Philippine History Reviewer PDF

PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER Early Foreign Contacts (LG 1.1), and European Voyages of Exploration (LG 2.1-2.2) 4 Questions: Pre-Spanish primary sources, Impact of Pandanan Shipwreck, Effects of Age of Exploration Early Foreign Contacts ​ Laguna Copperplate (9th century): Discover...

PHILIPPINE HISTORY REVIEWER Early Foreign Contacts (LG 1.1), and European Voyages of Exploration (LG 2.1-2.2) 4 Questions: Pre-Spanish primary sources, Impact of Pandanan Shipwreck, Effects of Age of Exploration Early Foreign Contacts ​ Laguna Copperplate (9th century): Discovered in Lumban, Laguna in the 1980s. Deciphered by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma. Contains inscriptions in old Malay, Sanskrit, old Javanese, and old Tagalog. Documents the release from debt of a chieftain and his family, providing an early written record. ​ Butuan Ivory Seal (1000 A.D.): Found in Libertad, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte. Made from a rhinoceros' ivory tusk. Deciphered inscriptions in ancient Javanese script by Antoon Postma. Indicates origin or transaction place during trading. ​ Banton Burial Cloth (13th-14th centuries): Found in Guyangan Cave, Banton Island, Romblon, in the 1960s. Oldest cloth in the Philippines and possibly the oldest warp ikat textile in Southeast Asia. Woven from red, black, and white abaca threads. Used for wrapping the dead. ​ Gold Death Mask from Oton, Iloilo (Late 14th to early 15th centuries): Found by anthropologists Alfredo Evangelista and F. Landa Jocano in the 1970s. Two-piece gold sheet covering the eyes and nose of a corpse. Believed to prevent evil spirits from entering the body. Originated from southern Chinese burial customs. ​ Cultural and Economic Exchanges: Early contacts with Vietnam, Borneo, China, and India. Filipinos and Chinese engaged in active economic exchanges. Filipinos adopted Chinese items like umbrellas, porcelain, gongs, cuisine, and metallurgy. Adoption of Chinese mourning customs, including the use of white cloth. ​ Indian and Chinese Influences: Words from India and China incorporated into Philippine languages. Cultural influences in language, technology, writing system, ornaments, attire, food, and religious beliefs. ​ Pandanan Shipwreck (15th century): Accidentally discovered in 1993 near Pandanan Island, southern Palawan. Excavated in 1995, revealing over 4,000 objects from various countries. Merchant vessel with Southeast Asian origins based on its cargo. Significant presence of Vietnamese ceramics, Chinese and Thai ceramics, and various other items. ​ Porcelain Blue and White Big Bowl (14th century): Manufactured during the Mongolian-led Yuan Dynasty period. Dated almost 100 years before the Pandanan vessel sailed in the 15th century. Rare Yuan dynasty ceramics due to a narrow production period. Remarkable decorations depicting the qilin and the phoenix, important motifs in Chinese mythology. Age of Exploration ​ Technological Advances: Development of stronger, faster sailing ships like the caravel. Improvement in navigational instruments such as the astrolabe and magnetic compass. ​ Exchange of Goods and Ideas: Movement of living things between hemispheres. International trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Introduction of slavery during these exchanges. ​ Spread of Culture: Spain and Portugal introduced Christianity. Europeans blended cultural practices with those of the natives. ​ Rivalry of Colonies: Colonies provided raw materials and served as a market for European nations. ​ Changes in Europe's Economy: Development of Capitalism, Mercantilism, and Market Economy. Capitalism: Economic system based on private ownership of resources. Mercantilism: Nations' power depended on wealth. Market Economy: Economic system emphasizing freedom from government intervention. ​ Effects: Advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding during the Renaissance. Age of Exploration (15th to 17th century) was launched by Portugal, Spain, and other European countries. Changes and improvements in technology facilitating the discovery of new trade routes. Overflow of products and ideas led to the spread of European culture.  Creation of settlements along the coasts of newly found areas and the establishment of a network of communication and trade. Resulted in the development of new market systems. ​ God/Crusades: Religious motivations traced back to the Crusades (11th to 15th centuries). European Christians aimed to claim Jerusalem as exclusively Christian during the religious wars. Challenge to Christianity in 622 when Prophet Muhammad claimed revelation in Mecca. Islam spread throughout the Middle East and into Europe until 732. ​ The Lure of Gold: Finding New Trade Routes: Europeans desired silk, spices, and porcelain experienced during the Crusades. Desire for these products led to the creation of new markets. Establishment of trade routes between port cities of western Europe and the East from the 10th century. The Silk Road played a crucial role in facilitating trade between Europe and Asia. ​ Spread of Islam and New Challenges: Islam spread throughout the Middle East and into Europe after the revelation claimed by Prophet Muhammad. This spread posed challenges to Christianity, sparking the Crusades as a response. ​ Economic Motivations: