Philosophy PDF

Philosophy Socrates (as reported by Plato) claimed that "wonder" is the - philia = love(strong desire for a particular object) beginning of philosophy. - Sophia = wisdom (correct application of knowledge...

Philosophy Socrates (as reported by Plato) claimed that "wonder" is the - philia = love(strong desire for a particular object) beginning of philosophy. - Sophia = wisdom (correct application of knowledge) Wonder = In philosophy is not just surprise or curiosity, but a deeper both means = Love of wisdom feeling of perplexity, seeking clarity and understanding of the world’s mysteries. - Philosophy = attempts to understand things in a critical and logical manner Western philosophy = begins in wonder and is said to have originated in Miletus, an Ionian city-state in ancient Greece - Philosophy = involves a strong desire to gain knowledge and apply it correctly Thales of Miletus = is considered the first Western philosopher. was the most powerful and richest of all Ionian cities and was the first - Philosophy = is traditionally defined as a science that studies center of scholarship in ancient Greece. beings (material or immaterial) in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles using human reason alone. Thales = he was the first, at least in recorded history, to put his philosophy into writing. - Ancient philosophers like Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, and Laozi were considered wise men or sages. Ethics - A branch of philosophy that studies the rightness or wrongness of human actions and explores how humans ought to act. - Beings = all things that exist (material or immaterial)including stones, trees, persons, concepts like God, soul, and spirits. - on the other hand is branch of philosophy that studies the morality of the human conduct Karl Jaspers - emphasize that in philosophy, questions may be more important than answers. - Traditionally aimed at seeking the good through reason. - Greek word "ethos," meaning which means “custom” or Major Branches of Philosophy: “character” and “ta ethika 1. Metaphysics - Studies what exists beyond the physical world. - Greek Tradition = Focused on the concept of the "good life," where Concept or things that cannot be experienced. And the foundation of ethics was related to happiness. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics philosophy or the first philosophy according to ARISTOTLE explored happiness and how it can be attained. (Being happy) Ex. God, freedom, or soul - Judeo-Christian Tradition = Emphasized righteousness before God, love for God, and love for one’s neighbor over the pursuit of - meta = (beyond or after) happiness. - physika = (physical or nature) (doing what is right) General metaphysics or ontology - Studies beings, ultimate cause, Ethics vs. Morality their essence, and principles through the aid of reason alone Ethics = The systematic study of the principles underlying morality. It - onto = (being or that which is) is concerned with problems and evaluating moral principles. - logos = (knowledge or study) ("Theory" of right action and the greater good) - Heraditus = logos is reason or the underlying principle of all that is. Morality = More prescriptive, telling us what we ought to do and guiding actions by reason. It is characterized as an end-governed * Special metaphysics: enterprise aimed at peaceful coexistence. ("practice", rightness or wrongness of human action) A. cosmology - studies the universe, its origin, dynamics, and as the laws that governing its order. morality = customary behavior - Latin = (Mos or Mores) - the practice of ethics - kosmos = (world) - logos = (study) - tells us what we ought to do B. psychology - study of the nature and dynamics of the human - exhorts us to follow the right way person as a whole. And Studies the soul, mind, human nature, and purpose of life. Terence McConnell = Morality is characterized as an 'end-governed With emphasis on the way the person's mind functions and the way rational enterprise'. Morality equips people with norms for living she/he behaves together productively and achieving general benefit. - psyche = (soul or mind) Types of Ethics: - logos = (study) 1. Normative Ethics(prescriptive) = seeks to set norms or standard C. Theodicy or natural theology - Studies God, existence, and that regulate right and wrong or good and bad conduct. justifying the goodness of God despite the presence of evil. (Do good at all times) - theos = (God) 2. Meta-Ethics(Descriptive) = aims to understand nature and dynamics of ethical principles, and the we learn and acquire moral 2. Epistemology - The study of the nature and scope of knowledge, beliefs. and justified belief. (what is good?) - episteme =(knowledge) 3. Applied ethics = actual applicaiton of ethical or moral theories for - logos = (study) the purpose of deciding which ethical or moral actions are appropriate in a given situation 3. Logic - The science of correct thinking, studying the principles of and criteria of a valid argument. Distinguish sound or good reasoning Casuists = (adherents of applied ethics) from unsound or bad reasoning - Deals with individual moral problems like abortion, euthanasia, and Ethics - Concerned with morality, how humans ought to act, and the ethical behavior in search for the right conduct and good life. - Various fields (e.g., business, biomedical, environmental ethics, ethos = (custom or habit) - the science of morals and social ethics). morality = practice of ethics  Human acts are: Ethics is divided into two major parts: 1. Moral, - when they are in conformity with the norm of morality. General Ethics - presents the human acts and the truths and - They are considered good and permissible actions, such as loving principles governing them. someone, caring the sick, working, studying, making more friends through fb, reading e-book, etc. Special Ethics - is also called applied ethics. It is the application of the principles of General Ethics in different departments of human 2. Immoral, - when they are not in conformity with the norm of activity, individual and social morality. - They are considered evil and prohibited actions, such as cheating, Moral (or ethical) person = is one who does the right thing. lying, cursing, cheating, stealing, etc. Immoral (or unethical) person = does what is wrong. 3. Amoral, - when they stand neutral or indifferent to the norm of Ethics = providing systems of moral principles and justifying why morality. these principles are valid. It is more concerned with theoretical aspects. - These acts are neither good nor evil, but they may become evil because of circumstances. Sleeping is an amoral act, but it becomes Basic ethical principles: morally wrong if you do it while you are on duty.  Respect for Persons  Truthfulness and Confidentiality  Autonomy and Informed Consent  Beneficence  Non-Maleficence  Justice Human act - refers to any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or spiritual, performed by a human being. It is an act which is done through conscious knowledge and is, therefore, deliberate, intentional, or voluntary. Acts of man - are instinctive and are not within the control of the will we can consider an act to be human act when it is done knowingly, freely, and wilfully. - An act is done knowingly when the doer is aware of what he is doing, the reason of why he/she is doing it, and of its consequences. - An act is done freely when the doer is taking his choice and initiative without being forced to do so by another person or situation - An act is done wilfully when the doer decides, with consent, to accept the act as his own and assumes the accountability of its consequences. There are two kinds of acts: elicited and commanded acts. 1. Elicited acts - are those performed by the Will but are not bodily externalized The following is the elicited acts: a) Wish - is the tendency of the Will towards a thing without considering whether it is realizable or not b) Intention - is the tendency of the Will towards a thing regarded as realizable but without necessarily committing oneself to attain it c) Consent - is the acceptance of the Will to carry out the intention d) Election - is the selection of the Will of the precise means to be employed in carrying out the intention e) Use - is the command of the Will to make use of the means elected to carry out the intention, such as when the student make up his mind to help an old woman crossing the busy street by himself. f) Fruition - is the enjoyment of the Will derived from the attainment of the thing he had desired earlier 2. Commanded Acts - are those done either mental or bodily powers under the command of the Will. These are either internal or external actions: a) Internal actions - are those that are done by mental powers, such as remembering, imagining, reflecting, conscious reasoning, controlling anger, etc. b) External actions - are those performed bodily, such as walking, dancing, talking, writing, etc.