Pharmacognosy (PPC102) Revision Notes Spring 2024 PDF

Spring 2024 Revision Lecture 1 PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 2  1. Semen Trigonellae (Fenugreek) ❑ Botanical origin The dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., family Fabaceae ❑ Description...

Spring 2024 Revision Lecture 1 PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 2  1. Semen Trigonellae (Fenugreek) ❑ Botanical origin The dried seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L., family Fabaceae ❑ Description https://www.walmart.com/ip/Fenugreek-Seeds-Whole/356344529 The very hard seeds have a strong characteristic odour and are irregularly rhomboidal and oblong or square in outline. They are somewhat flattened and are divided into two unequal parts by a groove in the widest surfaces. https://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Textbook-Materia-Medica/Fenugreek-Seeds-Semina-Foeni-Graeci.html PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 3 ❑ Active constituents ✓ Pyridine-type alkaloid trigonelline N.B.) it serves as the reference substance for the BP/EP TLC identification test for the drug ✓ Steroidal sapogenin Diosgenin (oily embryo) ✓ A non-essential amino acid, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, which constitutes up to 80% of the free amino acid composition of fenugreek seeds and has been shown to possess insulin-stimulating properties both in vitro and in vivo ✓ Fixed oil (5-10 %) ✓ Mucilage 24 % (galactomannans) N.B.) Based on mucilage content, the BP/EP sets a swelling index of not less than 6.0 for the powdered seeds PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 4 PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 5 ❑ Uses and therapeutic applications ✓ Fenugreek may help stimulate breast milk production and ease the flow (Lactagauage) ✓ It improves insulin sensitivity and action (antidiabetic effect) ✓ It improves weight loss N.B.) Fenugreek may suppress the appetite and increase feelings of fullness, which could help reduce overeating and lead to weight loss. ✓ Raise testosterone and boost sperm count ✓ Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ✓ Diosgenin is used for the commercial synthesis of steroid products (cortisone, progesterone, etc.) e.g., for contraceptive pills. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 6  2. Semen Psyllii (Psyllium) ❑ Botanical origin The dried, ripe seeds of Plantago afra (P.psyllium), P.indica (P.arenaria) and P. ovata Family, Plantaginaceae. ✓ Common names: Planatgo seeds, Flea seeds https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/psyllium-seed-10510674573.html N.B.) The US National Formulary includes all three species under the name ‘Plantago Seed’. The BP/EP describes the seeds of the first two species under the title ‘Psyllium’ and the husks of seeds of P. ovata are included under ‘Ispaghula Husk’. The latter consists of the epidermis and collapsed adjacent layers removed from the ripe seeds. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 7 ❑ Uses ✓ Plantago seeds are used as demulcents and in the treatment of chronic constipation. ✓ Plantago seeds might help in weight loss ✓ Ispaghula husk is used for similar purposes but has a higher swelling factor (40–90). Mechanism o Mucilage increases the bulk in the stool, an effect that helps to cause movement of the intestines. o It also works by increasing the amount of water in the stool, making the stool softer and easier to pass. N.B.) Psyllium, one type of bulk-forming laxative, has also been used along with a proper diet to treat high cholesterol. ✓ It is commonly used as a food ingredient in manufactured breakfast cereals. ❑ Dose o Doses of 5–10 g of Psyllium husk, three times per day o Also, psyllium could delay the absorption of certain medications, therefore, doctors often recommend that people avoid taking it with other medicines. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 8  3. Semen Lini (Flax seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum L., Family Linaceae Common names: Linseed ❑ Macroscopical characters https://www.operafoods.com.au/linseed-organic-australian-500g-boost-nutrients The seeds are ovate, flattened and obliquely pointed at one end; about 4–6 mm long and 2–2.5 mm broad. The testa is brown, glossy and finely pitted. Odorless; taste, mucilaginous and oily. A transverse cut shows a narrow endosperm and two large, planoconvex cotyledons. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 9 ❑ Constituents ✓ Fixed oil (30-40 %) ✓ Mucilage (6 %), (BP swelling index for whole seeds not less than 4.0) ✓ Proteins (25%) ✓ Small quantities of the cyanogenetic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin ✓ Lignans: (–)-pinoresinol diglucoside ✓ Lignan precursor: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 10 ❑ Linseed oil The extraction of linseed oil is done mechanically via a mill, and the remaining cake is used as a cattle food. Physical characters Linseed oil of BP quality is a yellowish-brown drying oil with a characteristic odor and bland taste; much commercial oil has a marked odor and acrid taste. On exposure to air, it gradually thickens and forms a hard varnish It has a high iodine value (not less than 175), as it contains considerable quantities of the glycosides of unsaturated acids Types of fatty acids in linseed: ❑ Unsaturated fatty