Economic gains were a significant driving force for exploration and colonization. Europeans sought wealth through trade, including valuable goods from the East. ​ Exploration for Glory and Prestige: Desire for glory and prestige motivated explorers and leaders. Exploration and successful colonization were seen as a means to enhance the power and reputation of nations. ​ Technological Advances: Advances in navigation technology, such as the astrolabe and compass, facilitated exploration. Development of faster and more seaworthy ships, including the caravel. ​ Creation of New Markets: The desire for Eastern goods led to the creation of new markets and trade routes. Europeans aimed to establish direct access to the sources of valuable products. ​ Silk Road Connections: The Silk Road served as a historical trade route connecting Europe and Asia. Exploration aimed to establish direct sea routes to Asia, bypassing overland routes. ​ Competitive Nature among European Nations: European nations competed for dominance in exploration and colonization. Success in exploration brought political and economic advantages. ​ Cultural Exchange: Exploration led to cultural exchanges between Europe and the regions explored. Exchange of ideas, technology, and cultural practices. Nature and Tools of Colonialism (LG 2.3-2.4) 8 Questions: Treaty of Tordesillas and Zaragosa, Exploration’s objections (God, Gold, Glory), Effects of colonialism, Rivalry between Spain and Portugal, Magellan’s Expedition (from Portugal to Spain, Western Route) Colonialism and Motivations: Colonialism involves one nation subjugating another, imposing culture and language. Motivated by the Three G's: God (spread Christianity), Gold (find trading routes and resources), Glory (competition among European nations). Portugal's Exploration (15th Century): Portugal sought new trading routes and territories in the 15th century. Conquest of Northern Africa, colonization of coastal islands, and territories. Spain, inspired by Portugal's success, conducted explorations. Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to explore a Western route, leading to colonies in the Bahamas and Caribbean. European Expansion: Other European nations (Netherlands, France, Germany) sent explorations for new trading routes and colonies. Technological advances in shipbuilding and navigation enabled longer overseas travels. Effects of Colonialism: Positive for colonizers, negative for local populations. Infrastructure, trade, and technology investments primarily for exploitation. Resistance from locals, leading to bloodshed and clashes. Disregard for local culture, mixing distinct groups, treating locals as second-class citizens. Violation of human rights, spread of diseases, and exploitation of natural and human resources. Some instances of pushing for human rights standards and democratic practices to mask exploitative nature. Environmental Impact: Exploitation of natural resources, destruction of habitats for plantations and farms. Emergence of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade for labor on plantations. Portugal led in innovations with Prince Henry "the Navigator" and exploration by Vasco da Gama. Rivalry between Spain and Portugal: Tense competition led to Pope Alexander VI's decree (Line of Demarcation) in 1493.  Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided non-Christian lands, marking the era of exploration and colonization. Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) was a treaty signed between the Spanish Empire, represented by Emperor Charles V (also known as Charles I of Spain), and the Portuguese Empire, represented by King John III of Portugal. The treaty aimed to resolve disputes over newly discovered territories and to further clarify the demarcation line between Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence. A Review of the Philippines Under Spain: Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Transformation (LG 2.5-2.7) 4 Questions: Encomienda, Reduccion Policy, Impact of Spanish Colonialism (political, government and church) Encomienda was a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, and minerals, or by providing laborers. Reducción aimed to consolidate colonial control over Philippine indigenous communities by compelling prominent individuals to relocate into poblaciones within hearing distance of church-bells. Bell ringing ordered daily life by signaling times to congregate and by marking special occasions. Legacy of Spanish Colonialism in the Philippines: Reorganization of political structure and inclusion in Nueva España. Unification of diverse ethnic groups into a centralized government. Introduction of a new political system with appointed positions. Transformation of chieftains into lower positions in the government. Political Reorganization and New Positions: Spanish colonizers introduced a centralized government. Establishment of new political positions that portrayed a new image of nobility and power. Gradual replacement of indigenous leaders by Spanish-appointed officials. Historical Narrative of Antonio de Morga: Antonio de Morga's historical account highlights the reorganization during Spanish colonial rule. Highest political positions appointed by Spanish royal courts and sent to rule over the indigenous population. Emergence of Upper-Class Families: The Spanish royal