Year 9 Physical & Health Education First Term Notes PDF

YEAR NINE FIRST-TERM SCHEME OF WORK ON PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION Week Topic Content 1. Revision Revision 2. Track and Field Brief description (Pole Vault) Skills and techniques...

YEAR NINE FIRST-TERM SCHEME OF WORK ON PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION Week Topic Content 1. Revision Revision 2. Track and Field Brief description (Pole Vault) Skills and techniques Equipment and facilities Vaulting pole-ranges of weight and length Drawing and labeling of pole-vault pitch with dimensions 3. Track and Field Brief description (Javelin) Skills and techniques Equipment and facilities Javelin pole-ranges of weight and length Drawing and labelling of javelin sector with dimensions as well as javelin pole 4. Combined Definition Events Classification (ancient and modern pentathlon for both men and women, heptathlon for women and decathlon for men) Listing and description of various events under the classes of combined events Scoring of the events Equipment and facilities Officials and their duties World controlling bodies 5. Hockey 1 Description Brief history Skills and techniques Officials and their duties 6/7 C.A.T. 1/mid- term break 8. Hockey – 2 Equipment and facilities Drawing and labeling of a hockey pitch with dimensions as well as a hockey stick Values of hockey Rules and regulations 9. Personal, Meanings of aging and death School and Life enhancing measures (exercise, nutrition, rest and sleep)  Community Supporting dying, grieving and ageing persons) Health 10. Drug Meaning of drug use, misuse and abuse Education Differences between drug use, misuse and abuse Difference between drug and medicine Categories of drugs and medicine (prescription, non- prescription, gateway etc.) with examples Health consequences of drug misuse and abuse 11. STIs and STDs Meanings and differences Examples Modes of transmission Curability of diseases Consequences on individual, family and society Prevention and solution (including sanitation, education, immunization, choice of life partner) 12. Environmental Meaning Sanitation Purpose Components Types Importance (including disinfection, insect control, rodent control, proper disposal of waste, personal and environmental hygiene) Relevant agencies in Nigeria (including NESREA, EHRECON, Federal Ministry of Environment) 13. Revision 14. Examination and Closing TRACK AND FIELD (POLE VAULT) Pole Vault is a field event which involves jumping over a horizontally placed obstacle (bar) that is supported by two uprights on both ends. The vaulter uses a pole as a lever for the uplift of the body. The vaulter is expected to lift himself/herself high up with the pole from a single takeoff to clear the bar. It is performed by both male and female. Skills in Pole Vault The skills include: grip, run-up, pole carrying, hand shift and plant, take-off, hang, pull-up and bar clearance, landing, recovery. Pole Vault Court Vaulting Pole: Modern poles are made of glass fibre, and are light to enable the vaulter to run fast. The length varies as short as 3.05m and as long as 5.30m, to suit vaulters of different heights. ACTIVITY Workbook on PHE for JSS3, Pgs. 9 and 10, from Q1 – Q17. TRACK AND FIELD (JAVELIN THROW) The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin (a spear) about 2.5m (8ft 2Inches) in length is thrown. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area. It is an event for both men and women. Jan Zelezny from Czech Republic is the current world record holder and has done the all-time best throw of 98.48m in the men’s category of 1996 Olympics. For the women, the all-time best throw is 72.28m by Barbora Spotakova of Czech Republic at the 2008 IAAF World Athletics finals in Germany. Skills / Techniques These include: 1. The grip 2. The carriage 3. The approach run throw/stance throw 4. The release 5. The follow through 6. The recovery Types of Throw 1. The Standing Throw: In this type of throw, there is no approach run. The thrower stands near the scratch line with the rear leg slightly bent, making the  body lean, and the body weight is slightly over the rear leg. Following this is the release, the follow through and the recovery. 2. The Approach Run Throw: Here the thrower takes an approach run first to the scratch line before taking the release, the follow through and then the recovery. Javelin Court The Javelin Pole  Weight of Javelin by Age Group U13 U15 U18 Adults(above 18) Male 400g 600g 700g 800g Female 400g 500g 500g 600g ACTIVITY P.H.E. workbook, Page 11. COMBINED EVENTS Combined events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event which adds to the total points scored. TYPES OF COMBINED EVENTS The most common events are men’s pentathlon, women’s pentathlon, women’s heptathlon and men’s decathlon. They are usually held outdoors. There are also uncommon combined events which result from increased or reduced number of events. They are usually held indoors. They include men’s heptathlon and women’s decathlon. THE COMMON COMBINED EVENTS 1. Pentathlon: Pentathlon is a contest for both men and women featuring five events. The name is derived from Greek language: pente (five) and athlon (competition). It is usually held outdoors on one day. The athletes that compete in pentathlon are called pentathletes. The controlling body for modern pentathlon is called Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM).  