Patho Pharm Exam 2 PDF

1\. \*\*A nurse is assessing a patient with Parkinson's disease. Which classic symptom should the nurse expect to find?\*\* \- A. Severe memory loss \- B. Rigidity \- C. Hallucinations \- D. Impulsive behavior 2\. \*\*Which class of drugs is primarily used for the treatment of migraines?\*\* \...

1\. \*\*A nurse is assessing a patient with Parkinson's disease. Which classic symptom should the nurse expect to find?\*\* \- A. Severe memory loss \- B. Rigidity \- C. Hallucinations \- D. Impulsive behavior 2\. \*\*Which class of drugs is primarily used for the treatment of migraines?\*\* \- A. Antiepileptic drugs \- B. Triptans \- C. Cholinesterase inhibitors \- D. Antidepressants 3\. \*\*A patient experiencing sudden confusion and inattention is likely suffering from which condition?\*\* \- A. Alzheimer's disease \- B. Delirium \- C. Schizophrenia \- D. Major depressive disorder 4\. \*\*What is the main mechanism of action for cholinesterase inhibitors used in treating Alzheimer's disease?\*\* \- A. They block NMDA receptors. \- B. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels. \- C. They enhance dopamine production. \- D. They promote serotonin reuptake. 5\. \*\*A patient taking valproic acid for seizure management should be monitored for which common side effect?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Gastrointestinal disturbances \- C. Hypotension \- D. Increased appetite 6\. \*\*Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of multiple sclerosis?\*\* \- A. Continuous tremors \- B. Muscle weakness and fatigue \- C. Visual hallucinations \- D. Rapid mood swings 7\. \*\*The nurse is providing education to a patient prescribed levodopa/carbidopa for Parkinson's disease. Which statement indicates a need for further teaching?\*\* \- A. \"I should take this medication on an empty stomach.\" \- B. \"It\'s important not to stop this medication abruptly.\" \- C. \"This medication will cure my Parkinson\'s disease.\" \- D. \"I will report any unusual movements to my doctor.\" 8\. \*\*A patient with epilepsy is experiencing status epilepticus. What is the priority nursing intervention?\*\* \- A. Administer oral medications. \- B. Protect the patient from injury. \- C. Obtain a detailed history. \- D. Encourage deep breathing exercises. 9\. \*\*Which medication is classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist and is used in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease?\*\* \- A. Donepezil \- B. Memantine \- C. Rivastigmine \- D. Galantamine 10\. \*\*What nursing consideration is essential for a patient taking antiepileptic drugs?\*\* \- A. Encourage the patient to take medications only when having seizures. \- B. Monitor serum drug levels regularly. \- C. Inform the patient that therapy can be stopped once symptoms improve. \- D. Advise the patient to avoid all physical activity. 11\. \*\*A patient reports experiencing severe side effects, including dizziness and flushing, after taking a triptan. What should the nurse assess?\*\* \- A. Allergic reaction \- B. Overdose \- C. Medication efficacy \- D. Potential drug interactions 12\. \*\*Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?\*\* \- A. Norepinephrine \- B. Serotonin \- C. Acetylcholine \- D. Dopamine 13\. \*\*When assessing a patient with multiple sclerosis, which symptom should the nurse expect?\*\* \- A. Hypertension \- B. Visual disturbances \- C. Hallucinations \- D. Severe tremors 14\. \*\*What is the recommended action for a nurse administering phenytoin intravenously?\*\* \- A. Administer rapidly to prevent seizures. \- B. Dilute in dextrose solution for infusion. \- C. Use a large-gauge catheter for IV administration. \- D. Mix with other medications for ease of administration. 15\. \*\*The nurse is monitoring a patient taking donepezil for Alzheimer's disease. Which side effect should the nurse particularly observe for?\*\* \- A. Insomnia \- B. Gastrointestinal upset \- C. Weight gain \- D. Hyperactivity 16\. \*\*A patient with a history of migraines is prescribed ergotamine. What should the nurse include in the teaching plan?\*\* \- A. Take this medication every day for prevention. \- B. Limit fluid intake while on this medication. \- C. Seek immediate medical attention for chest pain. \- D. This medication is safe to combine with triptans. 17\. \*\*What is the primary goal of therapy for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia?\*\* \- A. Cure the disorder \- B. Control symptoms and prevent relapse \- C. Eliminate all medications \- D. Focus solely on behavioral therapy 18\. \*\*Which drug is a common first-line treatment for generalized seizures?\*\* \- A. Levetiracetam \- B. Gabapentin \- C. Clonazepam \- D. Lamotrigine 19\. \*\*A patient with Alzheimer's disease is prescribed a combination of memantine and donepezil. What is the purpose of this combination therapy?\*\* \- A. To increase acetylcholine levels \- B. To reduce the production of beta-amyloid plaques \- C. To improve overall cognitive function and quality of life \- D. To prevent acute exacerbations of symptoms 20\. \*\*Which nursing intervention is most important for a patient receiving treatment for Parkinson\'s disease?