acid ✓ α-linolenic acid, C17H29COOH (36–50%) omega-3 ✓ γ-linoleic acid C17H31COOH (23–24%) omega-6 ✓ oleic acid C17H33COOH (10–18%) ❑ Saturated acids: myristic, stearic and palmitic (5–11%). PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 11 ❑ Uses ✓ Crushed linseed is used in the form of a poultice ✓ Whole seeds are employed to make demulcent preparations ✓ The oil is used in liniments, and research has suggested that hydrolysed linseed oil has potentially useful antibacterial properties as a topical preparation in that it is effective against Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to antibiotics ✓ Linseed cake is a valuable cattle food ✓ Cardioprotective effect (due fatty acids) ✓ May reduce cancer risk, (due to lignans) ✓ May aid weight control ✓ May reduce blood sugar level ✓ May lower cholesterol level (help in atherosclerosis, due to omega-3 fatty acids) PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 12 Lecture 2 PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 1 3  4. Semen Cardamomi (Cardamom seed) ❑ Botanical origin The dried ripe seed of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, family Zingiberaceae, recently removed from the capsule. Contains not less than 3.3% essential oil (v/w). ✓ Common names: habbahan, habbahal, hab el haal ❑ Geographical distribution Native to India https://www.theayurvedashop.online/single-spices-herbs/cardamom-pods-80g 4 PPC102_Medicinal Seeds Cardamom seed ❑ Major chemical constituents Essential oil (2–8% ): the major constituents of which are: ✓ 1,8-cineole (20–40%) ✓ (+)-α-terpinyl acetate (30–42%) ✓ α-terpineol (4–45%) ❑ Pharmacological effects ✓ Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities ✓ Antimicrobial effects Uses described in traditional medicine ✓ Antispasmodic activity Treatment of asthma, bronchitis, colic, coughs, fainting, fever, ✓ Antiulcer activity rheumatism, stomach cramps and urinary stones. Also used as ✓ Choleretic activity an aphrodisiac, appetizer, diuretic and emmenagogue PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 15  5. Semen Myristicae (Nutmeg seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the kernel of the dried ripe seeds of Myristica fragrans Houtten., family Myristicaceae. ❑ Geographical distribution Native to the Molucca or Spice Islands in Indonesia ❑ Description ▪ The kernel consists of the outer and inner perisperm, endosperm and embryo ▪ It is greyish brown in color, with numerous reddish -spots on them https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/the-new-staples-oat- groats-hibiscus-flowers-nutmeg-and-mace/ ▪ The line of raphe extends to opposite end of the kernel to the chalaza ▪ The seed has an arillus outgrowth known as mace PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 16 Nutmeg seed ❑ Constituents ✓ Volatile oil (5-15 %): α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene and myristicin are the major components ✓ Fixed oil ✓ Coloring matter ✓ Saponin ❑ Uses Nutmeg is aromatic, carminative, flavoring agent. Both nutmeg and mace are used for flatulence, and reducing nausea and vomiting Allied drugs. Bombay nutmegs are derived from M. malabarica, grown in India. They are very long and narrow and lack the characteristic aroma of the genuine drug. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 17 Nutmeg seed myristicin The psychotropic potential of myristicin is related to its metabolism into (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) (MMDA), an amphetamine derivative that is reported to have a more potent hallucinogenic effect. MMDA Note: Minimum dosage of nutmeg that can cause psychogenic effect is 5 g (ground nutmeg) with 1 to 2 mg myristicin content and this dosage is considered as 'toxic dose'. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 18 Strophanthus seed 6. Semen Strophanthi (Strophanthus seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombé Oliv. deprived of their awns, family Apocynaceae. Note: The name Strophanthus is derived from the Greek strophos (a twisted cord or rope) and anthos (a flower), thus expressing appearance of long and tail-like segments of the corolla. ❑ Geographical distribution Native to East Africa, Cameroon. ❑ Description The seeds are broad, plano-convex and lanceolate in shape with acuminate ends and silvery grey to yellowish green in color. Odor is characteristic musty and taste very bitter. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 19  ❑ Bioactive principles: Cardiac glycosides (8–10% ) based on the genin strophanthidin ✓ K-strophanthoside ✓ K-strophanthin-b ✓ Cymarin Glycoside R K-strophanthoside Cymarose-β-glucose-α-glucose K-strophanthin-b Cymarose-β-glucose Cymarin Cymarose Note: cymarose that is methoxy digitoxose which gives positive reaction for Keller–Killiani test PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 20 Strophanthus seed Note: Strophanthus gratus (Apocynaceae) seeds contain 4–8% of ouabain (G-strophanthin), a rhamnose glycoside more stable than those present in other species. Ouabain is isolated in a pure crystalline form and has been used as a standard in biological assays and for the preparation of ouabain injections. