Medicinal Leaves Part 1 - Copy PDF

Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology Crude drugs whose active constituents are localized in leaves The pharmacognostical study includes: 1. Botanical studies: to be able to identify the drug in its entire form and identify its powder. 2. Overview on the main ac...

Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology Crude drugs whose active constituents are localized in leaves The pharmacognostical study includes: 1. Botanical studies: to be able to identify the drug in its entire form and identify its powder. 2. Overview on the main active constituents, uses and side effects of each drug.  Name (English& Arabic): SENNA (Folium Senna) ‫أوراق السنامكى‬ Scientific name: Cassia senna Origin: The dried leaflets of (C. acutifolia) known as Alexandrian senna or C. angustifolia known as Indian senna F. Leguminoseae. Origin: part used and its condition (latin name) (family) Recently, C. angustifolia is named C. senna acutifolia: leaves with acute apex angustifolia: narrow leaves Active constituents: 1.Anthraquinone glycosides: known as Sennosides A, B, C and D. 2. Free Anthraquinone (aglycones): Rhein, Aloe emodin. 3. Mucilage. Tip: Important to know the name of the main A.C. And its nature Uses: (stimulant laxative) 1. Small doses: laxative in case of acute constipation 2. Large doses: Purgative (e.g., before surgery) 3. Very large doses: Cathartic Its action starts 6-8 hours after ingestion. Because they are absorbed from large intestine. It acts on the colon and stimulate its muscles. It increases the peristalsis, so increase releasing of feaces. Do not mix between the name of disease and name of the phramcological action Side effects: nausea, griping and cramp-like discomforts of gastrointestinal tract, so volatile oil containing drugs are added to the preparation, e.g. mentha, anise. They counteract the griping (light cramps) effect caused by stimulant laxatives. They have antispasmodic action Do not use for long time --- habituation (dependence) (intestinal muscles will move only when externally stimulated with the drug) N.B.: it is taken once daily before sleep or after dinner, Its action starts 6-8 hours after administration. Contraindications: Intestinal obstruction or inflammation, Colitis, appendicitis (danger of intestinal rupture or perforation ) During pregnancy (abortion) and lactation (secreted in milk) Children under 12 years old Chronic constipation N.B. Stimulant laxative should not be given to patients suffering from spastic colon. Products in the Egyptian market How to identify and distinguish Senna leaves (entire form) 1. Leaf composition: compound paripinnate 2. Apex: acute mucronate. 3. Has pulvinus Rachis Compound paripinnate petiole Alternate pulvinus phyllotaxis Both species are compound paripinnate leaves Alexandrian Indian  Morphology of leaflet: Differences Alexandrian senna Indian senna Colour Greyish green Yellowish green Shape Ovate lanceolate lanceolate Size Smaller Larger Surface Pubescent surface less pubescent (more hairy) Acute or mucronate Entire margin More asymmetric base Less asymmetric base Surface preparation Shape: polygonal isodiametric Anticlinal walls: straight Cuticle: smooth Stomata: paracytic Paracytic stomata  Surface preparation Cicatrix: scar left after the fall of the hair Nonglandular hair Paracytic stomata  Micromorphology of senna leaflets Transverse section in lamina and midrib parts Photo: Scanning microscope shows a transverse cut in a leaf Micromorphology of senna leaflets : Transverse section in lamina part Mucilage deposit I- Lamina: Isobilateral. Lower palisade is shorter and have wavy walls. Micromorphology of senna leaflets : Transverse section in lamina part Mucilage deposite Upper Epidermis Upper Palisade Spongy tissue Clusters of Ca ox. Lower Palisade Lower Epidermis I- Lamina: Isobilateral. Lower palisade is shorter and have wavy walls.  Upper Epidermis Upper Palisade Crystal sheath Pericyclic fiber Xylem vessel Phloem Pericyclic fiber Collenchyma Lower Epidermis  How to describe T.S. sector of the leaf Five items to describe the leaf T.S.: 1. Leaf is isobilateral or dorsiventral. 2. Palisade is continuous or discontinuous in the midrib region. 3. Shape (crescent, circular,….) and type of vascular bundle: collateral, bicollateral or …….. 4. Pericycle is composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, or fibre. 5. Cell content  T.S. sector in the Senna leaflet 1. Leaf is isobilatral. 2. Palisade is continuous on upper surface and discontinuous on lower surface. 3. Crescent shape vascular bundle which is collateral. 4. Pericycle composed of lignified fibres. 5. Cell of spongy tissue contain clusters of Ca oxalate. Mucilage in epidermal cells. Crystal sheath is present.  