\*\* \- A. Encourage regular physical activity. \- B. Instruct the patient to avoid high-protein meals. \- C. Monitor for signs of dyskinesia and provide education. \- D. Reinforce the need for medication compliance. Here are 20 NCLEX-style questions based on the content from the PowerPoint presentations related to mental health disorders, the nervous system, and drugs affecting these systems. \#\#\# NCLEX Questions 1\. \*\*A patient is experiencing a sudden onset of confusion, inattention, and altered perception. Which mental health disorder should the nurse suspect?\*\* \- A. Major Depressive Disorder \- B. Delirium \- C. Schizophrenia \- D. Bipolar Disorder 2\. \*\*Which medication is a first-line treatment for Parkinson\'s disease?\*\* \- A. Donepezil \- B. Carbidopa-levodopa \- C. Valproic acid \- D. Gabapentin 3\. \*\*The nurse is teaching a patient about triptans for migraine management. What is an important instruction regarding the use of these medications?\*\* \- A. Take the medication daily, regardless of symptoms. \- B. Use it as soon as the migraine begins for the best effect. \- C. Avoid using triptans if you have a history of hypertension. \- D. Combine triptans with ergot alkaloids for increased efficacy. 4\. \*\*A patient with epilepsy is prescribed phenytoin. The nurse understands that therapeutic drug levels for phenytoin should be maintained between:\*\* \- A. 5-10 mcg/mL \- B. 10-20 mcg/mL \- C. 20-30 mcg/mL \- D. 30-40 mcg/mL 5\. \*\*What is the primary goal of therapy for patients with Alzheimer's disease?\*\* \- A. Cure the disease \- B. Slow cognitive decline and improve quality of life \- C. Manage acute exacerbations \- D. Increase dopamine levels 6\. \*\*A patient with multiple sclerosis is prescribed dimethyl fumarate. What is a common side effect of this medication?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Dizziness \- C. Nausea and diarrhea \- D. Cardiac dysrhythmias 7\. \*\*Which statement by a patient indicates a need for further teaching regarding the use of levodopa/carbidopa for Parkinson\'s disease?\*\* \- A. \"I should take this medication on an empty stomach.\" \- B. \"I will notify my doctor if I experience any unusual movements.\" \- C. \"I can stop taking this medication if I feel better.\" \- D. \"I need to be careful when I get up to avoid dizziness.\" 8\. \*\*During the assessment of a patient with epilepsy, the nurse recognizes that a seizure is defined as:\*\* \- A. A prolonged state of altered consciousness. \- B. A brief episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. \- C. Involuntary muscle contractions throughout the body. \- D. A chronic recurrent pattern of seizures. 9\. \*\*A patient has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which medication would the nurse expect to be prescribed?\*\* \- A. Lamotrigine \- B. Donepezil \- C. Sertraline \- D. Ropinirole 10\. \*\*What is a potential side effect of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid?\*\* \- A. Drowsiness and dizziness \- B. Weight loss \- C. Gastrointestinal upset and tremors \- D. Hypertension 11\. \*\*A patient taking ergotamine for migraine headaches should be monitored for which side effect?\*\* \- A. Drowsiness \- B. Tingling in extremities \- C. Decreased blood pressure \- D. Increased appetite 12\. \*\*Which neurotransmitter imbalance is primarily responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?\*\* \- A. Serotonin and norepinephrine \- B. Acetylcholine and dopamine \- C. Glutamate and GABA \- D. Norepinephrine and epinephrine 13\. \*\*The nurse assesses a patient with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following findings is characteristic of this disorder?\*\* \- A. Memory loss and difficulty in problem-solving \- B. Rapid mood swings and impulsive behavior \- C. Hallucinations and delusions \- D. Severe headaches and photophobia 14\. \*\*Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for a patient taking antiepileptic drugs?\*\* \- A. Monitor for therapeutic levels only when symptoms worsen. \- B. Educate the patient about the importance of compliance with the medication regimen. \- C. Encourage the patient to stop taking the medication if they feel well. \- D. Recommend that the patient take antiepileptic drugs with alcohol for better absorption. 15\. \*\*What mechanism of action do cholinesterase inhibitors used in Alzheimer\'s disease have?\*\* \- A. They block NMDA receptors to reduce excitotoxicity. \- B. They increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. \- C. They decrease dopamine levels in the brain. \- D. They enhance serotonin production. 16\. \*\*A patient experiences difficulty speaking and a shuffling gait. These symptoms are indicative of which condition?\*\* \- A. Alzheimer's Disease \- B. Multiple Sclerosis \- C. Parkinson's Disease \- D. Epilepsy 17\. \*\*The nurse is educating a patient about the use of gabapentin. What condition is this medication primarily used to treat?\*\* \- A. Parkinson's disease \- B. Epilepsy and neuropathic pain \- C. Migraine headaches \- D. Alzheimer's disease 18\. \*\*A nurse is preparing to administer phenytoin intravenously. Which precaution should be taken?