Ancient Pentathlon – Ancient pentathlon comprises five events starting with stadion (a short foot race of 183m), followed by javelin throw, discus throw, long jump, and ending with wrestling. Modern Pentathlon – This comprises five events which are fencing, free-style swimming (200m), equestrian (show jumping or horse riding of fifteen jumps), pistol shooting and cross country of 3200m. 2. Heptathlon: Heptathlon is mainly for women, comprising seven events usually held on two days. It is usually held outdoors. A competitor in heptathlon is called heptathlete. The controlling body for heptathlon is International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). Heptathlon consists of three running events, two jumping events and two throwing events which are: S/N DAY 1 DAY 2 1. 100m hurdles Long jump 2. high jump Javelin throw 3. shot put 800m 4. 200m 3. Decathlon: Decathlon is mainly for men and usually held outdoors on two consecutive days. A competitor in decathlon is called decathlete. The controlling body for decathlon is IAAF. Decathlon consists of four running events, three jumping events and three throwing events which are: S/N DAY 1 DAY 2 1. 100m pole vault 2. long jump 100m hurdles 3. shot put discus throw 4. high jump javelin throw 5. 400m 1500m *COMBINED EVENT COMPETITION RULES* 1. In long jump, shot put, discus and javelin, each competitor is limited to three attempts. 2. If hand timing is used, then each competitor shall be timed by three independent timers. 3. Runners are not disqualified until the second false start by an individual. 4. All events must be properly scheduled and posted timely prior to the competition. 5. The regular increase in high jump and pole vault in Open Men’s and Women’s track and field championships should be uniform throughout the competition. 6. An athlete disqualified for fouling a competitor in any event can compete in the remaining events unless decided otherwise by the referee. 7. A competitor failing to start any event of the competition shall be considered to have abandoned the competition and should not be allowed to participate in other events of the competition. 8. Scores should be announced to each competitor after the completion of each event. 9. The winner is the competitor who has scored the highest number of points in all the events. OFFICIALS IN COMBINED EVENTS AND THEIR DUTIES There are usually six officials or umpires per crew. These officials watch the games to make sure the rules are not broken. Two are proficient in throws, two in vertical jumps and two in horizontal jumps. The number of crews needed is dependent on the number of competitors competing in an event at a time and the number of events that are being conducted simultaneously. Other officials include: 1. Referee – controls all the events in the competition. 2. Starter – gives a signal using commands for a race to start. 3. Timekeeper – keeps and records the time for each event. 4. Safety Officer – ensures that competitors are safe and protected from danger. 5. Medical Officer – deals with competitors’ health matters. 6. Course Officer – is in charge of the area where the races are held. 7. Announcer – calls all events, introduces players and provides the crowd with accurate information. 8. Recorder – records all athletes’ performances on event recording sheet after each event, compiles, checks and distributes results. 9. Observer – watches to see that all the rules are obeyed. 10. Marshal – controls the arena and shall not allow any person other than the officials, athletes and other authorized persons to assemble for the competition. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES IN COMBINED EVENTS Equipment  1. Starting block – Used to brace the feet against at the start of a race. 2. Starter hearing protector/aid – used to protect the ears against external noise. 3. Stop watch – used to time a race. 4. Score sheet – used to record the scores of the game officially. 5. Whistle – blown as a signal to attract attention. 6. White flag – used by an official to show approval. 7. Red flag – used by an official to show disapproval. 8. Baton – used in a relay race by a team where a runner passes to the next to run. 9. Sportswear – worn for playing the games. 10. Hurdles – obstacles arranged serially along a track that an athlete jumps over in a race. 11. Shot put – a heavy metal ball for throwing. 12. Discus – a heavy flat round object for throwing. 13. Javelin – a light spear for throwing. SAFETY RULES 1. Always look both directions before crossing the tracks or any runways. 2. Do not walk across the field where field events are being thrown. 3. Do not go to the field unless your event group is working out there. 4. Warm up in the outer lanes. 5. Do not cut in front of people while they are running. Activity: Workbook Pages 19 and 20. BALL GAME (HOCKEY) Brief History: Historical records show that the original form of hockey was played in Egypt 4000 years ago and in Ethiopia around 100BC, while the ancient form of the game was also played in Iran around 2000BC. The modern game of hockey emerged in England in the mid-18th century. The first hockey association was formed in the UK in 1876 and drew up the first formal set of rules. It survived for just six years, but in 1886, it was revived by nine founding member clubs. The first women’s Hockey club was formed in England in 1887, and the International Federation of Hockey was formed in 1900. The first international competition was held in 1952. Description: Hockey is a field event played between two teams comprising eleven players each. It is played with hockey sticks and ball. The game is started by a centre pass. The formation on the field resembles that of football as the number of players is the same. The objective of the game is to get the ball by dribbling, passing, hitting etc., into the striking circle from where it can be hit into the goal post of the opposing team to score a