Intro To Philosophy Midterms 2024 PDF

★ Believed in the idea that a person is his/her soul. ★ Argued that the soul did not come into TRANSCENDENCE...

★ Believed in the idea that a person is his/her soul. ★ Argued that the soul did not come into TRANSCENDENCE existence with the body. ★ Surpassing limitations. ★ As the body dies, the soul survives; hence, for Plato, the soul goes through a cycle of reincarnation or transmigration HERACLITUS (transferring of one’s soul to another body.) ★ Father of universal change, believe in the ★ Most important is his theory which claims existence of the soul as an infinite part that everything exists has a corresponding of human being. Believed that the soul is “form” or idea associated with fire. ★ Able to obtain knowledge through remembrance of his soul (movie: coco) PYTHAGOREANS ★ Philosophers who believed that numbers PLATO’S 4 ARGUMENTS FOR are the first principle, containing that a DUALISM human being is a composite of body and soul. LIFE FOR DEATH (THE CYCLICAL ARGUMENT) SOCRATES ★ Cycle of transmigration or reincarnation of the soul. “If life leads to death, then ★ Believed that human nature is determined death must leave to life.” by one’s soul. His philosophy is viewing the soul as the center or moral life and his thought describe his philosophy as KNOWING IS REMINISCING (THE ethics. RECOLLECTION ARGUMENT) (eyes are the window to the soul) ★ Knowledge paves the way for the ★ Idea that all knowledge is a form of perfection of the soul and enables a remembrance or reminiscing on the part person to achieve the highest form of of the soul happiness.. ★ He advocated activities which are considered food for the soul. INCORRUPTIBILITY OF THE SOUL (THE AFFINITY ARGUMENT) EXAMPLES: ❖ Journaling, painting, meditation, etc. ★ Attempts to prove that the soul, arguing that is capable to know immutable ★ Believed that knowledge is the mainspring (unable to change) and eternal realities, of all virtues. must be immortal. ★ Advocated self-mastery (premium to the soul over the body) ★ His notion of a daimonion or a divine THE ARGUMENT FORM OPPOSITES voice inside one’s being that is claimed to be guiding his/her actions. (TV ★ He believed that the body and soul are commercial: Joy dishwashing liquid) not really different from each other, but they are also opposites and irreconcilable. PLATO’S DUALISM itu 1 EXAMPLES: ❖ The soul is strong, but the body is weak. BELIEFS ❖ The body is strong, but the soul is a. Law of karma weak. b. Liberation of point ARISTOTLE’S VIEW ON THE SOUL c. Humanity’s life is an endless cycle d. Transmigration of soul ★ Taken from his hylomorphic doctrine of e. Ultimate liberation reality, which banks on the idea that f. Only after a series of good acts done, a everything is composed of matter and person can only achieve escape from the form. cycle of deaths and rebirths ★ The soul is what gives life to the body. (body and soul are inseparable) ★ True knowledge (vidya) is ★ 1 CORINTHIANS 6:19 understanding and realization of the real self. ★ Lower knowledge is interpretation of HINDUISM reality based SOLELY on sense experience. ★ Self-knowledge is the sense of ★ One of the oldest Eastern traditions morality and not in the sense of reason, ★ Aims to help an individual. Gives up his or belief, and values. her individuality and embrace the all-encompassing reality of the one. BHAGAVAD GITA ❖ BRAHMAN (ATMAN) - considered as ★ States that the concept of Hinduism is the God form from which everything oneness of Reality (physical realities and come from and will return. the soul are one and will return to one ❖ AUM (OM) - the most sacred sound place or reality) which is the root of the universe and — STAR WARS: “May the force be with everything that endures. you” ❖ SOUL (SPIRITUAL) - true reality ❖ BODY (EMPIRICAL) - temporary and illusion FOUR PRIMARY VALUES ❖ MOKSHA - liberation ❖ JIVA - spirit 1. Achieving wealth; 2. Pursuing pleasure or success; ❖ KARMA - action 3. Fulfilling duties or social obligations; and ❖ SAMSARA - death 4. Enlightenment/religious responsibilities ❖ VIDYA - true knowledge BUDDHISM THREE MAIN PHILOSOPHIES ON TRANSCENDENCE ★ SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA or the BUDDHA - founder of Buddhism ★ Hinduism: Brahman is selfhood ★ DHARMA - way to salvation Idea of human being’s journey for ★ ARHATSHIP- perfect character absolute truth. ★ SANGHA- order of monks Sound is the basis and reality of existence. (aum) DHARMA Human beings have a dual nature. (soul and body) 2  B. To achieve liberation, slough off all vain 1. A simple inner cultivation of right spiritual clinging to the things of this life. attitudes. C. Cultivation of wisdom and discernment 2. A self-imposed discipline whereby bodily desires would be channeled in the right directions. 3. Transcendence of the Buddha ommitted any appeal to the gods as currently conceived. 4. Rejecting philosophical speculations and spurning all recourse to ancient scriptures, outmoded rituals, or priestly incantations. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. Life is full of suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires, lusts, and cravings, caused by the bodies and emotions of people. 3. Only as these emotions, desires, and wants are obliterated will suffering cease. 4. Eradication of desire may be accomplished ONLY by following the Eightfold Path. EIGHTFOLD PATH 1. Right belief in and acceptance of the Fourfold Truth 2. Right aspiration 3. Right speech 4. Right conduct 5. Right means of livelihood 6. Right endeavor 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right meditation or concentration FOUR SUBLIME CONDITIONS 1. Love 2. Sorrow in the sorrow of others 3. Joy in the joy of others 4. Equanimity (3) TEACHINGS OF BUDDHISM A. To escape misery, transform your mind. 3