\*\* \- A. Administer through a small gauge catheter to minimize irritation. \- B. Dilute in dextrose solution for infusion. \- C. Use a filter when administering. \- D. Administer rapidly to avoid adverse effects. 19\. \*\*A patient taking donepezil for Alzheimer\'s disease should be monitored for which common side effect?\*\* \- A. Insomnia \- B. Diarrhea \- C. Hypertension \- D. Weight gain 20\. \*\*Which assessment finding would indicate that the treatment regimen for Parkinson's disease is effective?\*\* \- A. Increased tremors \- B. Improved mobility and decreased rigidity \- C. Development of dyskinesias \- D. Heightened anxiety levels Here\'s an outline combining the content from the two uploaded PowerPoint presentations on chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and related topics: \#\#\# I. Introduction to Cancer Treatment A. Overview of Cancer 1\. Definition of cancer 2\. Characteristics of cancerous cells 3\. Types of cancer cells: \- Carcinomas \- Sarcomas \- Lymphomas \- Leukemias B. Types of Cancer Treatments 1\. Surgery 2\. Radiation Therapy 3\. Chemotherapy 4\. Hormonal Therapy 5\. Biological Therapy 6\. Combination Treatments 7\. Alternative Therapies 1\. \*\*A nurse is teaching a patient about the use of methylphenidate for ADHD. What is the most important instruction the nurse should give?\*\* \- A. Take the medication with food. \- B. Administer the last dose before bedtime. \- C. Avoid caffeine and other stimulants. \- D. Increase the dosage if symptoms worsen. 2\. \*\*Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat anxiety and can cause CNS depression?\*\* \- A. Antidepressants \- B. Antipsychotics \- C. Benzodiazepines \- D. Stimulants 3\. \*\*Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder. What is the therapeutic range for lithium levels?\*\* \- A. 0.1-0.5 mEq/L \- B. 0.6-1.2 mEq/L \- C. 1.3-1.5 mEq/L \- D. 1.6-2.0 mEq/L 4\. \*\*A patient is prescribed clozapine for schizophrenia. What is a critical nursing consideration for this medication?\*\* \- A. Monitor liver function tests regularly. \- B. Frequent monitoring of white blood cell counts is necessary. \- C. Monitor for signs of hypertension. \- D. Assess for increased appetite. 5\. \*\*What is a common side effect of SSRIs that the nurse should inform the patient about?\*\* \- A. Dry mouth \- B. Weight loss \- C. Sedation \- D. Increased libido 6\. \*\*A patient taking buspirone for anxiety should be taught which of the following?\*\* \- A. This medication can be taken on an as-needed basis. \- B. Avoid abrupt withdrawal from the medication. \- C. It has a high potential for dependency. \- D. This medication works immediately for anxiety relief. 7\. \*\*Which adverse effect is associated with the use of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)?\*\* \- A. Increased risk of seizures \- B. Dry mouth and constipation \- C. Increased energy levels \- D. Hallucinations 8\. \*\*A patient is receiving an MAOI. Which food should the nurse instruct the patient to avoid?\*\* \- A. Fresh fruits \- B. Aged cheeses \- C. Whole grains \- D. Lean meats 9\. \*\*What is the primary action of antipsychotic medications?\*\* \- A. Increase dopamine levels in the brain. \- B. Block dopamine receptors in the brain. \- C. Enhance serotonin reuptake. \- D. Stimulate the central nervous system. 10\. \*\*A patient on lithium therapy presents with tremors and gastrointestinal discomfort. What should the nurse do next?\*\* \- A. Increase the lithium dosage. \- B. Administer a benzodiazepine for anxiety. \- C. Check the lithium level. \- D. Provide reassurance that these symptoms are normal. 11\. \*\*Which medication is commonly prescribed for opioid withdrawal?\*\* \- A. Naltrexone \- B. Buprenorphine \- C. Methadone \- D. Disulfiram 12\. \*\*The nurse is caring for a patient who is taking diazepam for anxiety. What is a significant risk associated with this medication?\*\* \- A. Increased risk of addiction \- B. Hypertensive crisis \- C. Severe gastrointestinal upset \- D. Hyperactivity 13\. \*\*When teaching a patient about the use of trazodone for depression, the nurse should include which point?\*\* \- A. It is best taken on an empty stomach. \- B. It can cause sedation; take it at bedtime. \- C. It has a low risk of side effects. \- D. It works immediately for depression. 14\. \*\*A nurse is monitoring a patient receiving an atypical antipsychotic. Which side effect should the nurse specifically assess for?\*\* \- A. Agranulocytosis \- B. Serotonin syndrome \- C. Hypertensive crisis \- D. Respiratory depression 15\. \*\*What is the main therapeutic effect of SSRIs in treating depression?\*\* \- A. Inhibition of dopamine reuptake \- B. Increased serotonin levels in the brain \- C. Decreased norepinephrine activity \- D. Stimulation of the hypothalamus 16\. \*\*A patient experiencing psychosis is started on haloperidol. Which adverse effect should the nurse monitor for?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Akathisia \- C. Hyperactivity \- D. Hypotension 17\. \*\*The nurse is assessing a patient who is taking atomoxetine for ADHD. What potential adverse effect should the nurse monitor for?\*\* \- A. Drowsiness \- B. Hypertension \- C. Hallucinations \- D. Hypoglycemia 18\. \*\*Which nursing intervention is most important for a patient taking an MAOI?