt, or nickel, are attracted to magnets or can be made into permanent magnets What makes these elements magnetic?  Magnetic Materials In the atoms of most elements, the magnetic properties of the electrons cancel out But in the atoms of iron, cobalt, and nickel, these magnetic properties don’t cancel out Even though these atoms have their own magnetic fields, objects made from these metals are not always magnets  Magnetic Domains Groups of atoms with aligned magnetic poles are called magnetic domains Each domain contains an enormous number of atoms, yet the domains are too small to be seen with the unaided eye Because the magnetic poles of the individual atoms in a domain are aligned, the domain itself behaves like a magnet with a north pole and a south pole  Lining Up Domains Even though each domain behaves like a magnet, the poles of the domains are arranged randomly and point in different directions As a result the magnetic fields from all the domains cancel each other out Lining Up Domains If you place a magnet against the same nail, the atoms in the domains orient themselves in the direction of the nearby magnetic field The like poles of the domains point in the same direction and no longer cancel each other out  Lining Up Domains The nail itself now acts as a temporary magnet Paper clips and other objects containing iron also can become temporary magnets. Permanent Magnets A permanent magnet can be made by placing a magnetic material, such as iron, in a strong magnetic field The strong magnetic field causes the magnetic domains in the material to line up The magnetic fields of these aligned domains add together and create a strong magnetic field inside the material.  Permanent Magnets This field prevents the constant motion of the atoms from bumping the domains out of alignment. The material is then a permanent magnet If the permanent magnet is heated enough, its atoms may be moving fast enough to jostle the domains out of alignment Then the permanent magnet loses its magnetic field and is no longer a magnet. Can a Pole Be Isolated? Look at the domain model of the broken magnet to the left Recall that even individual atoms of magnetic materials act as tiny magnets. Because every magnet is made of many aligned smaller magnets, even the smallest pieces have both a north pole and a south pole.  Electric Current and Magnetism In 1820, Han Christian Oersted, a Danish physics teacher, found that electricity and magnetism are related. Oersted hypothesized that the electric current must produce a magnetic field around the wire, and the direction of the field changes with the direction of the current. Moving Charges and Magnetic Fields It is now known that moving charges, like those in an electric current, produce magnetic fields Around a current-carrying wire the magnetic field lines form circles The direction of the magnetic field around the wire reverses when the direction of the current in the wire reverses As the current in the wire increases the strength of the magnetic field increases.  Electromagnets An electromagnet is a temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil carrying a current around an iron core When a current flows through a wire loop, the magnetic field inside the loop is stronger than the field around a straight wire Electromagnets A single wire wrapped into a cylindrical wire coil is called a solenoid The magnetic field inside a solenoid is stronger than the field in a single loop  Electromagnets If the solenoid is wrapped around an iron core, an electromagnet is formed The solenoid’s magnetic field magnetizes the iron core As a result, the field inside the solenoid with the iron core can be more than 1,000 times greater than the field inside the solenoid without the iron core.  Properties of Electromagnets Electromagnets are temporary magnets because the magnetic field is present only when current is flowing in the solenoid The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by adding more turns of wire to the solenoid or by increasing the current passing through the wire  Properties of Electromagnets One end of the electromagnet is a north pole and the other end is a south pole If placed in a magnetic field, an electromagnet will align itself along the magnetic field lines, just as a compass needle will. An electromagnet also will attract magnetic materials and be attracted or repelled by other magnets. Using Electromagnets to Make Sound How does musical information stored on a CD become sound you can hear? The sound is produced by a loudspeaker that contains an electromagnet connected to a flexible speaker cone that is usually made from paper, plastic, or metal  Using Electromagnets to Make Sound The electromagnet changes electrical energy to mechanical energy that vibrates the speaker cone to produce sound  Making an Electromagnet Rotate The forces exerted on an electromagnet by another magnet can be used to make the electromagnet rotate.  Making an Electromagnet Rotate One way to change the forces that make the electromagnet rotate is to change the current in the electromagnet. Increasing the current increases the strength of the forces between the two magnets.  Galvanometers How does a change in the amount of gasoline in a tank or the water temperature in the engine make a needle move in a gauge on the dashboard? These gauges are galvanometers, which are devices that use an electromagnet to measure electric current Galvanometers The electromagnet is connected to a small spring Then the electromagnet rotates until the force exerted by the spring is balanced by the magnetic forces on the electromagnet Changing the current in the electromagnet causes the needle to rotate to different positions on the scale  Galvanometers The device detects (not measures) the flow of Direct Current (DC) only. The needle moves in a direction according to the direction of current. (Only possible in the case of DC current) If we switch the wires while measuring DC current, the galvanometer at first shows deflection in one way but when we switch the polarity, the galvanometer's needle deflect in a different direction.  