goal. The opponents defend and make counter attacks. Basic Skills and Techniques: These include: 1. Dribbling 2. Tackling 3. Hitting/driving 4. Stopping 5. Passing 6. Scooping 7. Flick 8. Goal keeping Officials and Their Duties Officials Duties 1. Two umpires control the game and take final decisions 2. Two assistant assist the umpires by giving flag umpires signals/indications Equipment and Facilities Equipment Facilities 1. Hockey sticks 1. Hockey pitch 2. Hockey ball 2. Goal posts 3. Pads 4. Gloves 3. Side boards 5. Studded shoes 6. Knee caps 4. Back boards 7. Groin protectors 5. Nets 8. Shin guards 9. Face mask 6. Flag post 10. Chest pad 11. Kickers 12. Helmet Field Dimensions and Markings  Length;55m A Hockey Stick ACTIVITY P.H.E. workbook, Pages 13 – 15; Pages 16 – 19. PERSONAL, SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Ageing Ageing is the process of growing old, reaching the end of useful life; it is also a time in life when one becomes weak and not inactive with a gradual decline in function and an increasing risk of death in the near future. Physical and Biological Changes Associated with Ageing 1. Slowing down of transmission of messages in the nervous system 2. Significant vision and hearing loss 3. Sometimes loss of memory 4. Increase in the efficiency of arteries 5. Structural changes in ligaments, bones and general growth 6. Slowing down of movement of food and drugs in the digestive system 7. Dementia (a general term for memory loss, speech and hearing problem, and serious mood shift) Death Death is the end or termination of the biological functions that define all living things or organisms. In animals, including man, death begins when the heart stops beating. At this time, oxygen ceases to flow and a cascade of death begins with the brain cells and with the skin cells. Death is a process rather than an event. Signs of Dying 1. Cold hands, feet and legs 2. Slowing down of blood pressure and faster but weaker heartbeat 3. Bluish or light-gray fingers, earlobes, lips and nail beds 4. Purplish knees or feet 5. Slowing down of digestive system resulting in loss of appetite and dehydration 6. Feverish feeling 7. Blurring of vision 8. Swelling in the feet and ankles 9. Laboured breathing 10. Increasing physical weakness 11. Mental confusion 12. Excessive fatigue and sleep Causes of Death in Humans 1. Disease 2. Suffocation/asphyxiation 3. Prolonged lack of oxygen to the brain 4. Physical trauma as a result of accident 5. Suicide Life Enhancing Measures against Ageing and Death 1. Have enough rest and sleep. 2. Undergo daily and regular exercises/physical activities. 3. Eat healthy diets. 4. Have good close friends. 5. Visit family members and keep good relationship with them.  6. Address basic needs. 7. Keep healthy behaviours. 8. Do not smoke. 9. Manage stress properly. 10. Talk to your doctor promptly. 11. Take adequate amount of vitamins and minerals. 12. Visit the toilet regularly; do not cheat nature. Grief Grief is a normal, healthy response to a painful loss. Examples of grief include the death of a loved one; the loss of one’s health; the end of a cherished relationship etc. Grieving is to undergo the process of emotional and life adjustment after a painful loss. Grieving after a loved one’s death is known as bereavement. Symptoms of Grief Symptoms of grief include anger, self blaming, crying spells, dizziness, fast heartbeat, unreal feeling, strained throat, headache, sighing, yawning, feeling nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, restlessness and irritability, sadness and depression, gasping, chest tightness, tiredness, sleeplessness, loss of concentration etc. Supporting Ageing, Dying and Grieving Persons 1. Social support: Be there consistently and frequently as time permits. Maintain contact on a regular basis over a period of time so that the person will feel comfortable sharing thoughts, fears, feelings, wishes, dreams and hopes. Listen more than talk, follow the person’s agenda as time is spent with them. 2. Emotional support: Free yourself of hard feelings. Appreciate the person’s legacy. Say ‘I love you’, ‘thank you’, ‘ you are forgiven’ etc. freely and often. Let them know how the people around them cherish and value them. 3. Physical support: Give them adequate therapy, medications and care. Provide them with nutritious and healthy meals. Contact some support individuals or groups for help. DRUG EDUCATION A drug is a chemical substance which people take in order to treat or prevent illness or disease, or change the functions of the body. Drugs are manufactured in different forms such as tablet, capsule, syrup, powder, injection, inhaler, ointment etc. Drugs can be taken by several ways such as swallowing, drinking, chewing, rubbing, injecting and inhaling. Any drug can be harmful to the body if taken in large doses or too often without the advice of a medical professional which is not right. Examples of common drugs include Aspirin, Panadol, antibiotics etc. Note: Medicines are used for health purposes while drugs can be used for both health purposes and pleasure or recreation. CATEGORIES OF DRUGS 1. Prescription Drugs Drugs that are available to people only by the order of a doctor or a physician. 2. Non-Prescription Drugs Drugs that can be purchased in a chemist without the order of a doctor or a physician. 