\*\* \- A. Instructing the patient to eat a low-protein diet. \- B. Monitoring for hypotension. \- C. Teaching about tyramine-containing foods. \- D. Ensuring hydration. 19\. \*\*A patient is prescribed a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). What condition is this medication typically used to treat?\*\* \- A. Schizophrenia \- B. Generalized anxiety disorder \- C. Bipolar disorder \- D. Opioid dependence 20\. \*\*Which side effect is most concerning for a patient on long-term treatment with lithium?\*\* \- A. Weight loss \- B. Hypothyroidism \- C. Insomnia \- D. Increased appetite 21\. \*\*Which medication is known for having a risk of serotonin syndrome when taken with other serotonergic drugs?\*\* \- A. Fluoxetine \- B. Lithium \- C. Haloperidol \- D. Diazepam 22\. \*\*A patient with a history of substance use disorder is being treated with buprenorphine. What is the primary purpose of this medication?\*\* \- A. To alleviate pain \- B. To assist in smoking cessation \- C. To reduce cravings for opioids \- D. To induce sedation 23\. \*\*What is a key nursing implication for a patient taking a benzodiazepine for anxiety?\*\* \- A. It is safe to take with alcohol. \- B. Monitor for signs of paradoxical reactions. \- C. Encourage the patient to stop taking the medication abruptly if feeling better. \- D. Administer the medication only when needed. 24\. \*\*When monitoring for therapeutic effects of an antidepressant, the nurse should look for which of the following?\*\* \- A. Decreased anxiety and improved sleep patterns \- B. Increased suicidal thoughts \- C. Hyperactivity and increased energy \- D. Enhanced appetite and weight gain 25\. \*\*A patient presents with signs of alcohol withdrawal. Which symptom should the nurse monitor for as potentially life-threatening?\*\* \- A. Insomnia \- B. Seizures \- C. Tremors \- D. Nausea 26\. \*\*Which antipsychotic medication is known for its risk of agranulocytosis and requires regular monitoring of white blood cell counts?\*\* \- A. Olanzapine \- B. Quetiapine \- C. Clozapine \- D. Risperidone 27\. \*\*Which symptom is a common manifestation of stimulant withdrawal?\*\* \- A. Increased energy \- B. Psychomotor retardation \- C. Euphoria \- D. Hypertension 28\. \*\*The nurse is teaching a patient about the potential side effects of fluoxetine. Which effect should the nurse emphasize?\*\* \- A. Risk of seizures \- B. Insomnia and sexual dysfunction \- C. Increased appetite \- D. Drowsiness 29\. \*\*A patient receiving treatment for depression expresses feelings of hopelessness and increased suicidal thoughts. What should the nurse do first?\*\* \- A. Encourage the patient to discuss their feelings. \- B. Increase the dosage of the antidepressant. \- C. Assess the patient for a suicide plan. \- D. Refer the patient for psychotherapy. 30\. \*\*What should the nurse include in patient teaching regarding the use of trazodone for insomnia?\*\* \- A. It should be taken in the morning. \- B. It may cause drowsiness; take at bedtime. \- C. There is no need for follow-up appointments. \- D. It is safe to combine with alcohol. \-\-- Here's a comprehensive 60-question multiple-choice practice exam based on the information discussed in this chat, covering mental health disorders, psychopharmacology, chemotherapy, and related nursing considerations. \#\#\# Practice Exam \#\#\#\# I. Mental Health Disorders and Psychopharmacology 1\. \*\*Which medication is commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment for ADHD?\*\* \- A. Fluoxetine \- B. Methylphenidate \- C. Lithium \- D. Clozapine 2\. \*\*What is the primary action of benzodiazepines in treating anxiety?\*\* \- A. Increase serotonin levels \- B. Stimulate the central nervous system \- C. Decrease activity in the CNS \- D. Enhance dopamine production 3\. \*\*A patient taking lithium should have their serum levels maintained between:\*\* \- A. 0.1-0.5 mEq/L \- B. 0.6-1.2 mEq/L \- C. 1.3-1.5 mEq/L \- D. 1.6-2.0 mEq/L 4\. \*\*Which of the following is a serious adverse effect of clozapine?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Agranulocytosis \- C. Hyperglycemia \- D. Drowsiness 5\. \*\*Which class of antidepressants requires dietary restrictions to avoid hypertensive crisis?\*\* \- A. SSRIs \- B. TCAs \- C. MAOIs \- D. SNRIs 6\. \*\*What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?\*\* \- A. Inhibit norepinephrine reuptake \- B. Increase serotonin reuptake \- C. Block dopamine receptors \- D. Inhibit acetylcholine breakdown 7\. \*\*A patient on fluoxetine reports increased anxiety and insomnia. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention?\*\* \- A. Increase the dose of fluoxetine. \- B. Discontinue the medication immediately. \- C. Monitor the patient closely for worsening symptoms. \- D. Encourage the patient to take the medication in the morning. 8\. \*\*The nurse is caring for a patient on diazepam. Which of the following is a significant concern?\*\* \- A. Hypertension \- B. Respiratory depression \- C. Hyperactivity \- D. Weight loss 9\. \*\*A patient receiving treatment for anxiety is prescribed buspirone. What is a key teaching point regarding this medication?