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 21  Strophanthus seed Chemical tests ❑ Keller-Killiani test (test for deoxy sugar) o Boil 0.5 g of powdered seed with 5 ml of 70% alcohol for 2-3 minutes, filter o To the filtrate add 5 ml of water and 0.2 ml of strong solution of lead acetate, shake and filter. o Shake the filtrate with 5 ml chloroform, allow to separate, pipette off the chloroform and remove the solvent by gentle evaporation in a porcelain dish. o Dissolve the cooled residue in 3 ml of glacial acetic acid containing 3 drops of 5 % FeCl3 solution. o Carefully transfer this solution to a test tube, and add 2 ml ·of Conc. H2SO4, a reddish-brown layer forms at the junction of the two phases and the upper layer slowly becomes bluish-green, darkening with standing. PPC102_Medicinal Leaves 22 Strophanthus seed ❑ Baljet test (test for cardenolides) Extract 0.5 g. of the powder with 5 ml of 70% alcohol and filter, purify the filtrate as mentioned using lead acetate then filter. To a portion of the filtrate, add few drops of 5% alc. NaOH solution, followed by few drops of alcoholic picric acid solution (2%), an orange-red color is produced. ❑ Liebermann-burchard test (test for steroids) Extract the powder with chloroform and then add few drops of acetic anhydride and conc. H2SO4, a reddish brown is formed, which is the change to greenish upon shaking. PPC102_Medicinal Leaves 23 Pumpkin seed 7. Semen Cucurbitae (Pumpkin seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seeds of Cucurbita pepo L., family Cucurbitaceae. ❑ Geographical distribution Native to North America and cultivated worldwide ❑ General appearance o The seeds are ovate and flat with a creamy-white testa http://www.the-alchemiss.com/blog/2015/11/8/alchemiss-aroma-pumpkin o The seed is non-endospermic o Embryo easily separated from testa, entirely covered in a dark olive-green pellicle PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 24 Pumpkin seed ❑ Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data Pumpkin seeds are used for symptomatic treatment of difficulties with micturition associated with stage I–II prostatic adenoma (benign prostate hyperplasia) and irritable bladder. http://www.the-alchemiss.com/blog/2015/11/8/alchemiss-aroma-pumpkin PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 25 Horse chestnut seed 8. Semen Hippocastani (Horse chestnut seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L., family Hippocastanaceae, contains not less than 3.0% triterpene saponins, calculated as aescin (escin). ❑ Geographical distribution Native to Western Asia and is widely distributed over the world as an ornamental ❑ General appearance o Seeds are globulous or ovoid in shape o They are dark brown color upon maturation o The large whitish spot is corresponding to the hilum https://www.evear-extraction.com/en/produits/marron-inde/ PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 26 Horse chestnut seed ❑ Major chemical constituents Triterpene saponins (up to 10%), collectively referred to as aescin (also known as escin) and are considered the active therapeutic principles. Note: Aescin exists in three forms, α-aescin, β-aescin and cryptoaescin, which are differentiated by their physical properties. β-aescin Flavonoids: quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosyl derivatives, coumarins and tannins PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 27 ❑ Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data ✓ Internally, for treatment of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, including pain, feeling of heaviness in the legs, nocturnal calf-muscle spasms, itching and oedema ✓ Externally, for the symptomatic treatment of peripheral vascular disorders including haemorrhoids, varicose veins, and sprains and bruises. Gel containing 2% aescin is found to be effective in in reducing the tenderness to pressure haematoma) Note: escins have anti-inflammatory effect via inhibiting the activity of lysosomal enzymes that damage capillary walls; coumarins cause a thinning of the blood. Daily dosage: 250.0-312.5 mg twice daily of a standardized powdered extract of the crude drug (equivalent to 100 mg aescin) containing 16-20% triterpene glycosides, calculated as aescin. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 28  8. Semen Sinapis nigrae (Black Mustard seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seeds of Brassica nigra, family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) ✓ Synonyms: Sinapis nigra ❑ Geographical distribution Native to tropical regions of North Africa, temperate regions of Europe ❑ General appearance o They are reddish-brown in color o They have characteristic pungent odor (when crushed ) and slight pungent taste https://www.ecorefill.co.uk/view-all/black-mustard-seeds o The surface is minutely reticulate PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 29 ❑ Major chemical constituents Fixed oil (30-50 %) Proteins (20 %) Thioglycoside (glucosinolate) known as sinigrin (0.7-1.3 %) Myrosinase enzyme +H2O + glucose+ KHSO4 Myrosinase enzyme sinigrin Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) Allyl isothiocyanate is a volatile liquid with extremely pungent taste and odor PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 30 ❑ Uses Rubefacient and counterirritant for rhematic pain (often as Mustard plaster) Antioxidant In animals, allyl isothiocyanate showed many of the desirable attributes of a cancer chemopreventive agent. Rubefacient is a substance for topical application that produces redness of the skin