3. Psychoactive Drugs Drugs that are usually taken to change a person’s behaviour, mood, perception or mind. CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS a. Narcotics: They reduce or kill pains. E.g. heroin b. Depressants or Sedatives: They relax someone and produce sleep. E.g. alcohol c. Stimulants: They cause excitement and alertness. E.g. cocaine d. Psychedelic or Hallucinogens: They cause hallucination(false perception) and illusion(false interpretation). E.g. marijuana or cannabis, LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) etc. HARD DRUGS These are dangerous drugs that when taken, change the normal body systems. They can cause drug addiction. E.g. heroin, cocaine etc. GATEWAY DRUGS These are drugs that lead the users to the use of harder drugs. E.g. Alcohol or marijuana leads the users to using harder drugs like cocaine or heroin. WAYS OF PREVENTING DRUG MISUSE AND ABUSE 1. Avoid being influenced by peers. 2. Deal with life pressure without considering drugs. 3. Seek help from medical practitioners when facing health issues. 4. Live a life of staying healthy always. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS & SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (S.T. Is. & S.T.Ds.) MEANING A Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) is the first step of a disease that enters the body through sexual contact and starts multiplying. They are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. An S.T.I. shows mild or no symptoms at first. The symptoms show up with time, and then develop into a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) or Venereal Disease. This means that STDs start out as STIs. CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES Bacteria chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis Parasite Trichomoniasis Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Viruses Hepatitis B, Herpes, Human Papilomavirus (HPV) CURABILITY Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis and Trichomoniasis are curable. HIV and Herpes have no cure but antiviral can be used to slow down or stop multiplication. Hepatitis B does not really have a cure but it can gradually go away with continual treatment. In HPV which warts are the main symptom, there is no specific vaccine for it but the warts gradually go away with continual treatment. GENERAL SYMPTOMS IN MEN: painful urination, increase in rate of urination, coloured discharge from the penis, swollen testicles, swellings or rashes around the genitals IN WOMEN: discharge from vagina, itchy urination, painful intercourse, pain in the lower abdomen if the infection spreads to the fallopian tube MODE OF TRANSMISSION 1. through sexual contacts 2. through blood or fluid contacts 3. from mother to child (vertical transmission) PREVENTION 1. Avoid unprotected sex. 2. Use condom during sex. 3. Avoid infected donated blood or organ. 4. Get tested from time to time to know your status. 5. Find out about your sex partner to know his/her status. EVALUATION 1. What is the difference between STI and STD? 2. Another name for STD is _____________. 3. List five STIs that do not have specific cure. 4. State five ways of preventing STIs. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Environmental sanitation is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of waste, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and the prevention of diseases for public health and welfare. Purposes of Environmental Sanitation The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources such as surface water, groundwater, soil, and to provide safety, security and dignity for people and their environment. Meanwhile, environmental sanitation is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements, to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of all sections of the population. Components of Environmental Sanitation The components include: 1. Clean air; 2. Stable climate; 3. Management of natural disasters; 4. Building and construction 5. Safety use of chemicals; 6. Good agricultural practices; 7. Sanitary inspection of premises; 8. Market and abattoir sanitation; 9. Adequate potable water supply; 10. School sanitation; 11. Healthy and safe workplaces; 12. Health-supportive cities; 13. Preserved nature; 14. Protection from radiation etc. Types of Environmental Sanitation The types of environmental sanitation include: 1. disinfection; 2. insect and pest control; 3. rodent and vector control; 4. proper disposal of solid wastes such as cadavers, food, plastics, textile, leather, wood, glass, metals, sanitary waste etc.; 5. excreta (urine and feces)/sewage waste management; 6. wastewater and drainage management; 7. personal and environmental hygiene; 8. planting and maintenance of trees and greenery; 9. creating facilities and structures etc. Importance of Environmental Sanitation Environmental sanitation is important to the following: 1. protecting public/human health; 2. preserving the physical environment and nature; 3. changes and development in human environment; 4. promoting sustainable development; 5. improving hygiene, good health and personal dignity; 6. managing wastes effectively; 7. reducing pollution and the risk of infections and diseases; 8. extending lifespans; 9. reducing poverty; 10. keeping away insects, pests, rodents and emission of offensive odours. If all these can be achieved, a healthier and more sustainable future can be created for ourselves and future generations. Relevant Agencies of Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria The relevant agencies include: 1. Federal Ministry of Environment (FMOE) 2. National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Agency (NESREA) 3. Environmental Health and Registration Council of Nigeria (EHORECON) 4. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) 5. National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA) 6. National Agency for Great Green Wall 7. National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) 8. National Parks Service (NPS)