\*\* \- A. It can be taken as needed. \- B. It has a high potential for addiction. \- C. It may take several weeks to achieve effects. \- D. It works immediately to relieve anxiety. 10\. \*\*Which of the following symptoms indicates serotonin syndrome?\*\* \- A. Hypotension and bradycardia \- B. Muscle rigidity and high fever \- C. Decreased appetite and insomnia \- D. Dry mouth and blurred vision \#\#\#\# II. Psychotherapeutic Drugs and Nursing Considerations 11\. \*\*A patient on a tricyclic antidepressant is at risk for which side effect?\*\* \- A. Increased energy \- B. Cardiac dysrhythmias \- C. Weight gain \- D. Drowsiness 12\. \*\*What is the recommended action if a patient develops tardive dyskinesia while on antipsychotic therapy?\*\* \- A. Increase the antipsychotic dose. \- B. Discontinue the antipsychotic immediately. \- C. Start treatment with a benzodiazepine. \- D. Use valbenazine to manage symptoms. 13\. \*\*Which medication is considered the drug of choice for treating severe mania in bipolar disorder?\*\* \- A. Quetiapine \- B. Lithium \- C. Fluoxetine \- D. Sertraline 14\. \*\*A patient receiving treatment for schizophrenia is experiencing hallucinations. Which medication class should the nurse anticipate administering?\*\* \- A. Antidepressants \- B. Antipsychotics \- C. Mood stabilizers \- D. Anxiolytics 15\. \*\*Which of the following statements regarding the use of MAOIs is true?\*\* \- A. They are safe to use with tyramine-rich foods. \- B. They are the first-line treatment for depression. \- C. They can lead to hypertensive crisis if tyramine is ingested. \- D. They have minimal dietary restrictions. 16\. \*\*What should the nurse monitor closely in a patient receiving antipsychotic medications?\*\* \- A. Blood glucose levels \- B. White blood cell counts \- C. Thyroid function tests \- D. Liver enzymes 17\. \*\*When educating a patient about trazodone, the nurse should highlight which important point?\*\* \- A. It is best taken in the morning. \- B. It can cause sedation; take it at bedtime. \- C. It works immediately for depression. \- D. It has a high potential for addiction. 18\. \*\*A patient has been prescribed aripiprazole. What condition is this medication typically used to treat?\*\* \- A. Anxiety disorders \- B. Schizophrenia \- C. Bipolar disorder \- D. All of the above 19\. \*\*What is the primary concern when tapering a patient off benzodiazepines?\*\* \- A. Risk of drug interactions \- B. Potential for seizures \- C. Increased anxiety symptoms \- D. Sedation 20\. \*\*The nurse assesses a patient for signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Which symptom is characteristic of NMS?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Muscle rigidity \- C. Increased appetite \- D. Euphoria \#\#\#\# III. Chemotherapeutics and Immunotherapies 21\. \*\*Which class of chemotherapy drugs is most likely to cause myelosuppression?\*\* \- A. Alkylating agents \- B. Antimetabolites \- C. Plant alkaloids \- D. Antitumor antibiotics 22\. \*\*A patient receiving doxorubicin for cancer treatment is at risk for which side effect?\*\* \- A. Pulmonary fibrosis \- B. Cardiotoxicity \- C. Hepatotoxicity \- D. Neurotoxicity 23\. \*\*What is the main action of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?\*\* \- A. They directly kill cancer cells. \- B. They enhance the immune system\'s ability to attack cancer cells. \- C. They block blood supply to tumors. \- D. They induce apoptosis in malignant cells. 24\. \*\*A patient with breast cancer is receiving tamoxifen. What is the expected outcome of this therapy?\*\* \- A. Increased estrogen levels \- B. Decreased cancer cell proliferation \- C. Enhanced tumor growth \- D. Increased appetite 25\. \*\*When administering cyclophosphamide, the nurse should monitor for which potential adverse effect?\*\* \- A. Gastrointestinal bleeding \- B. Hemorrhagic cystitis \- C. Cardiac dysrhythmias \- D. Severe hypertension 26\. \*\*Which chemotherapy drug is known to cause tumor lysis syndrome?\*\* \- A. Methotrexate \- B. Cisplatin \- C. Vincristine \- D. Doxorubicin 27\. \*\*A patient with excessive daytime sleepiness is prescribed modafinil. What is the primary indication for this medication?\*\* \- A. ADHD \- B. Narcolepsy \- C. Anxiety disorders \- D. Depression 28\. \*\*What is the most common route of administration for chemotherapy agents?\*\* \- A. Subcutaneous \- B. Oral \- C. Intravenous \- D. Intramuscular 29\. \*\*Which statement about immunotherapy is true?\*\* \- A. It works better than chemotherapy for all cancer types. \- B. It enhances the body\'s immune response against cancer cells. \- C. It directly kills cancer cells. \- D. It is ineffective for metastatic cancers. 30\. \*\*A nurse is educating a patient about the potential side effects of a new chemotherapy regimen. Which side effect should the nurse emphasize?\*\* \- A. Hair growth \- B. Gastrointestinal upset \- C. Weight gain \- D. Enhanced immunity \#\#\#\# IV. Substance Use Disorders 31\. \*\*Which of the following is a common withdrawal symptom associated with opioid use?\*\* \- A. Bradycardia \- B. Nausea and vomiting \- C. Euphoria \- D. Hypotension 32\. \*\*Which medication is an opioid antagonist used in overdose situations?