by causing dilatation of the capillaries and thus increases the blood circulation. Counterirritant is a substance which creates irritation or mild inflammation in one location with the goal of lessening discomfort and/or inflammation in another location. PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 31  9. Semen Sinapis alba (White Mustard seed) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried ripe seeds of Brassica alba, family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) ✓ Synonyms: Sinapis alba ❑ Geographical distribution Native to tropical regions of North Africa, temperate regions of Europe ❑ General appearance o They are yellow in color o Upon crushing, seeds have no pungent odor, but have pungent taste PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 32 ❑ Major chemical constituents Fixed oil and protein Thioglycoside (glucosinolate) known as sinalbin Myrosinase enzyme + H2O X + XHSO4 + glucose Myrosinase enzyme 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate sinalbin (acrinyl isothiocyanate) Non-volatile liquid with pungent taste X= sinapine PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 34 ❑ Chemical Test Macerate powder + water and then filter. To the filtrate, add drops of Millon’s reagent and warm to give a red color N.B.) Black mustard gives no red color ❑ Uses Rubefacient and counterirritant for rhematic pain (often as Mustard plaster) Condiment and food additive Antioxidant (due to sinalbin) PPC102_Medicinal Seeds 34  Colchicum seeds ‫بذر‬ ‫اللحالح‬ Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Colchicum autamnale, Family: Liliaceae. Chemical constituents 1- Alkaloid (proto-alkaloid or alkaloidal amine group ) COLCHICINE O.8% 2- Resin named colchicoresin. 3- Fixed oil and reducing sugars. The medical uses 1. Relief the pains and inflammations caused by acute gout. 2. Treatment of Mediterranean Fever 3. Relief of rheumatism pains. 4. Anti cancer (antimitotic effect). Nux vomica  Nux vomica Origin : Dried ripe seeds of Strychnus nux-vomica Family :. Loganiaceae Active constituents: 1.Indole alkaloids; Brucine & Strychnine. 2.Caffeotannic acid. 3.Loganin glycosides. 4.F.O & protein  Chemical test: 1. Powder mounted with Mandelin's reagent (a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid), a violet color is produced (strychnine). 2. Powder in nitric acid shows an orange red color especially in the outermost part of the endosperm (brucine).  Nigella seeds ‫حـبـة‬ ‫ال رـبكـة‬ Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Nigella sativa, Family: Ranunculaceae Active constituents: 1- Volatile oil contains mainly: thymol, thymoquinone and dihydro-thymoquinone. 2- Fixed oil. 3- Saponins. Uses: 1- Bronchodilator in asthma and cough (dihydro- thymoquinone). 2- Oil has immunostimulant and antitumor effects. 3- Flavoring agent to bread.  Castor seeds ‫بذور‬ ‫الخـروع‬ Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Ricinus communis, Family: Euphorbiaceae. Active constituents: 1- Alkaloids: Ricinine, 2- Ricin (protein -highly lethal toxin- that inhibits protein synthesis, resulting in cell death). 3- Fixed oil and protein. Uses: 1- The oil is a powerful purgative (the seeds are toxic). 2- Externally, the oil has been recommended for tinea, forms a light coloured odourless soap or in the form of pastes. Side effects and toxicity: -The plant including the seeds contains an irritant substance named Ricin that poisons the blood. N.B: One of the most potent natural toxins known One seed can kill a child -The oil is safe because the poison remains in the seed where seeds themselves and the cake left after the expression of the oil.  Stramonium seeds Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Datura stramnium, Family: Solanaceae. Active constituents: - Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine and traces of Scopolamine (hyoscine), Uses: As muscle relaxant in bronchial asthma.  Calabar beans Origin: The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum, Family: Leguminoseae. Active constituents: 1- Alkaloid Physostigmine (eserine). 2- Starch and proteins. Uses: - Source of Physostigmine, as a myotic agent and an antidote for atropine.  1. Fructus Anisi (Anise fruit) ❑ Botanical origin The dried fruits of Pimpinella anisum L., family Apiaceae, contains less than 2% (v/w) volatile oil. ❑ Geographical distribution Indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean region https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/anisoon-pimpinella-anisum-aniseed-13202618791.html PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 50 ❑ Organoleptic properties Odor: characteristic, aromatic; taste: sweet, strongly aromatic ❑Powder (Key elements) ✓ Non-glandular unicellular hair with warty cuticle ✓ Branched vittae endocarp PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 51 ❑ Chemical constituents ✓ Essential oil (1.5–5.0%), the major constituent is trans-anethole (84–93%) ✓ Coumarins and flavonoids ❑ Chemical test ❑ Uses and effects With Sudan III, gives red color (due to oil) ✓ Carminative ✓ Antispasmodic ✓ Lactagogue ✓ Emmenagogue ✓ Antimicrobial ✓ Helps to treat mild inflammation of respiratory tract PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 52  2. Fructus Foeniculi (Fennel fruit) ❑ Botanical origin The dried fruits of Foeniculum vulgare L., family Apiaceae. ❑ Geographical distribution Indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean region ❑ Macroscopical characters https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/fennel-seeds-13946729891.html Fruit an oblong cremocarp, glabrous mericarp, with five prominent ribs. PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 53 ❑ Chemical constituents ✓ Essential oil (2-6 %), the major constituent is trans-anethole (50–82%), fenchone (6-27 %). ❑ Chemical test With Sudan III, gives red color (due to oil) ❑ Uses and effects ✓ Symptomatic treatment of dyspepsia, bloating and flatulence ✓ Antispasmodic ✓ Lactagogue ✓ As an expectorant for mild inflammation of the upper respiratory tract ✓ Treatment of pain in dysmenorrhoea PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 54  3. Fructus Ammi Visnagae (Ammi visnaga fruit) ❑ Botanical origin The dried fruits of Ammi visnaga L., family Apiaceae. ✓ Common name: Khella baladi, toothpick-plant. ❑ Geographical distribution Indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean region (particularly in Egypt) ✓ Cremocarp usually separated into its mericarps Odour: slightly aromatic; taste: very bitte PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 55 ❑ Active principles Furanochromone derivatives ✓ Khellin (about 1%, the highest concentration being reported in the immature fruits) ✓ Visnagin ✓ khellol glucoside ❑ Uses and effects ✓ Khellin is used to expel renal calculi ✓ Khellin has muscle relaxant effect (thus used as antispasmodic for renal colic) ✓ Khellin is a potent coronary vasodilator (has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris) PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 56 ❑ Chemical tests Powder or extract + KOH pellets ---------------------------→ red color PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 57  4. Fructus Ammi majus ❑ Botanical origin The dried fruits of Ammi majus L., family Apiaceae. ✓ Common name: Khella shitani ❑ Geographical distribution Indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean region (particularly in Egypt) ✓ Cremocarp usually separated into its mericarps ✓ Odour: slightly aromatic; taste: very bitte PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 58 ❑ Active principles Furanocoumarin derivatives ✓ Xanthotoxin ✓ Imperatorin ✓ Bergapten psoriasis ❑ Uses supported by clinical data Treatment of skin disorders such as psoriasis and vitiligo (acquired leukoderma) vitiligo PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 59  5- Coriander Fruit (Cont.) Microscopical Characteristics: The mesocarp is parenchymatous but includes in between a thick layer of sclerenchyma consisting of pitted fusiform cells grouped into outer and inner regions. Both groups overlap at right angle to each other. No reticulate parenchyma The endocarp is a typical parquetry epidermis and has a hypodermis of pitted sclerieds  6- Caraway Fruit Fructus Carvi The dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi F. Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Cultivated mainly in Europe and Russia Active Constituents and Uses: Volatile oil (5 -7 %) Contains carvone (50 – 60 %) as main component of oil Used as carminative and flavouring agent  9- Celery Fruit ‫كرفس‬ Fructus Appi The dried ripe fruits of Apium graveolens F. Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) Active Constituents: Volatile oil (2 – 3 %) Used as sedative  10. Fructus Capsici (Chillies) ❑ Botanical origin The dried fruits of Capsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Miller), family Solanaceae. ✓ Common name: Chilli pepper, Red pepper ❑ Geographical distribution Chilies are native of America and cultivated in tropical regions of India, Japan, Mexico, Africa Fruit type: berries http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316944-2 PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 63 ❑ Powder ✓ Sclerides from endocarp (elongated with thin wall and wide lumen) ✓ Sclerides from testa (elongated with thick wall and narrow lumen) ✓ Orange-red oil droplets testa endocarp PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 64 ❑ Active principles Phenolic pungent principles known as capsaicinoids ✓ Capsaicin ✓ Dihydrocapsaicin Red carotenoids: capsanthin and capsorubin Terpenoid glycosides known as capsianosides (water soluble) Fixed oil NOTE: The pungency of capsicum is NOT destroyed by treatment with alkalis (distinction from gingerol) but is destroyed by oxidation with potassium dichromate or permanganate. PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 65 ❑ Uses ✓ Capsicums are used as a condiment ✓ The drug is given internally in atonic dyspepsia (Indigestion )and flatulence ✓ It is used externally as a counter-irritant, in the form of ointment, plaster, medicated wool, etc., for the relief of rheumatism, lumbago, etc. ✓ N.B.) Capsaicin creams are available for the relief of pain in osteoarthritis, post-herpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy (damage to the peripheral nerves, and signs may include, burning, or numb sensation). PPC102_Medicinal Fruits 66  Senna Pods (Cont.) Active Constituents: Anthraquinone glycosides (Sennosoides A, B, C & D) and Flavonoids Uses: Laxative in small doses. Purgative in large doses. Chemical Test: Borntrager test: Senna Powder is boiled with HCl then the filtrate is extracted with ether. Ether extract is shaken with