Powdered senna Palisade Clusters of Ca ox. Non gl. Hairs cicatrix Crystal sheath Hair Paracytic stomata How to identify powder of senna leaves Main elements chracterizing the powder: 1. Presence of nonglandular unicellular hair which is covered with warty cuticle. Cicatrix: is a scar left after falling of the hair. 2. Crystal sheath: group of fibers surrounded by parenchyma cells where each cell contains prisms of Ca oxalate Chemical test: Borntrager’s test (+ve with anthraquinones) Powdered Senna + KOH ---- red color which indicates that it contains free anthraquinone.  Key words and mind map A.C: Sennoside A, B, C, D. Name of A.C. ? Nature ? Senna Anthraquinone Stricking botanical leaves glycoside charcters Compound paripinnate Use ? Stimulant laxative Avoid in pregnancy, intestinal obstruction, Constipation  Name :Digitalis Leaf (Foxglove) Origin: the dried leaves of D. purpurea, D. lanata F. Scrophulariaceae. Collected and rapidly dried at a temperature not exceeding 55-60 oC It is dried by vacuum drying or lyophilization or Flash drying. It is collected in the afternoon. Before the expansion of the flowers in June because these leaves are more rich in glycosides. Lanata: yellow , purpurea: purple. Medicinal Action: Cardiotonic (increases the contractability and improves the tones of cardiac muscle leading to slower but stronger heart beats, so it is used in most forms of heart failure). Uses: 1. Congestive heart failure. 2. Atrial fibrillation. The Active Constituents: Nature: Cardiac glycosides Digoxigenin D. Lanata contain: Lanatoside A, B, C, D,E D. Purpurea contain: Purpurea glycosides A, B, E digitoxose digitoxose Lanatosides A, B, E have quite similar structure digitoxose AC of pupurea glycosides A, B, E; the only difference is the acetylation of the third sugar glucose unit -ose: sugar -genin: aglycone The Active Constituents: Cardiac glycosides Digoxigenin D. Lanata contain: Lanatoside A, B, C, D,E D. Purpurea contain: Purpurea glycosides A, B, E digitoxose (1ry glycoside) Lanatoside C digitoxose (Digoxigenin—digitoxose—digitoxose—acetyldigitoxose—glucose) (--------------------------------digoxin---------------------------glucose) digitoxose AC Enzyme (selective), removes terminal sugar glucose (2ry glycoside) Digoxin + glucose (Digoxigenin—digitoxose—digitoxose—acetyldigitoxose) Alkali (removes acetyl gp.) (Digoxigenin—digitoxose—digitoxose—digitoxose) Acid Digoxigenin + 3 digitoxose units -ose: sugar -genin: aglycone  Products in the Market Digoxin Injection BP 500 micrograms/2ml Digoxin Tablets BP 250 micrograms Macro- and micromorphology of Digitalis Digitalis purpurea D. lanata ovate Linear lanceolate Beaded anticlinal walls Only in D. lanata Collapsed hairs Only in D. purpurea  Digitalis purpurea D. lanata 1. Epidermis Wavy walls, no beads Beaded 1. Collapsed hairs present absent 1. A.C. (cardiac Cardiac glycosides: Lanatosides A,B and glycosides) purpurea glycoside A,B E (acetyl of purpurea &E glycoside A,B & E). Saponin Lanatosides Flavones C-D 1. Cardiotonic Less More activity  Chemical tests of cardiac glycosides: Baljet`s test: (positive only with cardenolides) Purified extract + Baljet`s reagent (picric acid + NaOH) ----- orange red color. +ve Key words and mind map Lanatoside Name of A.C. ? Nature ? Digitalis D. lanata Cardiac glycoside Use ? Beaded Cardiotonic anticlinal walls Congestive heart failure Solanaceous Leaves  Summary: Striking features of Solanaceous leaves Also to most members of Solanaceae A. Morphology: 1. Presence of adnation. B. Micromorpholgy Clavate hair a) Epidermis: 1) Anisocytic stomata. 2) Numerous glandular hairs, especially clavate hair. 3) Presence of non glandular hairs in some species. b) Vascular bundle: 1) Presence of patches of perimedullar phloem. 2) Endodermis is distinct and also termed (starch sheath). c) Calcium oxalate: a) Present and have different forms and aggregation (e.g.) crystal layer, idioblast, twin prism General characters of Solanaceous Leaves: 1- Adnation (congenital fusion between 2 different parts). 2- All Solanaceous leaves contain mydriatic alkaloids called atropine, hyoscine and hyoscyamine. 