\*\* \- A. Buprenorphine \- B. Methadone \- C. Naloxone \- D. Naltrexone 33\. \*\*A patient with alcohol dependence is being treated with disulfiram (Antabuse). What is a critical patient teaching point?\*\* \- A. It can be taken with alcohol without side effects. \- B. It should be avoided if allergic to aspirin. \- C. Avoid any alcohol-containing products. \- D. It requires monitoring of liver function only. 34\. \*\*What is the primary effect of nicotine on the body?\*\* \- A. CNS depression \- B. Increased heart rate and blood pressure \- C. Decreased alertness \- D. Weight loss 35\. \*\*Which of the following is a common sign of alcohol withdrawal?\*\* \- A. Euphoria \- B. Insomnia \- C. Decreased blood pressure \- D. Hyperactivity 36\. \*\*A patient is experiencing severe anxiety and is prescribed a benzodiazepine. What is a priority nursing consideration?\*\* \- A. Administer the medication only when needed. \- B. Monitor for signs of respiratory depression. \- C. Instruct the patient to avoid all foods. \- D. Encourage the patient to double the dose if symptoms worsen. 37\. \*\*Which substance is primarily associated with respiratory depression in overdose situations?\*\* \- A. Alcohol \- B. Cocaine \- C. Amphetamines \- D. Benzodiazepines 38\. \*\*A patient with a history of stimulant abuse is in withdrawal. What symptom is most likely?\*\* \- A. Increased energy \- B. Social withdrawal \- C. Hallucinations \- D. Hypertension 39\. \*\*What is the mechanism of action for bupropion?\*\* \- A. It inhibits serotonin reuptake. \- B. It blocks dopamine receptors. \- C. It inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake. \- D. It increases serotonin levels. 40\. \*\*What should the nurse advise a patient about the use of CBD products?\*\* \- A. They are addictive. \- B. They can produce a \"high.\" \- C. They are FDA-approved for certain medical conditions. \- D. They are not effective for any condition. \#\#\#\# V. General Nursing Implications 41\. \*\*Before starting a patient on an antidepressant, the nurse should assess for which condition?\*\* \- A. Diabetes \- B. Hypotension \- C. History of suicidal ideation \- D. Asthma 42\. \*\*When educating a patient about the use of psychotropic medications, the nurse should include which point?\*\* \- A. Immediate effects will be felt. \- B. These medications are only effective in isolation. \- C. It may take several weeks to see therapeutic effects. \- D. All patients experience the same side effects. 43\. \*\*Which assessment tool is used to evaluate substance use disorders?\*\* \- A. CAGE Questionnaire \- B. Geriatric Depression Scale \- C. Mini-Mental State Examination \- D. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale 44\. \*\*The nurse is preparing to educate a patient about potential side effects of SSRIs. Which effect should the nurse highlight?\*\* \- A. Increased appetite \- B. Insomnia and sexual dysfunction \- C. Hypertension \- D. Weight loss 45\. \*\*A nurse assesses a patient for signs of NMS. Which finding is most concerning?\*\* \- A. Weight gain \- B. Muscle rigidity \- C. Increased appetite \- D. Euphoria 46\. \*\*A patient on an MAOI is at risk for which dietary interaction?\*\* \- A. Caffeine \- B. Tyramine \- C. Glucose \- D. Sodium 47\. \*\*When monitoring a patient on lithium, what should the nurse assess regularly?\*\* \- A. Calcium levels \- B. Sodium levels \- C. Potassium levels \- D. Magnesium levels 48\. \*\*Which intervention is critical for patients receiving antipsychotics?\*\* \- A. Monitor liver enzymes. \- B. Assess for signs of extrapyramidal symptoms. \- C. Encourage physical activity. \- D. Limit fluid intake. 49\. \*\*What should a nurse instruct a patient to do to minimize the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?\*\* \- A. Increase dietary fiber intake. \- B. Decrease fluid intake. \- C. Limit exercise. \- D. Avoid carbohydrates. 50\. \*\*Which of the following medications may cause weight gain as a side effect?\*\* \- A. Bupropion \- B. Fluoxetine \- C. Mirtazapine \- D. Sertraline 51\. \*\*A patient receiving antipsychotics should be monitored for signs of which condition?\*\* \- A. Hyperthyroidism \- B. Hypertension \- C. Agranulocytosis \- D. Hypoglycemia 52\. \*\*The nurse is teaching a patient about the use of trazodone. Which of the following should be included in the teaching?\*\* \- A. It may cause drowsiness; take at bedtime. \- B. It is best taken in the morning. \- C. It can be used as needed for anxiety. \- D. It has no sedative properties. 53\. \*\*Which substance is known for causing intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation?\*\* \- A. Alcohol \- B. Caffeine \- C. Marijuana \- D. Nicotine 54\. \*\*A nurse should be cautious when administering antidepressants to which patient population?\*\* \- A. Older adults \- B. Adolescents \- C. Middle-aged adults \- D. Children 55\. \*\*What is the primary therapeutic effect of antipsychotic medications?\*\* \- A. Decreased anxiety levels \- B. Reduced symptoms of psychosis \- C. Increased energy levels \- D. Improved mood stability 56\. \*\*When providing care for a patient with a substance use disorder, which nursing intervention is essential?