KOH to give a rose red colour in the aq. Layer. Modified Borntrager test: Hydrolysis with oxidizing agent such as nitric acid.  16- Wheat Grain It is the dried grain “caryopsis” of Triticum vulgare or T. sativum F. Gramineae (Poaceae) Active Constituents: Starch (50‐ 60%), Proteins (8‐20%), Vitamins (A, B1, B2, E), Fats (up to 2.5%) Uses: In the production of starch, wheat bran and wheat germ oil  Wheat Grain (Cont.) Starch: – used as excipient to tablets Wheat Bran: – consists of spermoderm (pericarp + most of the aleurone layer + fragments of the starchy endosperm) – It is used as an appetite suppressant and in constipation Wheat Germ Oil: – Consists of pure, cold pressed fixed oil from freshly ground wheat embryo – Used in cases of anemia, liver impairment, decreased immunity, skin disorders and infertility  17- Star Anise The dried ripe fruit of Illicium verum F. Magnoliaceae Indigenous to China and cultivated in Florida Active Constituents: Volatile oil (5%) official as Oleum Anisi and contains anethole as chief component Uses: Flavouring agent and carminative Hemlock Fruit (Cont.) Macroscopic Characters: – Campylospermous endosperm (deeply grooved) – Innermost layer of mesocarp consists of lignified U shaped cells containing alkaloids Active Constituents: Alkaloids coniine (poisonous liquid and volatile), n‐methylconiine, conhydrine, coniceine. Uses: Very toxic and rarely used. Formerly used as an antispasmodic for whooping coughs. Death results from respiratory paralysis 20‐ Poppy Fruit Fructus Papaveris The dried nearly ripe fruits of Papaver somniferum F. Papaveraceae Native to Turkey, Parts of Asia Macroscopic Characters: The capsule bears a flat disc at its apex formed by the union of radiating stigmas. Opens by means of valves situated below the stigma  Poppy Fruit Active Constituents: – The latex (opium) which contains a number of medicinally active alkaloids: morphine, codeine, papaverine – Meconic acid – The seeds contain no alkaloids Uses: Source of opium and the alkaloids Morphine is a powerful analgesic Codeine is a strong cough depressant Papaverine is a smooth muscle relaxant  22- Vanilla Pods It is the fully grown but unripe fruits of Vanilla planifolia and V. tahitensia F. Orchidaceae which are subjected to careful curing. Cultivated in Tahiti, Mexico and Java Macroscopic Characters: Black Cylindrical capsules, longitudinally wrinkled and covered with minute white needle crystals of vanillin Agreeable aromatic fragrant characteristic odour and taste  Vanilla Pods (Cont.) Active Constituents: Vanillin (1-3%) The green fruit contains glucovanillin and glucovanillic alcohol Curing involved hydrolysis or hydrolysis and oxidation to produce Vanillin Uses: Perfumery & Confectionery Vanillin  ❑ Constituents ✓ Primary anthrone glycosides known as cascarosides A, B, C, D, E, F. N.B.) ❖ They contain both O- and C-glycosidic linkages ❖ Aglycones are aloin and chrysophanol ✓ Free anthraquinones: Aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and emodin in the free s tate ❑ Uses ✓ Cascara is a purgative resembling senna in its action Mode of action: The hydroxyanthracene derivatives stimulate movement of the large intestine resulting in faster transit ❑ Chemical test ✓ Borntrager’s test for anthraquinones PPC102_Medicinal Barks 76  6. Cortex Frangula (Frangula bark ) ❑ Botanical origin The dried bark of Rhamnus frangula L. (Rhamnaceae) ❑ Geographical origin ✓ Native to Britain and Europe https://www.baldwins.co.uk/baldwins-buckthorn-bark-rhamnus-frangula PPC102_Medicinal Barks 77 ❑ Active constituents ✓ Anthraquinone glycosides ❖ Glucofrangulin A and B ❖ Frangulin A and B ✓ The fresh bark also contains anthranols and anthrones, which are unstable and readily oxidize to the corresponding anthraquinones; ❑ Chemical test ✓ Borntrager’s test for anthraquinones ❑ Uses ✓ Frangula is a purgative resembling senna in its action PPC102_Medicinal Barks 78  7. Cortex Hamamelidis (Hamamelis bark ) ❑ Botanical origin The dried bark of Hamamelis virginiana L. (Hamamelidaceae), contains not less than 4% tannins Common names: Witch hazel bark ❑ Geographical origin ✓ Native to the Atlantic coast of North America ❑ Characters ✓ Channelled, up to 3 cm wide and 2 mm thick ✓ Outer surface light yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, has thin, whitish or greyish brown cork with numerous lenticels; inner surface yellowish-brown to reddish brown, longitudinally striated. Fracture splintery and fibrous PPC102_Medicinal Barks 79 ❑ Major chemical constituents ✓ Tannins (up to 10%), both hydrolysable and condensed tannins ❖ α-, β- and γ- hamamelitannins ❖ Proanthocyanidins ❑ Chemical test ✓ Tannins + FeCl3 -------------------→ Blue/ or bluish green color PPC102_Medicinal Barks 80 ❑ Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine ✓ Topically as astringent and haemostatic (due to tannins) ✓ use in ointments and suppositories for the treatment of anorectal complaints, such as haemorrhoids ✓ Has antioxidant effect PPC102_Medicinal Barks 81  8. Cortex Quillaia (Quillaia bark ) ❑ Botanical origin The dried inner bark of Quillaja saponaria L. (Rosaceae) Common names: Soap Bark, Panama Wood, Quillaia ❑ Geographical origin ✓ Native to Chile, Peru and Bolivia ❑ Characters ✓ It occurs in flat strips, 3–10 mm thick ✓ The cork has been removed ✓ The powdered drug is very sternutatory and produces an