Electric Motors A fan uses an electric motor, which is a device that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy The motor in a fan turns the fan blades, moving air past your skin to make you feel cooler Almost every appliance in which something moves contains an electric motor A Simple Electric Motor The main parts of a simple electric motor include a wire coil, a permanent magnet, and a source of electric current, such as a battery The battery produces the current that makes the coil an electromagnet A simple electric motor also includes components called brushes and a commutator  A Simple Electric Motor The brushes are conducting pads connected to the battery The brushes make contact with the commutator, which is a conducting metal ring that is split The brushes and the commutator form a closed electric circuit between the battery and the coil Making the Motor Spin Step 1. When a current flows in the coil, the magnetic forces between the permanent magnet and the coil cause the coil to rotate Step 2. In this position, the brushes are not in contact with the commutator and no current flows in the coil The inertia of the coil keeps it rotating  Making the Motor Spin Step 3. The commutator reverses the direction of the current in the coil This flips the north and south poles of the magnetic field around the coil Step 4. The coil rotates until its poles are opposite the poles of the permanent magnet The commutator reverses the current, and the coil keeps rotating  From Mechanical to Electrical Energy Working independently in 1831, Michael Faraday in Britain and Joseph Henry in the United States both found that moving a loop of wire through a magnetic field caused an electric current to flow in the wire They also found that moving a magnet through a loop of wire produces a current From Mechanical to Electrical Energy The magnet and wire loop must be moving relative to each other for an electric current to be produced This causes the magnetic field inside the loop to change with time The generation of a current by a changing magnetic field is electromagnetic induction  Generators A generator uses electromagnetic induction to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy An example of a simple generator is shown. In this type of generator, a current is produced in the coil as the coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet Switching Direction In a generator, as the coil keeps rotating, the current that is produced periodically changes direction The direction of the current in the coil changes twice with each revolution The frequency with which the current changes direction can be controlled by regulating the rotation rate of the generator  Using Electric Generators The type of generator shown is used in a car, where it is called an alternator The alternator provides electrical energy to operate lights and other accessories Generating Electricity for Your Home Electrical energy comes from a power plant with huge generators The coils in these generators have many coils of wire wrapped around huge iron cores The rotating magnets are connected to a turbine-a large wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, or steam  Generating Electricity for Your Home Some power plants first produce thermal energy by burning fossil fuels or using the heat produced by nuclear reactions This thermal energy is used to heat water and produce steam Thermal energy is then converted to mechanical energy as the steam pushes the turbine blades The generator then changes the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine into the electrical energy you use Generating Electricity for Your Home In some areas, fields of windmills can be used to capture the mechanical energy in wind to turn generators Other power plants use the mechanical energy in falling water to drive the turbine Both generators and electric motors use magnets to produce energy conversions between electrical and mechanical energy  Direct and Alternating Currents Because power outages sometimes occur, some electrical devices use batteries as a backup source of electrical energy However, the current produced by a battery is different than the current from an electric generator A battery produces a direct current Direct current (DC) flows only in one direction through a wire When you plug your CD player or any other appliance into a wall outlet, you are using alternating current. Alternating current (AC) reverses the direction of the current in a regular pattern. Transmitting Electrical Energy When the electric energy is transmitted along power lines, some of the electrical energy is converted into heat due to the electrical resistance of the wires The electrical resistance and heat production increases as the wires get longer One way to reduce the heat produced in a power line is to transmit the electrical energy at high voltages, typically around 150,000 V Electrical energy at such high voltages cannot enter your home safely, therefore a transformer is used to decrease the voltage  Transformers A transformer is a device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current A transformer is made of a primary coil and a secondary coil, these wire coils are wrapped around the same iron core As an alternating current passes through the primary coil, the coil’s magnetic field magnetizes the iron core  Transformers This produces a magnetic field in the iron core that changes direction at the same frequency The changing magnetic field in the iron core then induces an alternating current with the same frequency in the secondary coil The changing magnetic field in the iron core then induces an alternating current with the same frequency in the secondary coil  Transformers The voltage in the primary coil is the input voltage and the voltage in the secondary coil is the output voltage The output voltage divided by the input voltage equals the number of turns in the secondary coil divided by the number of turns in the primary coil Step-Up Transformer A transformer that increases the voltage so that the output voltage is greater than the input voltage is a step-up transformer In a step-up transformer the number of wire turns on the secondary coil is greater than the number of turns on the primary coil  Step-Down Transformer A transformer that decreases the voltage so that the output voltage is less than the input voltage is a step-down transformer In a step-down transformer the number of wire turns on the secondary coil is less than the number of turns on the primary coil Although step-up transformers and step-down transformers change the voltage at which electrical energy is transmitted, they do not change the amount of electrical energy transmitted  Transmitting Alternating Current This figure shows how step-up and step-down transformers are used in transmitting electrical energy from power plants to your home