\*\* \- A. Allow unrestricted access to addictive substances. \- B. Establish therapeutic rapport and use empathy. \- C. Monitor vital signs only if the patient shows withdrawal symptoms. \- D. Encourage isolation to promote reflection. 57\. \*\*A patient with a history of substance use disorder is being treated with buprenorphine. What is the primary effect of this medication?\*\* \- A. It causes sedation. \- B. It blocks opioid receptors to reduce cravings. \- C. It promotes euphoria. \- D. It alleviates pain. 58\. \*\*A patient taking an SSRI should be monitored for which condition?\*\* \- A. Hypertensive crisis \- B. Serotonin syndrome \- C. Agranulocytosis \- D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 59\. \*\*When should the last dose of a stimulant medication for ADHD be given?\*\* \- A. At bedtime \- B. In the morning \- C. 4 to 6 hours before bedtime \- D. Immediately before meals 60\. \*\*A patient with anxiety disorder is prescribed lorazepam. What is a critical nursing consideration?\*\* \- A. Monitor for hypotension. \- B. Instruct the patient to increase caffeine intake. \- C. Advise the patient to take it only when feeling anxious. \- D. Ensure the patient takes it with food. Here are 40 NCLEX-style questions based on the pathophysiology of the somatosensory system, including fibromyalgia, glaucoma, and tinnitus, as discussed in the provided presentations. \#\#\# NCLEX Practice Questions \#\#\#\# I. Fibromyalgia 1\. \*\*Which of the following best describes fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Inflammation of joints \- B. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain \- C. A form of arthritis \- D. An autoimmune disorder 2\. \*\*What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism thought to underlie fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Tissue inflammation \- B. Central sensitization \- C. Autoimmune response \- D. Nerve damage 3\. \*\*A patient with fibromyalgia is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?\*\* \- A. Acute joint pain \- B. Chronic and widespread pain \- C. High fever \- D. Swollen joints 4\. \*\*Which of the following factors may increase the risk of developing fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Regular exercise \- B. Family history of fibromyalgia \- C. Low body weight \- D. High levels of physical activity 5\. \*\*Which medication class is commonly used to manage pain in fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Anticoagulants \- B. Opioids \- C. Antidepressants \- D. Antibiotics 6\. \*\*Which lifestyle change is recommended for patients with fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Increase caloric intake \- B. Regular exercise \- C. High-intensity workouts \- D. Avoiding all physical activity 7\. \*\*A patient diagnosed with fibromyalgia reports sleep disturbances. Which approach should the nurse suggest to help manage this symptom?\*\* \- A. Increase daytime naps \- B. Avoid all forms of exercise \- C. Practice relaxation techniques \- D. Reduce fluid intake before bedtime \#\#\#\# II. Glaucoma 8\. \*\*What is the primary characteristic of glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Damage to the optic nerve \- B. Clouding of the lens \- C. Detachment of the retina \- D. Inflammation of the conjunctiva 9\. \*\*Which type of glaucoma is characterized by a gradual increase in intraocular pressure?\*\* \- A. Closed-angle glaucoma \- B. Open-angle glaucoma \- C. Congenital glaucoma \- D. Secondary glaucoma 10\. \*\*A patient with glaucoma presents with which of the following symptoms?\*\* \- A. Sudden loss of vision \- B. Halos around lights \- C. Severe headache \- D. Eye redness 11\. \*\*Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess for glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Tonometry \- B. MRI \- C. CT scan \- D. Electroretinography 12\. \*\*Which class of medication is used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients?\*\* \- A. Antihistamines \- B. Beta-adrenergic antagonists \- C. Antidepressants \- D. Antihypertensives 13\. \*\*A nurse teaches a patient about the importance of adhering to glaucoma medication. What should the nurse emphasize?\*\* \- A. Medications can be stopped once symptoms improve. \- B. Adherence can prevent vision loss. \- C. It is safe to skip doses occasionally. \- D. All glaucoma medications are interchangeable. \#\#\#\# III. Tinnitus 14\. \*\*Tinnitus is characterized by which of the following sensations?\*\* \- A. Ringing or buzzing in the ears \- B. Dizziness or vertigo \- C. Hearing loss \- D. Pain in the ear 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a common cause of tinnitus?\*\* \- A. Middle ear infections \- B. Damage to cochlear hair cells \- C. Eye strain \- D. Sinus infections 16\. \*\*What is a potential psychological factor that may exacerbate tinnitus?\*\* \- A. Increased physical activity \- B. Stress and anxiety \- C. Enhanced hearing abilities \- D. Regular sleep patterns 17\. \*\*A patient reports tinnitus that is intermittent and subjective. Which term best describes this type of tinnitus?