Phycology Midterm Reviewer PDF

PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES ❖ Gas vacuoles CYANOPHYCAE...

PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES ❖ Gas vacuoles CYANOPHYCAE ✓ regulate buoyancy; adjust their position in water column. ❖ Also known as “Blue Green Algae’. ❖ Photosynthetic lamellae ❖ Contaminate water during summer months. ✓ essential for light dependent reactions. ❖ Dominant Pigment: c-phycocyanin. ❖ Developing septum CHARACTERISTICS ✓ responsible for cell division. ❖ Nucleoplasm ❖ Prokaryotic: Lacking Membrane Bound ✓ organizes and supports genetic material. ❖ Vegetative and Reproductive are non- flagellate. ❖ Lacal thickening ❖ Locomotion: Absent ✓ for structural support and protection. ❖ Movement: Jerky/Gliding type. ❖ Sexual Reproduction: Absent MORPHOLOGY TYPES STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY ❖ Single cells ❖ Mucilaginous Sheath ✓ Spherical, oval or rod shaped. ✓ Great water absorbing and retaining capacity. ✓ Unicellular forms may occur individually or in ✓ Helps survive during desiccation small clusters. ✓ Forms barrier for parasites. ✓ Eg: Gloeocapsa ❖ Cell Wall ❖ Colonial Forms ✓ Has 4 layers; 10µ thickness. ✓ Forming colonies. ✓ L1: near cell membrane ✓ Groups of cells embedded withing gelatinous ✓ L4: outermost matrix. ✓ Composed of mucopeptide ✓ Cells remain loosely connected and share ✓ L1 and L3 are Electron Transparent resources. ✓ L2 and L4 are electron opaque. ✓ Colonial forms can be irregular shaped or organized patterns. ✓ Eg: Microcystis ❖ Filamentous Forms ✓ Consist of chains of cells called trichomes. ✓ Trichomes can be straight, coiled, branched depending on species. ✓ Often encased in mucilaginous sheath ✓ Eg: Anabaena REPRODUCTION ❖ Cytoplasmic Membrane ❖ Reproduce by both vegetative and asexual means. ✓ Acts like protective barrier ❖ Vegetative reproduction through fission, ✓ Controls in and out fragmentation, hormogonia formation, ❖ Cell Membrane hormosphores, planoconcci and palmelloid stage. ✓ Plasma membrane encloses cytoplasm. ❖ Asexual reproduction produces asexual spores ✓ Regulates the transport of materials in and out Akinetes, endospores, exospores and nannocytes of the cell. ✓ B- granules are storage granules composed of ❖ Cell Division (Synechococcus sp.) Cyanophycin. The cell divides by binary fission, ✓ Cyanophycin is a nitrogen rich polymer made duplicating its genetic material and forming a of amino acids (aspartic and arginine). septum (dividing wall) that splits it into two ❖ Cylindrical Bodies; identical daughter cells. ✓ Carboxysome for carbon fixation and CO2 concentration. ❖ A- granules ✓ store glycogen (polysaccharide, reserve source of energy). ❖ Ribosomes ✓ produce proteins. If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES ❖ Fragmentation (Hormospora sp.) ECOLOGY AND HABITAT In filamentous cyanobacteria, the ❖ Aquatic Habitats filament breaks into smaller fragments. Each ✓ Freshwater ecosystems fragment, called a hormogonium, can grow ✓ Marine environments into a new filament. This is a simple way for ✓ Estuaries and brackish water the organism to spread and colonize new ❖ Terrestrial Habitats areas. ✓ Soil crust ✓ Rocks and moist surfaces ❖ Hormogonium with Akinetes ✓ Polar regions Hormogonia are short filaments that ❖ Symbiotic Relationships can move and disperse. Akinetes are thick- ✓ Lichens walled dormant cells that form within the ❖ Ecological Importance filament. They are resistant to harsh ✓ Nitrogen Fixation conditions and can germinate into new ✓ Primary Producers filaments when conditions improve. ✓ Biogeochemical cycles ❖ Ecological Challenges ❖ Heterocyst – Akinete – Vegetative Cells (Anabaena ✓ Harmful Algal Blooms sp.) ✓ Impact on water quality o Heterocysts: Specialized cells that fix nitrogen, essential for growth in nitrogen-poor COMMON EXAMPLES environments. o Akinetes: Dormant cells that store nutrients ❖ Oscillatoria and can withstand unfavorable conditions. Taxonomy: o Vegetative Cells: Regular cells that perform Phylum: Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) photosynthesis and grow under normal Class: Cyanophyceae conditions. The sequence ensures survival Order: Oscillatoriales and growth in varying environments. Family: Oscillatoriaceae ❖ Endospore Formation (Dermocarpa prasina) Genus: Oscillatoria Inside the parent cell, multiple ✓ filamentous cyanobacterium named for the oscillating endospores form. These endospores are movement of its filaments. released