Phrase Structure Grammar PDF

Phrase Structure Grammar Phrase Structure Grammar – It is a sophisticated model of grammar than IC analysis – Developed by Noam Chomsky in his seminal book Syntactic Structures – It operated on a set of rewrite rules called PS rules. Rewrite rules are basically a set of directions, which expan...

Phrase Structure Grammar Phrase Structure Grammar – It is a sophisticated model of grammar than IC analysis – Developed by Noam Chomsky in his seminal book Syntactic Structures – It operated on a set of rewrite rules called PS rules. Rewrite rules are basically a set of directions, which expands the components on the left of the arrow with the components on the right of the arrow.  Phrase Structure Rules – The important rewrite/ PS/Phrase Structure rules are as follows: – S NP + VP ( SentenceNoun Phrase + Verb Phrase) – NP  Det + N – VPV + NP Important terms – Nodes- Nodes are any components that can be further expanded or rewritten. For example, NP is a node, which is composed of Determiner and Noun – String- Using rewrite rules, the sentence/phrase is rewritten in terms of morphemes. This linear organization is called a string. – Example: S  NP + VP – SDet + N + VP – S Det + N + V + NP – S  Det + N + V+ Det +N Important terms – Terminal String- The final string beyond which the symbols do not take us is called a terminal string. At this stage the morphophonemic rules are applied to replace symbols with morpheme or words. – Phrase Marker/ P Marker – The representation of structure of a sentence is called P Marker. Usually this is done in a tree diagram with labelled nodes. Important terms – Branching Node- Every node in a tree where there is a branch is called a branching node. In the above tree diagram S, VP, NP are branching nodes. – Non- branching Node – Every node without a branch is called a non- branching node. In the above diagram, N, V, D are non-branching nodes. Constituents of Noun Phrase 1. NP  N Example: John is lazy. He might sing.  Constituents of Noun Phrase Noun Phrase can also be a noun preceded by a Determiner. 2. NP Det + N Determiner can be a. Restrictor : Words like especially, only, merely, just, almost, particularly, even b. Pre-determiners : Words like half, double, both, one-third, twice, all of c. Determiners : These words include Articles: a, an, the Demonstratives: this, that, these, those Possessives: my, his, own, Ram’s d. Ordinals : Words like first, third, last, next e. Quantifiers : Words like many, several, few, less f. Adjective Phrase : good, tall/ intensifier and adjective like very good/ adjective and adjective like good-looking. g. Classifier : a city college, a leather purse, a summer dress. Hence, using PS rules, NP  Restrictor + Pre-determiner+ Determiner+ Ordinal + Quantifier + Adjective Phrase + Classifier + Noun Constituents of Noun Phrase 3. NP  NP + Prepositional Phrase An NP may consist of another NP and a prepositional phrase like the man of the match, the rebellion of the people. Constituents of Noun Phrase 4. NP  NP + Relative Clause An NP may consist of another NP combined with a relative clause: a clause that has an adjectival function and modifies an NP. For example, The man who painted the last leaf, the boy who won the prize etc. Constituents of Noun Phrase 5. NP  Complement Clause An NP may be a complement clause. A complement clause functions as NP while a relative clause modifies an NP. Example: That he is generous is known to all. Constituents of Noun Phrase 6. NP  Det + Compound Noun An NP can be a compound noun preceded by another component. Example: the blackboard, my mother-in-law Constituents of Noun Phrase Components of Verb Phrase In a typical English sentence, a noun phrase is immediately followed by a verb phrase. VP could also be various, like 1. VP  Aux + MV An auxiliary or helping verb followed by a main verb. Example: They sing S NP + VP S N+ VP S  N+ Aux+ MV Here, auxiliary is the tense Present and MV is sing. N is They Components of Verb Phrase Auxiliary could be a lot of items. a. Aux Tense (present/past) Example: They sing Sing Present+ sing b. Aux  Tense + Modal Example: They can sing They+ can sing They + present (tense) + can (modal) + sing (V) Components of Verb Phrase c. Aux Tense + Perfective Example: They have sung They+ have sung They + present (tense)+ have + en (perf) + sing (V) d. Aux Tense + Progressive Example: They are singing They + are singing They + present (tense) + be+ ing (prog) + sing Components of Verb Phrase e. Aux Tense + Modal + Perfective Example: They could have sung They + could have sung They + past (tense) + can (modal) + have+ en (perf)+ sing (V) Components of Verb Phrase f. Aux  Tense + Perfective + Progressive Example: They have been singing They + have been singing They + present (tense)+ have+ en (perf)+ be + ing (prog) + sing (V) Components of Verb Phrase g. Aux Tense+ Modal+ Perfective+ Progressive Example: They could have been singing They + could have been singing They + past (tense)+ can (modal)+ have +en (perf)+ be+ ing (prog) +sing (V) Components of Verb Phrase 2. VP  Aux + be + b-complement In a sentence like ‘She is brilliant’, ‘be’ is used as a linking verb or copula. John is a teacher John + VP John (noun) + present (tense)+ be (copula)+ a teacher (NP) John (noun) + present (tense) + be (copula) + a (det) + teacher (noun) Components of Verb Phrase Thank you