crown granted lands to colonizers, impacting land ownership and distribution persisting until today. Impact on Land Ownership: Spanish colonizers receiving land grants for their contributions to expanding the Spanish empire. Long-lasting impact on land ownership and distribution issues in the Philippines. Antonio de Morga's Insights: Morga's account encompasses the encomienda system, tribute system, galleon trade, census, and cedula. Government and church collaboration to ensure colonization served the empire's economic and political interests. The Moro and Lumad Experience During the Spanish Colonization (LG 2.8-2.9) 8 Questions: negative perception of the Moros by the Spanish government and the Catholic Church, 1631 Caraga Revolt, Salangsang and El Padre Capitan: The Kagay-anon Experience Early Filipino Revolts (LG 3.1-3.2) 9 Questions: Silang Revolt, Pampanga Revolt, Tamblot Revolt, Dagohoy Revolt, Magalat Revolt, Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, Bankaw Revolt, Tapar Revolt, Gaddang Revolt Early Filipino Revolts, and The Moro and Lumad Experience During the Spanish Colonization (LG 2.8-3.2) THE REVOLT OF After the death of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on August 20, 1572, he was replaced by Gov. LAKANDULA AND Lavezares and ordered the confiscation of the native’s land properties. He also lifted the SULAYMAN (1574) exemption of Lakandula and his descendants from tribute exemptions and the forced labor. Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise in arms because of the new policy of the governor and took advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong’s attack on Manila in 1574. They were later pacified when Legazpi’s grandson Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin commanded them to lay down their arms and promised them that they, together with their relatives, will be exempted from the tribute and forced labor. The governor also pardoned them and gave them gifts. THE FIRST Angered by the abuses of the encomenderos, some of the brave Pampagueño or Kapampangan PAMPANGA leaders decided to connive with the people of Manila and the Bornean to stage a revolt. They REVOLT planned to secretly enter the city and massacre the Spaniards but a native woman who was married to a Spanish soldier revealed the plan and warned the Spanish authorities. The revolt was a complete failure and the leaders were arrested immediately and executed without any fair trial. THE MAHARLIKA’S Despite the promises of good treatment given by the Spanish authorities, the Filipinos still CONSPIRACY attempted to regain freedom and the positions enjoyed during the pre-colonial period. The (1587-1588) widespread conspiracy in 1587 was led by Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula), his nephew, Agustin de Legazpi (Chief of Tondo), Pedro Balingit (Chief of Pandacan), and other former chiefs of Bulacan and Pampanga. But this revolt was aborted because the conspiracy was learned by the Spanish authorities from the two Filipino informers named Antonio Susabau and Amarlahagi. The leaders were severely punished by the authorities. THE MAGALAT Magalat’s revolt in Cagayan was due to strong opposition to the tribute. Magalat and his men's REVOLT initial flare-up was suppressed by Spanish authorities and kept in Manila as exiles. Later, they received pardon from the governor but the moment Magalat was released, he went back to Cagayan and encouraged the people to continue the uprising. The revolt was cut short when the Spanish authorities hired a native assassin and murdered Magalat in his own house. THE REVOLT OF The determination of the Spanish friars to spread and convert the Igorots to Christianity led to THE IGOROTS strong resistance from the natives. They refused to abandon their pagan gods. Father Esteban (1601) Marin persuaded the natives to surrender peacefully but the Igorots killed Father Marin. This action angered Captain Aranda and punished the people by burning the villages and crushing the rebels to the ground. THE GADDANG The Gaddangs’ strong disappointment to the encomenderos and government officials led them to REVOLT (1621) a revolution. Felipe Catabay and Gabriel Dayag led the uprising. They began to fight the encomenderos and the oppressive officials by burning their houses. With the help of Father Santo Tomas, he persuaded the natives to surrender peacefully and promised them that the government would pardon them and take actions to their grievances. The Gaddangs laid down their arms which ended the revolt without a fight. TAMBLOT REVOLT Tamblot was a native babaylan (a native priest) from Bohol. He persuaded his people to return to (1621-1622) their religion and worship their gods and promised the people a life of prosperity. Tamblot and his men burned churches and fought Spanish authorities. Strong Filipino and Spanish troops crushed the revolt. THE BANKAW Tamblot inspired many natives to defy Spanish rule. One of them was Bankaw, an aged chieftain REVOLT (1622) of Limasawa in Leyte. He had been converted to Christianity and loyal to the Spanish crown. With the help of his son and a babaylan named Pagali, he led the people of Leyte to fight the Spanish authorities in defense of their old religion. The Spanish troops proved their superiority in battle. The leaders were beheaded, and the revolt was suppressed. THE LADIA