when the parent cell disintegrates. ✓ nitrogen fixer and can survive in both aerobic and Each endospore can develop into a new cell, anaerobic conditions. ensuring survival and dispersal. ❖ Anabaena ❖ Exospore (Chamaesiphon incrustans) Taxonomy: Exospores form on the surface of the Phylum: Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) parent cell. They are released into the Class: Cyanophyceae environment and can grow into new Order: Nostocales organisms. This method helps in spreading the Family: Nostocaceae species over a wide area. Genus: Anabaena ❖ Akinete (Anabaena) ✓ heterocystous cyanobacterium Akinetes are thick-walled cells ✓ forms specialized cells called heterocysts formed during unfavorable conditions. They ✓ can form toxic blooms in lakes and ponds. act as survival pods, enduring harsh environments until conditions improve and ❖ Microcystis they can germinate into new filaments Taxonomy: Phylum: Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) ❖ Nannocytes (Aphanothece) Class: Cyanophyceae found in non-filamentous Order: Chroococcales cyanobacteria like Microcystis, repeatedly Family: Microcystaceae divide without enlarging within the parent cell. Genus: Microcystis When conditions improve, they germinate in ✓ colonial cyanobacterium found in freshwater situ, giving rise to new colonies. If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES ✓ form harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater ✓ Male Structure: Spemetangia→ developing environments. Spermatia (male gametes) ✓ produce microcystins, toxins that pose serious health ✓ Female structure: Procarp. → Has risks to aquatic organisms, livestock, and humans. Carpogonium → Trichogyne (bearing receptive structure). ❖ Trichodesmium ✓ Egg Develops→ Basal swollen part of carpoganium. Taxonomy: Phylum: Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) Class: Cyanophyceae LIFE CYCLE Order: Oscillatoriales Family: Oscillatoriaceae ❖ Haplatonic, Haplobiontic and Diplobiontic Genus: Trichodesmium ✓ colonial cyanobacterium found in marine environments ✓ contributing to the nitrogen cycle by converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by other marine organisms. Lesson 2: RHODOPHYTA ❖ Also know as “Red Algae”. ❖ Red Pigment: Phycoerythrin which reflects red and ❖ The life cycle starts with the gametophytes, which absorbs blue. are haploid (n). ❖ Eukaryotic—complex structure ❖ Gametophytes (Haploid n) → reproduce ❖ Accessory Pigment: Phycobilin’s masking Chlorophyl spermatangia/ carpogonia→ Release Sperm cells thus they look red. travel to carpogonium through trichogyne→forms ❖ Phycobilin Accessory Pigment allow red algae to diploid zygote→ Develop to carposporophyte photosynthesize in deep water within cystocarp→ Carposporophyte (Diploid 2n) ❖ Double cell walls produces carpospores→ released to environment ❖ Outer Layer: Polysaccharide (Agarose and Agaropectin) → Carpospores grow into new diploid ❖ Internal: Cellulose Tetrasporophytes → Meiosis → produce haploid tetraspores → Tetrapspore released → develop REPRODUCTION into new haploid gametophytes. ❖ Vegetative Reproduction by Fragmentation. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OR RED ALGAE ❖ Asexually—Non motile Spores ❖ Sexually--- Non-Motile Gametes ❖ Gelidium ❖ Vegetative Reproduction- In majority of class takes ✓ Genus thalloid—124 species place by Fragmentation. ✓ G. amansii used in agar making ❖ Asexual Reproduction ❖ Gracillaria ✓ Gametophytes takes place by neutral spore, ✓ Notable for its economic importance in Monospores and Polyspores. producing agar ✓ Neutral Spores develop in cells of thallus ✓ Used as food source for humans, animals ✓ Monospores develop in sporangia and certain fish such as thangs. ✓ Polyspores larger number of sporangium ✓ Reproduction of sporophytes takes place by HABITAT tetra spores→ tetrads in the tetra sporangia. ❖ Most found in ocean, few in freshwater ✓ Tetra sporangia produce tetra spores via ❖ Grow attached to rocks or other algae meiosis. ❖ Commonly found in coral reefs/ tidal pools. ✓ Paraspore borne inside parasporangua ✓ Tetraspores has reduction division ✓ Paraspores no reduction division ❖ Sexual Reproduction ✓ Oogamous (oogamy special type) If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES ❖ Chlorophyta perform photosynthesis, converting GENUS OF RHODOPHYCAEA sunlight into chemical energy stored as starch ❖ 90% freshwater, 10% marine. Class: Rhodophyceae Sub-class: Florideae Order: Nemaliales