abundant froth when shaken with water PPC102_Medicinal Barks 82 ❑ Constituents ✓ Triterpene Saponins (10 %): 60 different saponins has been detected The principle aglycone or sapogenin is quillaic acid ❑ Uses ✓ Expectorant ✓ Used as foaming agent for drinks ✓ Employed as a substitute for soap ✓ The plant extract is used as adjuvant with vaccines (QS21), including Novavax COVID-19 vaccine NOTES: ❖ The saponin content of the bark helps to stimulate the production of a watery mucus in the airways, thus facilitating the removal of phlegm through coughing ❖ Saponin extract of quillaia is believed to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immunity PPC102_Medicinal Barks 83  9. Cortex Pruni (Wild Cherry bark ) ❑ Botanical origin The dried bark of Prunus serotina L. (Rosaceae) N.B.) After careful drying it should be kept in airtight containers When slightly moist it has an odor of benzaldehyde ❑ Geographical origin ✓ Native to Canada and USA PPC102_Medicinal Barks 84 ❑ Constituents ✓ Cyanogenic glycoside: prunasin ✓ Prunase enzyme Upon hydrolysis yield glucose, benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid Prunase enzyme ❑ Uses Wild cherry bark in the form of a syrup or tincture is mainly used in cough preparations, to which it gives mild sedative properties and a pleasant taste. It was regarded as particularly useful for irritable and persistent coughs PPC102_Medicinal Barks 85  1. Rhizoma Zingiberis (Ginger/ Zingiber) ❑ Botanical origin It is the scraped or unscraped rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae). ❑ Geographical origin ✓ It is grown in Jamaica, China, India and Africa ❑ Macroscopical characters o It occurs in sympodial branched pieces known as ‘hands’ or ‘races’ o The branches arise obliquely from the rhizome o The outer surface is buff-colored; it shows no sign of cork o It has an agreeable aromatic odor and a pungent taste PPC102_Medicinal 8 subterranean organs 6 ❑ Powdered ✓ Yellowish white to yellowish brown in color ✓ Numerous scitaminaceous starch granules, simple, flat, oval, oblong with terminal protuberance, in which the hilum is pointed, 5– 60 µm usually 15– 30µm long, 5–40 µm (usually 18–25 µm) wide, 6–12 µm (usually 8–10 µm) thick with somewhat marked fine transverse striations ✓ Fragments of thin-walled septate fibers with oblique slit-like pits ✓ Oleoresin cells PPC102_Medicinal 8 subterranean organs 7 ❑ Constituents ✓ Oleoresin (1–2%) Volatile oil: (-)-zingiberene Pungent principles: Gingerols and shogaols ✓ Starch and mucilage (5–8%) NOTE: The pungency of gingerol is destroyed by boiling with 2% potassium hydroxide PPC102_Medicinal 8 subterranean organs 8 ❑ Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data ❖ The prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting (anti-emetic) associated with motion sickness, postoperative nausea, pernicious vomiting in pregnancy, and seasickness. Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine The treatment of dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, vomiting, diarrhoea, spasms, and other stomach complaints. Powdered ginger is further employed in the treatment of colds and flu, to stimulate the appetite, as a narcotic antagonist, and as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of migraine headache and rheumatic and muscular disorders PPC102_Medicinal 89 subterranean organs Drug interactions Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GINGER Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to anticoagulant medication. Ginger can also slow blood clotting. Taking ginger along with warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. PPC102_Medicinal 90 subterranean organs  2. Rhizoma Curcumae (Curcuma/ Turmeric) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) Powdered plant material ✓ Colored deep yellow ✓ Fragments of parenchymatous cells contain numerous altered, pasty masses of starch grains colored yellow by curcumin ✓ Cork fragments of cells in sectional view ✓ Scattered unicellular trichomes; abundant starch grains ✓ Fragments of epidermal and cork cells in surface view PPC102_Medicinal 91 subterranean organs ❑ Constituents ✓ Curcuminoids (diaryl heptanoid coloring matters)” 50-60 %” N.B.) the chief are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and Bis-demethoxycurcumin ✓ Volatile oil (about 5%) contains sesquiterpenes (zingiberene, 25%) ❑ Uses and effects o Helps in treatment for jaundice and hepatitis o Curcuminoids have strong antihepatotoxic effect o It is used in treatment of hyperacidity, flatulent, or atonic dyspepsia PPC102_Medicinal 92 subterranean organs  3. Radix Ginseng (Ginseng) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer known as Korean ginseng and Panax quinquefolium known as American Ginseng, (Araliaceae) N.B.) ✓ The root is harvested when 6 years old ✓ Sun drying of the root, after removal of the outer layers, produces white ginseng ✓ Red ginseng is obtained by first steaming the root, followed by artificial drying and then sun-drying PPC102_Medicinal 93 subterranean organs ❑ Constituents ✓ Dammarane-type Saponins termed “ginsenosides” B) the aglycone parts are mainly: ❖ diol 20(S)-protopanaxadiol ❖ triol 20(S)-protopanaxatriol ✓ High molecular weight polysaccharides (glycans) and acetylenic compounds N.B.) The glycans of P. ginseng have been named panaxans (A–U); panaxans A and B have been shown