3- All solanaceous leaves contain: a- Anisocytic stomata b- Non glandular hairs c- Glandular hairs (clavate hair) d- Ca oxalate crystals (cluster, prism and microsphenoid) e- Presence of perimedullary phloem (Patches of phloem above the xylem). F- presence of endodermis (starch sheath) surrounding the pericycle. Adnation Adnation (congenital fusion between 2 different parts). Adnation: the branch appear to directly arise from stem not in axil of the leaf (???!!!) and the leaf arise on the branch No adnation: the branch arise in axil of the leaf, and leaf is attached to the stem  Adnation Belldonna Stramonium Hyoscyamus Leaves are originally alternate but appear opposite Each node has a larger Leaves adnate with the Leaves adnate with the leaf from the lower branch originating at its branch originating at its internode and a smaller axil and appear coming axil and appear coming leaf from the branch not from the branch not from the stem from the stem  Solanaceous leaves Origin: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa belladonna Datura stramonium Hyoscyamus muticus ‫ست الحسن‬ ‫الداتورا‬ ‫السكران المصرى‬ Family : Solanaceae Family : Solanaceae Family : Solanaceae Macromorphology to differentiate between the 3 plants Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus muticus stramonium Shape ovate, broadly ovate triangular ovate Rhomboidal Margin Entire irregular dentate irregular dentate Surface Nearly glabrous Nearly glabrous Hairy (desert plant) Venation Pinnate reticulate, Pinnate reticulate Pinnate reticulate anastomosing Fleshy and hairy (desert) Both are papery  Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus stramonium muticus Active Hyoscyamine and Hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine constituents atropine Little hyoscine Little hyoscine Traces hyoscine Uses 1-Antispasmodic due to the presence of hyoscine and hyoscyamine (parasympa and alleviate the gripping caused by laxatives. tholytic) OR 2- Mydriatic due to presence of atropine dilates the eye pupils so (sympatho used before eye examination. mimetic) 3- Decrease the secretion of saliva, sweat, milk and gastric juice so used to treat stomach and intestine ulcer. 4. Cerebral and spinal sedative. 5. Bronchodilator used in bronchial asthma. Contra-indicated: in case of glaucoma Normal and dilated eye pupil Spasm Microscopical characters: Surface preparation: A. belladonna D. Stramonium H. muticus Microscopical characters: Surface preparation: A. belladonna D. Stramonium H. muticus 1) Polygonal with 1) Polygonal with 1) Polygonal with strongly wavy more or less slightly wavy walls, sinuous walls. walls 2) striated 2) smooth cuticle 2) smooth cuticle cuticle 3) anisocytic 3) anisocytic 3) anisocytic stomata stomata stomata clavate hair (club shaped hair) (multicellular head and unicellular stalk). Present in the three species) Glandular, with multicellular, uniseriate stalk and unicellular head. Only in Belladonna and Datura Glandular hair with branched stalk and unicellular head. only in Hyoscyamus Non-glandular, multicellular , uniseriate hair with enlarged basal cell and covered with warty cuticle. Only in Datura  Belladonna Stramonium Hyoscyamus Dorsiventral............................. Palisade is discontinuous in the midrib region Crescent shape collateral V.B. With patches of perimedullary phloem Parenchymatous or collenchymatous pericyle. Endodermis: the layer surrounds the pericycle (starch sheath), i.e it is distinct Idioblast Crystal layer Prism, twin prism Vascular bundle in Patches of perimedullary solanaceous leaves: phloem or intraxylary 1. Collateral V.B. phloem Accompanied with patches of Endodermis perimedullary or Collenchymatous intraxylary pericycle phloem. 2. Collenchymatous or parenchymatous pericycle 3. Endodermis is distinct and form (starch sheath)  Crescent shaped vascular Perimedullary bundle phloem endodermis Xylem Collateral vascular bundle Parenchymatous pericycle Phloem Midrib region of Belladonna leaf  Powders A. belladonna D. Stramonium H. muticus Branched hair Idioblast Large cell contain microsphenoidal crystals of Ca oxalate. Clavate hair Crystal layer First row of spongy tissue beneath the palisade contain cluster of calcium oxalate. A. belladonna D. Stramonium H. muticus Branched hair Idioblast Crystal layer Twin prism Non glandular hair with (rare) enlarged base  Summary: Striking features of Solanaceous leaves Also to most members of Solanaceae A. Morphology: 1. Presence of adnation. B. Micromorpholgy Clavate hair a) Epidermis: 1) Anisocytic stomata. 2) Numerous glandular hairs, especially clavate hair. 3) Presence of non glandular hairs in some species. b) Vascular bundle: 1) Presence of patches of perimedullary phloem. 2) Endodermis is distinct and also termed (starch sheath). c) Calcium oxalate: a) Present and have different forms and aggregation (e.g.) crystal layer, idioblast, twin prism Chemical test (Vitali`s test) special for solanaceous alkaloids Pure alkaloid + conc. HNO3 + Alcoholic KOH-------- violet color Links for videos: Peristaltic movement: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujr0UAbyPS4 Congestive heart failure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnpLm9fzYxU  Atropine Hyoscine Hyoscamine Atopa belladonna Datura stramonium Mydriatic Hyoscyamus muticus Antispasmodic (spasm) Decrease secretions of saliva and intestine (before operations) sedative Anisocytic stomata Clavate hair Collateral V.B. with perimedullary phloem Endodermis Crystal layer, idioblast,