Pedro Ladia claimed that he was a descendant of Rajah Matanda and persuaded his people to REVOLT take arms against the Spanish authorities. The people in Malolos believed in him and joined the revolt. He even declared himself “King of the Tagalogs”. Ladia was later arrested and executed. THE SUMOROY Juan Sumoroy led the revolt in defiance to the order of the Governor-General Fajardo for the REVOLT men in Visayas to work in the Cavite shipyards. The hostilities immediately spread to the different (1649-1650) towns of Samar. It took a year to suppress the revolt. In 1650, Sumoroy was arrested and executed. THE MANIAGO The Kapampangans under the leadership of Francisco Maniago led the revolt against the REVOLT Spaniards in 1660. Pampagueños had been working almost a year as timber cutters. Maniago (1660-1661) led the revolt in Bacolor and sought the support of a former chief of Arayat and descendant of Lakandula named Juan Macapagal to strengthen his troops. Unfortunately, Macapagal gave his loyalty to Spain due to the rewards offered by the authorities. Maniago agreed with the Spaniards to bring peace in Pampanga and demanded two Spanish garrisons in the province of Lubao and another in Arayat. A general pardon was given to all the rebels. THE MALONG The people from Pangasinan were influenced by the Kapampangans to take up arms against the REVOLT Spaniards. Andres Malong led the revolt and also declared himself as king like Ladia. He (1660-1661) encouraged people from Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga, and Cagayan to fight the Spaniards but he was caught before his reinforcements arrived. Andress Malong was arrested and executed immediately. ALMAZAN’S This revolt is also known as the Ilocos revolt which was led by Pedro Almazan, a rich chief and REVOLT (1661) who crowned himself as king of Ilocos. He encouraged other provinces to rise in arms because of the unjust practices of the Spanish authorities. But before the revolt could happen, the Spaniards discovered the plan and the rebellion was suppressed. TAPAR’S REVOLT Tapar was a native of Panay and wanted to establish a new religious cult in Oton because of the (1663) prevalent misdemeanor of the Spanish friars. Tapar attracted many followers to join in his battle because of his stories. Unfortunately, Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody fight against the Spaniards. Their corpses were pierced on stakes. DAGOHOY’S This revolt was triggered when Father Gaspar Morales refused to give a Christin burial to the REVOLT brother of Francisco Dagohoy. The cause of Dagohoy's brother’s death was a duel that was not (1744-1829) allowed by the laws of the Church. In 1744, Dagohoy started and led the revolt in the whole province of Bohol. Several Governors-General ruled the Philippines but they were not able to suppress the rebellion. In 1829, the rebellion ended when Governor-General Mariano Ricafort pardoned the Boholano survivors and were allowed to settle peacefully in several villages. On August 31, 1829, the considered longest revolt in the history of the country was put to an end. THE PALARIS’ While Silang revolt was happening, an uprising was led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris, a principales, REVOLT in Pangasinan. He and his people wanted the abolition of the tribute, the removal of the alcalde (1762-1764) mayor named Joaquin Gamboa, and the excessive irregularities in tax collection. The rebellion easily spread as far as Tarlac. The revolt failed because of the betrayal of his sister named Simeona. Palaris was brought to Lingayen where he was hanged and there, he received the gravest penalty. His body was mutilated and was publicly exhibited to strike terror among people. SILANG REVOLT Silang and Palaris’ revolt happened at the time of the British occupation of Manila. Silang was (1762-1763) also a principales who strongly opposed the heavy tribute and the drafting of polistas and the practice of indulto de comercio by the new alcalde mayor, Antonio Zabala. Zabala accused Silang of being an agitator and he was imprisoned. After his release, he led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital. A Spanish mestizo named Miguel Vicos carried the assassination plot against Silang. In May 1763, Silang was shot at the back of his house and died in the arms of his wife, Gabriela. The Ilocos revolt was continued under the leadership of Maria Josefa Gabriela de Silang also known as the “Ilocandia’s Joan of Arc” and the first woman to lead a revolt in the country. Manuel Arza, the lieutenant governor of Northern Luzon led to take the final pursuit of the rebels up to the mountains of Abra. Untimely, Gabriela was captured and on September 20, 1763, she and all the rebels were executed. HERMANO PULE Apolinario dela Cruz, also known as “Hermano Pule” went to Manila in 1849 to pursue his REVOLT vocation as a Dominican priest. Unfortunately, during that time, all religious orders were closed (1840-1841) for the natives or indios. Hermano Pule went back to Tayabas province and founded the Cofradia  de San Jose, a religious brotherhood of St. Joseph. He sought for the religious recognition of his brotherhood but Gov. – Gen. Marcelino Oraa and Archbishop Jose Segui banned his confraternity. Despite the ban, his congregation won huge followers. Out of fear that this congregation would turn against