\*\* \- A. Objective tinnitus \- B. Subjective tinnitus \- C. Pulsatile tinnitus \- D. Chronic tinnitus 18\. \*\*Which assessment is most appropriate for diagnosing the underlying cause of tinnitus?\*\* \- A. Audiometric evaluation \- B. Complete blood count \- C. CT scan of the abdomen \- D. Urinalysis 19\. \*\*What is one treatment option for managing tinnitus symptoms?\*\* \- A. Surgical intervention \- B. Sound therapy \- C. High doses of vitamin C \- D. Complete silence \#\#\#\# IV. Somatosensory System 20\. \*\*The somatosensory system is responsible for transmitting which types of sensory information?\*\* \- A. Vision and hearing \- B. Pain, touch, and temperature \- C. Smell and taste \- D. Balance and coordination 21\. \*\*What type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting temperature changes?\*\* \- A. Mechanoreceptors \- B. Thermoreceptors \- C. Nociceptors \- D. Photoreceptors 22\. \*\*Which type of somatosensory neuron conveys signals related to pain and temperature?\*\* \- A. General somatic afferent neurons \- B. Special somatic afferent neurons \- C. General visceral afferent neurons \- D. Efferent neurons 23\. \*\*Which statement accurately describes the transmission of nociceptive pain?\*\* \- A. It is transmitted rapidly via Type C fibers. \- B. It is always accompanied by tissue damage. \- C. It can be transduced, transmitted, modulated, and perceived. \- D. It is only felt when there is inflammation present. 24\. \*\*The \"gate control theory\" of pain suggests that pain perception can be altered by which of the following?\*\* \- A. Stress levels \- B. Emotional state \- C. Competing stimuli \- D. Medication use 25\. \*\*Which type of pain is characterized as acute and originates from tissue injury?\*\* \- A. Nociceptive pain \- B. Neuropathic pain \- C. Chronic pain \- D. Referred pain \#\#\#\# V. Pathophysiology and Nursing Considerations 26\. \*\*Which symptom is commonly associated with both glaucoma and fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Visual disturbances \- B. Chronic pain \- C. Headaches \- D. Hearing loss 27\. \*\*When assessing a patient with fibromyalgia, which symptom would the nurse expect to find?\*\* \- A. Swollen joints \- B. Chronic fatigue \- C. Fever \- D. Skin rash 28\. \*\*Which of the following is a key nursing intervention for a patient with glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Encourage frequent eye rubbing. \- B. Teach about the importance of medication adherence. \- C. Advise the patient to limit fluid intake. \- D. Recommend regular visits to the dentist. 29\. \*\*Which medication is commonly used to treat chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Ibuprofen \- B. Duloxetine \- C. Aspirin \- D. Acetaminophen 30\. \*\*A patient with tinnitus is advised to avoid exposure to which of the following?\*\* \- A. Cold temperatures \- B. Loud noises \- C. Bright lights \- D. Strong smells 31\. \*\*What is a common risk factor for developing glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Low cholesterol \- B. Young age \- C. Family history of glaucoma \- D. High physical activity levels 32\. \*\*When educating a patient about managing fibromyalgia, which lifestyle change should be emphasized?\*\* \- A. Increased intake of sugary foods \- B. Regular exercise and stress reduction \- C. Complete bed rest \- D. Avoidance of all physical activity \#\#\#\# VI. Diagnosing and Treating Conditions 33\. \*\*Which diagnostic test is specifically used to measure intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients?\*\* \- A. Tonometry \- B. Audiometry \- C. Visual acuity test \- D. CT scan 34\. \*\*Which symptom would suggest a possible diagnosis of acute glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Gradual loss of peripheral vision \- B. Sudden eye pain and headache \- C. Increased sensitivity to light \- D. Chronic tearing 35\. \*\*Which medication would be prescribed to enhance aqueous humor drainage in a patient with glaucoma?\*\* \- A. Prostaglandin analogues \- B. Beta-adrenergic antagonists \- C. Antihistamines \- D. Corticosteroids 36\. \*\*In treating tinnitus, which therapeutic approach is often employed to help manage symptoms?\*\* \- A. Cognitive-behavioral therapy \- B. Antibiotic therapy \- C. Surgical intervention \- D. Corticosteroids 37\. \*\*A patient presents with pain, sleep disturbances, and fatigue. Which condition should the nurse suspect?\*\* \- A. Fibromyalgia \- B. Glaucoma \- C. Tinnitus \- D. Osteoarthritis 38\. \*\*Which type of pain is primarily described as a sharp, localized sensation?\*\* \- A. Chronic pain \- B. Neuropathic pain \- C. Nociceptive pain \- D. Referred pain 39\. \*\*What should the nurse include when teaching a patient about glaucoma treatment?\*\* \- A. It is essential to take medications only when experiencing symptoms. \- B. Treatment can prevent further damage to the optic nerve. \- C. Surgery is the only effective treatment option. \- D. Glaucoma is a reversible condition. 40\. \*\*Which intervention is a primary focus for managing pain in fibromyalgia?\*\* \- A. Increased rest and inactivity \- B. Use of opioid analgesics exclusively \- C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and physical therapy \- D. Elimination of all medications