Philosophy Hand-out PDF

**PYTHAGORAS** - He first coined the term Philosophy. **ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION** - Type of definition which the word philosophy is derived from philosophia which is a combination of the Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). **TECHNICAL DEFINITION** - Type of definition which defined Ph...

**PYTHAGORAS** - He first coined the term Philosophy. **ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION** - Type of definition which the word philosophy is derived from philosophia which is a combination of the Greek terms philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). **TECHNICAL DEFINITION** - Type of definition which defined Philosophy as the science of the first causes. **THREE** - Number of classes of people who attended the ancient Olympic Games. **LOVERS OF GAIN, HONOR, WISDOM -** The three classes of people who attended ancient Olympic Game according to Pythagoras. **LOVERS OF GAIN** - Class of people who attended the Olympic game & are motivated by Profit and Personal Benefit. **LOVERS OF HONOR** - Class of people who attended the Olympic game driven by a desire for recognition, fame, and glory. **LOVERS OF KNOWLEDGE OR WISDOM** - Class of people who attended the Olympic game to observe, learn and understand. **SOCRATIC METHOD** - A method of inquiry, debate or asking probing questions, also known as dialectic. **SOCRATES** - He is known for his claim that he knew nothing except that he knew nothing. **THEORY OF FORMS/IDEAS** - A theory that posits that the material world is a mere shadow of a higher, unchanging reality consisting of abstract Forms or Ideas. **ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE** - The most notable passage in the work of Plato "The Republic" which is about the existence of two worlds or experiences. **PLATO** - He founded one of the earliest institutions of higher learning in the Western world or the Academy. **ARISTOTLE** - He is often regarded as the father of formal logic. His system of deductive reasoning, particularly the syllogistic method **THEORY OF CAUSATION** - It is a theory highlighted in Aristotle's work \"Physics". **PANTA RHEI** - It was highlighted in Heraclitus' work "Doctrine of Flux", which means "everything flows". **LOGOS** - A concept introduced by Heraclitus which he saw as a principle of order and knowledge that governs the cosmos. **DEMOCRITUS** - He is best known for his formulation of atomic theory, which posits that everything in the universe is composed of indivisible particles called \"atoms". **EUDAIMONIA** - This means Happiness according to Democritus. Which can be achieved through a life of moderation, intellectual development, and the cultivation of virtues. **THALES** - He proposed that this fundamental substance is water, suggesting that everything in the universe originates from water and returns to it. **HOLISTIC THINKING** - Refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in systems. **PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW** - Refers to a perception limited by other factors or based on a single factor. **PLATO** - According to him, man's need to philosophize is due to his sense of wonder. **RENE DESCARTES** - According to him, the need to philosophize is because of doubt. **KARL JASPERS** - He saw the need to philosophize because of experience. **SOCRATES** - He saw the need to philosophize because of the love for wisdom. **LOGIC** - Branch of Philosophy that deals with correct reasoning. **METAPHYSICS** - Branch of Philosophy that deals with reality and existence. **EPISTEMOLOGY** - Branch of philosophy that deals with human knowledge and its limits. **ETHICS** - Branch of philosophy that deals on the moral principles that influence human behavior. **AESTHETICS** - Branch of philosophy that deals with beauty and taste. **PURE REASONING** - is required in the Methods of Philosophizing. **GEORG WILHELM HEGEL** - He is a German Philosopher who modernized Socratic Method and treated it in a different way. **THESIS** - According to Hegel's dialectic method, it serves as the initial argument. **ANTITHESIS** - According to Hegel's dialectic method, it serves as the counter argument. **SYNTHESIS** - According to Hegel's dialectic method, it serves as the final argument. **PRAGMATIC METHOD** - It is a method of philosophizing institutionalized by John Dewey. **EDMUND HUSSERL** - He coined the Phenomenological Method which is an act of stepping back at our biases and prejudices to make sure that they do not influence the way we think. **FALLACIES** These are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. **ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM (APPEAL TO PERSON) -** Instead of discussing the argument itself, criticism is directed toward the opponent\'s character, which is irrelevant to the discussion. **ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM (APPEAL TO FORCE) -** This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument. **ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM (APPEAL TO PITY) -** when someone evokes sympathy or guilt in an attempt to gain support for their argument. **ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (BANDWAGON FALLACY) -** based on claiming a truth or affirming something is good or correct because many people think so. **ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM (APPEAL TO IGNORANCE) -** occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. **PETITIO PRINCIPII (BEGGING THE QUESTION)** - to attempt to support a claim with a premise that itself restates or presupposes the claim. **HASTY GENERALIZATION** - committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence. **PERSON** - refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity. **MAN** - generally define to represent the entire human race. **HUMAN** - refers to man as species. Homo Sapiens sapiens or Modern Human Being. (Mamalia class) **PERSONHOOD** - refers to the state of being a person. **HUMAN BEING** - a term used to separate man from another Human Classifications like animals. **HUMAN NATURE** - refers to the characteristics that distinguishes human from all other creatures. **HUMAN PERSON** - refers to a being who possesses both a physical body, mind and soul. **PHYSICAL SELF** - The essential components of a human person that deals with THE WHAT OF A PERSON **COGNITIVE SELF** - The essential components of a human person that deals with THE WHO OF A PERSON **SPIRIT** - refers to an intangible element of a human person enables one to exercise thoughts, possess awareness, interiority. **EMBODIED SPIRIT** - refers to the inseparable union of human body and soul. **PLATO** - He believes in metaphysical dichotomy between body and soul. **RATIONAL, SPIRITUAL, APPETITIVE** - 3 parts of the soul according to Plato. **APPETITIVE SOUL** - part of the soul that drives a human person to experience: thirst, hunger & other physical wants. **SPIRITUAL SOUL** - Part of the soul drives a human person to experience: abomination, anger, & other emotional feelings. **RATIONAL SOUL** - The highest of all parts of the soul according to Plato which guides the spiritual and appetitive soul. **SEPARABLE -** Plato's concept about the soul and body. **ARISTOTLE** - He believes that there is no dichotomy between the person's body and soul. **INSEPARABLE** - Aristotle's concept about the soul and body. **PLANTS, ANIMALS, HUMANS** - 3 levels of souls according to Aristotle. **HUMANS** - The highest level of soul which possess all the characteristics of animals. **SOUL** - This is the animator of the body according to Aristotle. **BODY** - This is the matter of the soul.