CHARACTERISTICS Family: Galaxaura fasciculata ❖ Structural Forms Scientific name: Galaxaura fasciculata ✓ Unicellular English name: Gelatinous seaweed/ o These are single-celled organisms. coral seaweed Local name: Gulamang dagat Examples include Chlamydomonas and Golenkinia. Class: Rhodophyceae ✓ Colonial Sub-class: Florideae o These consist of groups of cells that Order: Nemaliales live together in a colony but do not Family: Galaxaura fasciculata form true multicellular structures. Scientific name: Actinotrichia An example is Volvox fragilis ✓ Filamentous English name: Bushy seaweed o These algae form long chains or Local name: Balbas-balbas filaments of cells. Examples include or kapang Spirogyra and Ulothrix Class: Rhodophyceae Sub-class: Florideae ✓ Siphonous Order: Gigartinales o These are large, multinucleate cells Family: Hypneaceae without cross walls. An example is Scientific name: Eucheuma Caulerpa. denticulatum ✓ Multicellular English name: Spiny seaweed o These algae have a more complex Local name: Guso structure with differentiated cells. Examples include Ulva(sea lettuce) Class: Rhodophyceae and Cladophora Sub-class: Florideae ✓ Parenchymatous Order: Gigartinales o These have a tissue-like structure Family: Hypneaceae with cells that are more integrated. Scientific name: Hypnea spinella An example is Coleochaete English name: Red seaweed ❖ General Forms of Chlorophyta Local name: Espinosum Lesson 3: CHLOROPHYTA ❖ Known as green algae. ❖ Component of phytoplankton community ❖ Crucial for ecological balance ❖ Chlorophyta: Greek Chloros yellow green Phyton PARTS AND FUNCTION division of green algae informally called chlorophytes. ❖ Pigments ❖ Cell wall ✓ chlorophyll a and b = green color ✓ Structure: cellulose ✓ Caratenoids ✓ Function: structural support and protection. o Lutein/ Beta Carotene Capturing ❖ Chloroplast light energy and transferring it to ✓ Structure: Contains chlorophyll photosystem reaction centers, it also ✓ Function: Site of photosynthesis, converting shields the photosynthetic apparatus energy to chemical energy. from oxidative stress and neutralizes a. Thylakoids Membrane-bound free radicals with its strong compartments where light- antioxidant properties. dependent reactions occur. o Zeaxanthin photoprotection by b. Grana: Stacks of thylakoids that dissipating excess light energy as increase surface area for light heat, thus protecting the absorption. photosynthetic apparatus from damage. If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES c. Stroma: Fluid surrounding the ECOLOGICAL HABITATS thylakoids where the Calvin cycle occurs. ❖ Oxygen Production ❖ Flagella ❖ Food Source ✓ Present inn some unicellular and colonial ❖ Carbon Dioxide Regulation forms, aiding in movement ❖ Nutrient Cycling ❖ Pyrenoids ❖ Habitat formation ✓ Located within chloroplasts, involved in the ❖ Water Quality Improvement synthesis and storage of starch. COMMON SPECIES ❖ Mitochondria ✓ The powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP Chlamyddomonas reinhardtti through cellular respiration. ❖ Starch of Grains ❖ This is a single-celled green widely ✓ Store energy in the form of starch used in research due to its simple ❖ Eyespot (Stigma) structure and ease of cultivation. ✓ This Is a light—sensitive spot that helps the ❖ It has two flagella cell detect light ❖ Golgi Apparatus ✓ These act like little pumps that remove extra water from the cell ❖ Contractile Vacuoles Volvox aureus ✓ These act like little pumps that remove extra ❖ Spherical Colonies water from the cell ❖ Colony moves in coordinated ❖ Cell Surface Membrane manner ✓ Controls what goes in and out of the cell. ❖ Ribosomes ✓ Sites of protein synthesis ❖ Nucleus ✓ This is the control center of the cell containing the genetic material Chlorella vulgaris REPRODUCTION ❖ Used as dietary supplement ❖ Reproduce both sexually and asexually ❖ Potential biofuel production and ❖ Asexual: Fission, fragmentation or zoospores wastewater treatment ❖ Sexual: Isogamous (similar gametes), Anisoamous (Different gametes) oogamous. Ulva Lactuca ❖ Green seaweed ❖ Thin, leafy structure ❖ Edible, used in salad or soups ECOLOGY AND HABITAT ❖ 90% freshwater species ❖ Dwell on rocks or trees ❖ Grow well in summer ❖ Some filamentous forms may be inedible If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it PHYCOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEWER COLLEGE OF FISHERIES If I’ll fail my exam at least I didn’t fail to look good while doing it