Spain, the Spanish government issued an order for the arrest of its followers. In 1841, Hermano Pule and his followers revolted against Spanish atrocities. In the battle, the rebels killed the governor of Tayabas. The additional force was sent to fight the rebels and was finally defeated. Hermano Pule was captured and was executed on November 4, 1841. Salangsang and El The Kagay-anons are the indigenous people of the Cagayan de Oro. One of the powerful chiefs Padre Capitan: The of the Kagay-anons was Datu Salangsang, datu of Imolagan, a settlement situated atop the Kagay-anon mountains of Caraga. Imolagan was a vassal state to the Sultan of Maguindanao, Sultan Experience Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat. In 1622, the Recoleto missions were already in Camiguin Island ready to proceed to Caraga, however, Salangsang, fearing the influence of the local baylans and the Moro Sultan, since the Spaniards were his sworn enemies, Salangsang refused entry to the Recoletos. On the other hand, the Christianized grandmother of Datu Salangsang, Magdalena Bacuyo from Butuan, intervened for the Recoleto missionaries that allowed them to penetrate Imolagan (Paredes, 2013). Sultan Kudarat was infuriated with Salangsang’s acceptance of the Recoleto mission that he demanded the killing of the two missionaries. Datu Salangsang refused to execute the missionaries but also feared the Sultan’s anger, hence Datu Salangsang hid the missionaries to a secluded village in Cagayan. At one point, the missionaries were shuttled from place to place and entirely brought back to Butuan (Madigan, 1963). When Sultan Kudarat uncovered Datu Salangsang’s deception, he considered it as a “declaration of war.” Instead of making amends to the Sultan, Datu Salangsang did the opposite. He challenged the might of the Sultanate of Maguindanao. This was no surprise because Datu Salangsang viewed the Sultan of Maguindanao as nothing as a tribute hungry sultan and detested the Islamic traditions such as prohibition of pork and wine – which were very important for them as these were part of their lumad rituals (Paredes, 2013). War between Maguindanao and Imolagan has just commenced. Datu Salangsang made a defense of Imolagan with the help of the Recoletos. The missionaries went to Tandag and returned with half a dozen Spanish soldiers to aid in the defense together with Fray Agustin de San Pedro (known as El Padre Capitan) who made significant suggestions to Datu Salangsang on their defense – building a wooden fortification around Imolagan. On the other hand, Sultan Kudarat went on the offensive by sending thirty caracoas of about 2,000 well-armed soldiers (ibid). The defense of Imolagan proved effective when the battle turned against the Moros despite their multiple attacks from various areas. Datu Salangsang was able to keep the Moro attacks at bay and eventually the Sultan’s forces retreated to Maguindanao. The success came due to the aid of the Spaniards. 1631 CARAGA The Spaniards built a fort in Tandag in Surigao to help secure the religious missions in Mindanao Revolt who were under constant attack from the Moros. Furthermore, the Spaniards recruited Caraga warriors to quell these attacks that were mostly unsuccessful. Hence, many Caraga warriors were killed. The successive failures under the command of the Spaniards reaped doubts and suspicions from the Caraga chiefs thinking that the Spaniards were toying with their warriors. The Caraga chiefs then conspired against the Spaniards paving the early stages for the 1631 Caraga Revolt (Paredes, 2013). The Caragan chiefs assured their vassalage to the Moros of Cotabato and Jolo if they promised to help them purge Caraga of the Spaniards, so a pact was forged. The Caragans began killing Spaniards and building their ships in preparation for the war. The Spaniards became suspicious of these activities as reports surfaced of a pact between the Cotabato Moros and the Caragan Lumads. As a response, Capitan Pedro Bautista put the Fort of Tandag in war-footing and began raids so cruel and destructive that further incensed the Caragans to quell the Spanish violence (ibid). The raids intensified resulting to one of the bloodiest revolts staged by the lumads, the 1631 Caraga Revolt. It peaked when Baganga was reclaimed from the Spaniards and led to the death of Fray Jacinto de Jesus. Aggravating the situation was the infamous mock mass of Maria Campan, assuming the role of Fray de Jesus, wearing his priestly ornaments, sprinkled “holy water” to the rebels as if vindicating their actions. The attack of Tago proved important for the revolt as this paved way for the death of Capitan Pedro Bautista and other Spanish soldiers in the shores of Cateel. The church and convent in Tago was ransacked and burned, the convents in Tandag and Cabuntog shared tragic fates as Tago (Blair & Robertson, 1962). The lumad leaders of the revolt wanted to secure the support of Butuan and Agusan as Cotabato is far from Caraga to depend on. Some river villages of Agusan pledged loyalty to the Caraga rebellion but local leaders in Butuan refused, so Balintos, a rebel leader, threatened Butuan leaders but to no avail, their loyalty remained to the Spanish priests (ibid). Spanish forces began arriving from Cebu to quell the rebellion in Caraga. The Spanish forces turned the table against the Caraga leaders