Introduction to Pharmacy Practice I PDF

Introduction to Pharmacy practice I Endalamaw.A (B.pharm , MSc in clinical Pharmacy) 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 1  Course objective: After completion of this course students will be able to: To enable students enhance their skill level i...

Introduction to Pharmacy practice I Endalamaw.A (B.pharm , MSc in clinical Pharmacy) 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 1  Course objective: After completion of this course students will be able to: To enable students enhance their skill level in the different areas of community pharmacy; To deliver different pharmaceutical services at hospital pharmacy settings; To enable students develop competence in the production and quality assurance of pharmaceuticals; 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 2  Cont. Develop the capability to comfortably and confidently provide drug information to individuals and groups; To control the quality of drugs, cosmetics, food and drinks; To enable students aware of R&D of Natural/Herbal Medicine; To enable students develop competence in inventory control and store management, quantification and procurement process, the use and implementation of LMIS and APTS. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 3 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 4  Objectives After completing this session you will able to:  Define what is pharmacy practice and its aims and roles  Define what is meant by Clinical pharmacy its requirements, areas and roles in health outcome  The role of clinical pharmacists and their activities 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 5  Pharmacy Practice is the discipline within Pharmacy that involves developing the professional roles of the pharmacist.  Pharmacy Practice is vital, since it facilitates and enables pharmacists to fully exploit their substantial knowledge and expertise in areas such as pharmacology, pharmaceutics, chemistry and therapeutics within a clinical context. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 6  Pharmacy Practice Aim  The practice of pharmacy aimed at providing and promoting the best use of drugs and other health care services and products, by patients and members of the public.  It requires that the welfare of the patient is the pharmacist's prime concern at all times. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 7  The Pharmacy Profession  Medicinal therapy is the most frequently used form of treatment intervention in any health practice setting.  Its use has grown dramatically as the population has aged, the prevalence of chronic disease has increased, new infectious diseases have emerged and the range of effective medications has broadened.  At one time, the acts of deciding on drug therapy and implementing it were relatively simple, safe and inexpensive. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 8 The Pharmacy Profession  The physician prescribed and the pharmacist dispensed.  However, there is substantial evidence to show that the traditional method of prescribing and dispensing medication is no longer appropriate to ensure safety, effectiveness and adherence to drug therapy. The consequences of medicine-related errors are costly in terms of hospitalizations, physician visits, laboratory tests and remedial therapy. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 9  Clinical Pharmacy  Clinical pharmacy is defined as that area of pharmacy concerned with the science and practice of rational medication use.  It includes all the services performed by pharmacists practising in hospitals, community pharmacies, nursing homes, home-based care services, clinics and any other setting where medicines are prescribed and used.  The term “clinical” does not necessarily imply an activity implemented in a hospital setting. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 10  The paradigm shift of Pharmacy?  The discipline of pharmacy embraces the knowledge on synthesis, chemistry and preparation of drugs  Clinical pharmacy is more oriented to the analysis of population needs with regard to medicines, ways of administration, patterns of use and drug effects on patients.  The focus of attention moves from the drug to the single patient or population receiving drugs. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 11  Goals of Clinical Pharmacy  To promote the correct and appropriate use of medicinal products and devices.  These activities aim at: – Maximising the clinical effect of medicines – Minimising the risk of treatment-induced adverse events – Minimising the expenditures for pharmacological treatments. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 12  Clinical Pharmacy Requirements Knowledge of drug therapy Knowledge of Knowledge of nondrug the disease therapy Knowledge of Therapeutic laboratory planning and diagnostic skills skills Patient care Drug Communication Information skills Skills Physical Patient assessment monitoring skills skills 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 13  Clinical Pharmacists  Clinical pharmacists are practitioners who provide comprehensive medication management and related care for patients in all health care settings.  They are licensed pharmacists with specialized advanced education and training who possess the clinical competencies necessary to practice in team- based, direct patient care environments. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 14  Cont.….  Participate as members of the health care team to provide high-quality, coordinated, patient-centered care to ensure that individuals and populations achieve the best possible outcomes from their medications. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 15  Clinical Pharmacists…  Assess medication-related needs, evaluate medication therapy, develop and implement plans of care, and provide follow-up evaluation and medication monitoring in collaboration with other members of the health care team. – Interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, identify the most appropriate drug and nondrug therapies, and teach patients and caregivers about medications and how to use them. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 16  Clinical Pharmacists…  Work directly with doctors, other health care professionals, and patients to ensure that the medications prescribed for patients contribute to the best possible health outcomes. With physicians attend ward rounds and clinical meetings as a member of the healthcare team. acts as an Auditor on physicians' prescribing habits consults with the patient’s doctors and other health care providers in selecting the medication therapy that best meets the patient’s needs and contributes effectively to the overall therapy goals. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 17  Clinical Pharmacists… Facilitates physician’s decision making by participating in DTC (developing & updating formularies, updating clinical guidelines and conducting Pharmacoeconomic studies) With Nurses – Provide nursing staff with adequate information about, Medications and their therapeutic use, method of administration, potential adverse effects, and different dosage forms. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 18  Clinical Pharmacists… With patients Provide direct patient care to the greatest extent possible in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Are responsible for continuity of care for patients’ medication therapy, Pharmacists and pharmacy departments should take a leadership role in developing and implementing policies and procedures for admissions, discharges, and transfers so that patients’ medication therapy is well managed regardless of patient transitions across care settings 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 19  Clinical Pharmacists…  Clinical pharmacist is a primary source of scientifically valid information and advice on the best use of medications emphasizes that the clinical pharmacist serves as an objective, evidence-based source of therapeutic information and recommendations at three different levels:-  Before the prescribing process,  During the prescribing process  After the prescribing process 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 20  Clinical Pharmacists…  Before the prescribing process  Development of prescribing policies and treatment guidelines, Medication formularies  Provide medication information  Involved in clinical trials at different levels 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 21  Clinical Pharmacists…  During the prescribing process  Influence the attitudes and priorities of prescribers in their choice of correct treatments.  Monitor, detect and prevents medication related problems.  The clinical pharmacist pays special attention to the dosage of drugs which need therapeutic monitoring. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 22  Clinical Pharmacists… After the prescribing process Preparation of personalized formulation Communicating and counseling patients. Monitoring treatment response, check and improve patients' compliance with their medications. Medication use evaluation (MUE) Outcome research &Pharmacoeconomic studies 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 23  Clinical Pharmacists…  Involved in all aspects of drug therapy – ensure appropriate, safe, cost-effective care – ensure problems requiring drug therapy are treated – check appropriateness of medication – check dose, dosage form, administration technique – monitor effects of medication laboratory results patient-specific parameters 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 24  Activities of Clinical Pharmacists The principale activities of a clinical pharmacist include:  Consulting: Analysing therapies, advising health care practitioners on the correctness of drug therapy and providing pharmaceutical care to patients both at hospital and community level.  Selection of drugs: Defining "drug formularies" or "limited lists of drugs" in collaboration with hospital doctors, general practitioners and decision makers.  Drug information: Seeking information and critically evaluating scientific literature; organising information services for both the health care practitioners and the patients. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 25  Activities of Clinical Pharmacists  Medication Review: Review medication chart, PMH  Attending Rounds  Drug use studies and research  Clinical trials  PK/Therapeutic drug monitoring: Studying the kinetics of drugs and optimising the dosage. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 26  Clinical Pharmacist Job description  In-Patient Care  Out-Patient Care 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 27  In Patient Care Ward pharmacist: Responsibilities  Must be involved in medical rounds with the other health care professionals and participates in: Developing a pharmaceutical care plan  Collecting and organizing patient-specific information Assures the Medication of choice for a particular patient condition is ordered& Selects medication products that are effective are cost-beneficial, and promote patient compliance. Determines Medication therapy compliance with protocols, guidelines, or recommendations. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 28  In Patient Care … Assures there are no contraindications for selected medication products (e.g., allergy, history of severe adverse reaction). Recommends medication discontinuation or dosage alteration when indicated. Identifies potentially significant Medication- Medication, -food, -laboratory, and –disease interactions Obtains and uses clinical laboratory data to evaluate appropriateness of Medication product selection and/or dosing regimen. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 29  In Patient Care …  Provides and evaluates Medication therapy orders for appropriateness of dosage, route, interval, schedule, and duration throughout patient's hospital course.  Determining the presence of medication-therapy problems  Summarizing patients’ health care needs.  Specifying pharmacotherapeutic goals.  Developing a pharmacotherapeutic regimen and corresponding monitoring plan in collaboration with the patient and other health professionals.  Initiating the pharmacotherapeutic regimen. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 30  In Patient Care…  Monitoring the effects of the pharmacotherapeutic regimen.  Documenting pharmaceutical care plan on a specially designed record.  Answering Medication information queries to physicians & other health professionals.  Patient education and counseling. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 31  In Patient Care…  Providing in-service education for Pharmacy students ,intern pharmacists ,postgraduate pharmacists, pharmacy staff ,pharmacy technicians and other health professionals.  Patient education and counseling. Verify that patients have sufficient understanding, knowledge, and skill to follow their pharmacotherapeutic regimens and monitoring plans. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 32  Cont.…. – Provide information orally and use visual aids or demonstrations to fill patients’ gaps in knowledge and understanding. – Document education and counseling on a specially designed counseling record. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 33  Outpatient care  Clinical pharmacists working in outpatient clinics especially that provide direct care to high-risk patients, including those with severe diabetes, those on anticoagulants, renal impairment and others.  Responsibilities Medication reconciliation Monitor patients according to key indicators Adjust medication doses as necessary, Improve patient compliance Report medication errors Educate patients and providers about managing these conditions. 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 34  Clinical Pharmacy Practice Areas Ambulatory care Nephrology Critical care Obstetrics and gynecology Drug Information Pulmonary disease Geriatrics and long –term Psychiatry care Internal medicine and Rheumatology subspecialties Nuclear pharmacy Cardiology Nutrition Endocrinology Pediatrics Gastroenterology Pharmacokinetics Infectious disease Surgery Neurology 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 35  Thank you 8/12/2024 Endalamaw 36