and sent many into hiding eventually dying of hunger. Some leaders were sentenced to death and many were given amnesty thus pushing the 1631 Caraga Revolt into a tragic end. The Propaganda Movement (LG 3.3-3.4) Nature and Objectives of, Katipunan (LG 3.5) Historical Development and Controversy in the Katipunan (LG 3.6) 4 Questions: Rise of the Middle Class, Assimilation, Rise of Nationalism, Reform and Revolution objectives Establishment of the First Philippine Republic, The Biak-na-Bato Republic (LG 3.7), The Malolos Republic (LG 3.8) 3 Questions: Significance of the Philippine Revolution of 1896, Dictatorial Government, Impact of Malolos Congress to the Philippine Republic Factors in the political and social awakening of Filipinos 1. Spanish friars abused and exploited their control of power Excessive interference in the life of the people Corporal punishment to offenses Molestation of women and children  Fees in disguise of religious obligation Land-grabbing Slavery, forced labor, racial discrimination 2. Absence of representation in the Spanish Cortes The middle class did not have any participation in the formulation and approval of laws that affected them. 3. Assimilation The middle class demanded to make the Philippines an official province that will result in fair treatment of those in the Philippines as Spanish citizens. 4. Secularization and Filipinization Movement Royal Decree of 1774: Spain initiated the official secularization of parishes in the Philippines, leading to an increase in native individuals entering the priesthood. Secularization: The shift towards secularization meant transferring parish administration to secular priests, distinct from the regular priests associated with religious orders such as Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits, and Recollects, whose primary role was evangelization. 5. Cavity Mutiny and the Death of GomBurZa led to the rise of nationalism. 6. Demand for Liberal Administration Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre introduced a more liberal administration. Granted individual rights including: Abolition of flogging as punishment, Abolition of press espionage, Proclamation of freedom of speech. 7. Progressive European ideologies, notably from the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity), gained prominence. Philippines' exposure to world trade and commerce facilitated the influx of these ideas. Members of the Reform Movement and later the Revolutionary Government were influenced by these progressive ideologies, shaping their goals and actions towards seeking reforms and eventual independence. MIDDLE CLASS Middle-Class Education Abroad: In the 19th century, the middle class in the Philippines had the means to send their children abroad for education. Education Goals: Many of these students aimed for higher education and went to Spain. During their stay, they assimilated into the Spanish culture and society. Impact of Liberal Society: Exposure to Spain's liberal society influenced these Filipino students, strengthening their determination to advocate for reforms back in the Philippines. Reform Movement in Spain: These students formed a reform movement in Spain, aiming to bring about necessary changes in the Philippines. However, not all wealthy Filipinos studying in Spain joined this movement. Idealistic Reformers: Members of the reform movement were viewed as idealistic young men driven by a desire to work for the welfare of the majority, prioritizing societal interests over personal gain. Prominent Figures: Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jose Rizal, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Panganiban, and Eduardo de Lete were among the leading propagandists actively involved in this reform movement. Literary Contribution: These reformists produced significant literary works aimed at reforming the Philippines under Spanish rule. Rise of the Middle Class - 1. Opening of Philippine ports to world trade brought political and socioeconomic changes, 2. Economic Development (export demand of sugar, tobacco, abaca), 3. Rise of land-estates (haciendas) Owned by friar orders who hired inquilinos (tenants to manage their lands, 4. Wealthy Class Chinese mestizos and natives, 5. Educational Reform of 1863 Higher learning in the colony who can afford it. La Solidaridad (1889) - Newspaper of the Propaganda Movement La Liga Filipina (1982) Founded by Jose Rizal in 1892 in Tondo, Manila, after La Solidaridad faced financial issues. Composed of three councils: supreme, provincial, and popular. Emphasized unity, mutual protection, defense against injustices, education, agriculture, commerce, and reforms. Rizal's Arrest and La Liga's Persistence Rizal's arrest in 1892 led to his deportation, causing disruption in La Liga. Despite Rizal's arrest, some members continued pursuing the organization's objectives. The La Liga was disbanded into Cuerpo de Compromisarios and the Katipunan. Katipunan Katipunan Discovery: Teodoro Patino revealed Katipunan's secrets to Fr. Mariano Gil after a misunderstanding, leading to the society's discovery on August 19, 1896. Cry of Pugadlawin: Over 1,000 Katipuneros gathered on August 23, 1896, at Juan A. Ramos's yard for the iconic Cry of Pugadlawin, tearing their cedulas as a symbol of revolt against the Spaniards, initiating widespread uprising. State of War: Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared war in provinces around Manila due to the revolution's spread. Bonifacio's Involvement in Cavite: Invited to mediate between Magdalo and Magdiwang factions, three key assemblies ensued in Cavite - Imus Assembly (December 31, 1896), Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897), and subsequent meetings.  Leadership Rift: Elections at Tejeros led to Aguinaldo assuming the presidency amid claims of electoral fraud, causing Bonifacio's faction to protest through the "Acta de Tejeros" and the "Naik Military Agreement." Bonifacio's Demise: Arrested, court-martialed, and eventually executed on May 10, 1897, in Maragondon, Cavite, following a trial marked by controversy and political maneuvering. Aguinaldo's Government: Aguinaldo's government shifted its base from Talisay, Batangas, to Biak-na-Bato in San Miguel, Bulacan. They ratified the Biak-na-Bato Constitution (November 1, 1897) and agreed to the Truce (Pact) of Biak-na-Bato (December 15, 1897). First Phase Conclusion: Aguinaldo and his forces departed for Hong Kong on December 27, 1897, complying with the truce terms. 2nd Phase Aguinaldo's Return and US-Spanish War: Aguinaldo returned as the Second Phase of the revolution began, coinciding with the US declaration of war against Spain in April 1898. Establishment of a Provisional Government: Immediate efforts led by Aguinaldo upon his return included the creation of a dictatorial government in Cavite, aiming for immediate organization. Filipino Independence Initiatives: Series of moves for freedom included the celebration of Philippine independence (June 12, 1898), reorganization of local governments (June 18), and the shift from a dictatorial to a revolutionary government (June 23). Spanish Negotiations and Mock Battle: Spaniards secretly communicated with the US for surrender conditions. A mock battle at Manila Bay (August 13, 1898) was staged to make it appear as if the Spaniards fought until the end for the Philippine colony. Filipino-American Suspicions: Aguinaldo's forces grew wary of their American "allies," suspecting ulterior motives despite appearances. Malolos Congress and First Republic: The Malolos Congress (September 15, 1898) at Barasoain Church led to the creation of a constitution, inaugurating the First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899). Tensions and Hostilities: Tensions escalated after the signing of the Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898) and the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation by US President McKinley. The San Juan Bridge incident on February 4, 1899, unexpectedly ruptured hostilities between Filipinos and Americans. The First Republic The First Republic traces its origins to the Revolution of 1896, which began under the leadership of the Katipunan, a secret society with a structure patterned after Freemasonry, and which aimed to attain independence for the Philippines. It was led by the President of the Supreme Council; the most well-known of whom was Andres Bonifacio. The Katipunan had members in Manila and other provinces in the Philippines. Due to political and other differences between the members from Manila and other provinces, divisions arose in the organization, prompting its leaders to call for a convention to try and reunify the society. On March 22, 1897 the Tejeros Convention was held in order to reconcile the differences between the two factions of the Katipunan: the Magdalo, which viewed Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as its leader, and the Magdiwang, which gravitated towards Andres Bonifacio. The outcome was a decision that the Katipunan should be dissolved and a revolutionary government established. Elections were held for its officers: Emilio Aguinaldo was elected President and Andres Bonifacio, the former leader of the Katipunan, was elected Director of the Interior. Initially, Bonifacio accepted his position, but was insulted when Daniel Tirona objected. Bonifacio declared the proceedings of the Tejeros Convention null and void and established a new government. This was seen as an act of treason by the others and Bonifacio was charged with refusing to recognize newly established Revolutionary Government. He was arrested and sentenced to death in Maragondon, Cavite. The Revolutionary government, led by Aguinaldo, continued the revolution against the Spaniards. At this point, the Spaniards were of the impression that the revolution was in decline and concentrated their efforts on pursuing Aguinaldo and his companions. By the latter part of 1897, Aguinaldo was forced by advancing Spanish forces to retreat to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato. On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo, along with several revolutionaries, convened a citizen’s assembly in order to draft a provisional constitution for the Philippines, which has come to be known as the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. The government established was to be headed by a Supreme Council composed of a President, Vice President, and four Secretaries empowered to govern. However, this plan never materialized because Aguinaldo entered into negotiations with the Spanish government. This resulted in an agreement under which Philippine Revolutionaries would go into exile in Hong Kong and surrender their arms in exchange for financial indemnities and pardons. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, as it would later be called, was signed on December 15, 1897. Aguinaldo and the revolutionaries departed for Hong Kong on December 24, 1897. In Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his companions established a Junta, which worked toward continuing the revolution and gaining freedom from the Spaniards. With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Aguinaldo, with members of the Hong Kong Junta, returned to the Philippines in the middle of 1898, to continue the revolution. On May 28, 1898, the Philippine Flag was unfurled for the first time at the battle of Alapan. Philippine Independence was formally proclaimed on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo waved the flag in Kawit, Cavite, and was declared dictator. There, the Philippine National Anthem was also played for the first time. Six days after the proclamation of independence, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation formalizing the creation of a dictatorial government responsible for assessing the needs of the country. The Dictatorial Government would last for only five days. Upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo issued a subsequent proclamation abolishing it and establishing a revolutionary government instead. Aguinaldo’s title was changed from Dictator to the President of the Revolutionary Government and Captain-General of its army. According to Mabini, this was done in order to prevent other provinces from viewing Aguinaldo’s dictatorial authority with suspicion. The proclamation also created a Revolutionary Congress to draft a constitution for the government. On August 1, 1898, the proclamation of independence was ratified by provincial delegates in order to legitimize the Revolutionary Government. On September 15, 1898, the revolutionary Congress was convened in Malolos, Bulacan, tasked with drafting the constitution for the Philippines. The Congress was composed of both appointed and elected delegates representing all provinces of the Philippines. In the inaugural session of the Congress, Aguinaldo spoke and congratulated the delegates in his capacity as President of the Revolutionary Government. One of its first actions was to ratify the June 12, 1898 Proclamation of Independence yet again. The Malolos Congress approved the draft Constitution on November 29, 1898. It was returned by President Aguinaldo on December 1, 1898 for amendments, which were refused. President Aguinaldo finally approved the draft constitution on December 23, 1898. It was formally adopted by the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899 and promulgated by President Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899. The constitution provided for three branches of government; an Executive, headed by the President and composed of department secretaries; a Legislature, headed by a Prime Minister and composed of delegates from provinces of the Philippines; and a Judiciary, headed by the President of the Supreme Court and its Justices. The Congress, as representatives of the different provinces of the Philippines, then elected Aguinaldo President of the Philippines. He was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 and on the same date the First Republic of the Philippines was formally established: with the full attributes of a state: three branches of government, a constitution, and territory under the authority of a government with an army. Biak-na-Bato Republic Place: San Miguel, Bulacan President: Emilio Aguinaldo Promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary government on November 1, 1897 Preamble of the Constitution: The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state with its own government called the Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting faithfully their desires and ambitions, we, the representatives of the Revolution, in a meeting at Biac-na-bato, Nov. 1st. 1897, unanimously adopted the following articles for the Constitution of the State. Demands: the expulsion of the Friars and the return to the Filipinos of the lands which they had appropriated for themselves; representation in the Spanish Cortes; 1. freedom of the press and tolerance of all religious sects; 2. equal treatment and pay for Peninsular and Insular civil servants; 3. abolition of the power of the government to banish civil citizens; 4. legal equality of all persons. End: Pact of Biak-na-Bato (December 14, 1897) It created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago. Malolos Republic First Philippine Republic Place: Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan President: Emilio Aguinaldo The Constitution was approved by the Malolos Congress on November 29, 1898 Recognized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia The constitution was approved by delegates to the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899. Provided three branches of government: Executive, Legislative and Judiciary During the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898). Preamble: We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully covened, in order to establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general welfare, and insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following…