to be constituted mainly of α-(1 → 6) linked d-glucopyranose units with C-3 branching and a small component of peptide. These glycans have hypoglycemic, antiulcer and immunological properties. PPC102_Medicinal 94 subterranean organs ❑ Uses and effects ❖ “Adaptogenic” as it helps in improvement of stamina, concentration, mental and physical capacities and resistance to stress and to diseases ❖ Treatment of anemia, diabetes, sexual impotence and the other conditions arising from the onset of old age ❖ It has immunostimulant effect ❖ It reduces the postprandial hypercalcemia N.B.) The effect of a standardized extract of the roots (4% ginsenosides w/w) PPC102_Medicinal subterranean organs 15  4. Radix Glycyrrhizae (Licorice/ liquorice) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried unpeeled or peeled, root and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or of G. inflata Bat. and/or G. uralensis Fisch, (Fabaceae). NOTE The underground organs are developed to a sufficient extent by the end of the third or fourth year, when they are dug up and washed. PPC102_Medicinal 96 subterranean organs Powdered plant material Light yellow in the peeled or brownish yellow or purplish brown in the unpeeled root. ✓ Numerous fragments of the fibers accompanied by prisms of Ca oxalate forming “crystal sheath” ✓ Numerous simple oval, round or fusiform starch granules, free or in parenchyma cells, with no striation but occasionally showing hilum, 2– 20µm (mostly about 10µm) in diameter ✓ Cork cells may be present PPC102_Medicinal 97 subterranean organs ❑ Major chemical constituents ❖ Triterpene saponins ✓ Glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizinic acid). It occurs as a mixture of potassium and calcium salts. Upon hydrolysis it gives two molecules of D-glucuronic acid and the aglycone glycyrrhetic (glycyrrhetinic) acid (enoxolone). N.B.) Glycyrrhizin is responsible for its sweetness, which is 50 times that of sucrose ❖ Flavonoids: Liquiritin and liquiritigenin ❖ Chalcones: isoliquiritin and isoliquiritigenin ❑ Test for saponins: Powder + water, then shake vigorously ------------------------→ persistent froth PPC102_Medicinal 98 subterranean organs ❑ Uses and effects ❖ Expectorant in treatment of cough ❖ Demulcent ❖ Anti-inflammatory ❑ Concerns about the use of licorice ✓ Prolonged use of licorice leads to Na and water retention and thus increase blood pressure PPC102_Medicinal 99 subterranean organs  5. Radix Primula (Primula root) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried rhizome and root of Primula veris (L.) (cowslip) or P. elatior Hill. (oxlip), Primulaceae. ❑ Geographic origin https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/primula-veris-gm654738028-119126923 These species occur wild throughout Europe with Bulgaria and Turkey the principal commercial sources. PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 0 Important Note: ✓ The pharmacopoeia includes a chromatographic test to detect a poisonous plant with similar-looking roots to those of Primula spp known as “Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Aesclepiadaceae”. ✓ This herb differs microscopically in its vascular structure and possesses numerous calcium oxalate crystals. ❑ Uses and effects ❖ Expectorant for treatment of cough BRONCHICUM ELIXIR 100 ML ( Primula Root Fluid Extract + Thyme Fluid Extract ) PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 1  7. Radix Valerianae (Valerian root) ❑ Botanical origin It is the subterranean parts of Valeriana officinalis L. (sensu lato) (Valerianaceae), including the rhizomes, roots, and stolons, collected in autumn carefully dried at a temperature below 40 °C. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318088 ❑ Geographical origin Wild and cultivated plants in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, eastern Europe. PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 2 ❑ Major chemical constituents ❖ Volatile oil (ranges 0.2–2.8%): ✓ Bornyl acetate and bornyl isovalerate “monoterpenes” ✓ Valerenic acid and valeranone “sesquiterpenes” ❖ Valepotriates: which are iridoid monoterpene epoxy-esters ✓ valtrate and isovaltrate N.B.) The valepotriates are rather unstable owing to their epoxide structure, a nd losses occur fairly rapidly on storage or processing, especially if the drug is not carefully dried. ❑ Uses and effects ❖ Valarian is used as herbal sedative which may be helpful in treatment of insomnia PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 3  8. Radix Echinaceae (Echinacea root) ❑ Botanical origin It is the fresh or dried roots of Echinacea angustifolia D.C. var. angustifolia or its variety strigosa McGregor, or Echinacea. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. (Asteraceae). ❑ Geographical origin United States of America and Canada PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 4 ❑ Major chemical constituents ❖ Caffeic acid derivatives: ✓ Echinacoside N.B.) Cynarin is present only in E. angustifolia, thus ✓ Cynarin distinguishing it from the closely related E. pallida ✓ Chicoric acid ✓ Caftaric acid ❖ Alkylamides: More than 20 alkylamides, mostly isobutylamides of C11–C16 straight-chain fatty acids with olefinic or acetylenic bonds, or both. The main alkylamide is a mixture of isomeric dodeca- 2,4,8,10-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides. ❖ Polyalkenes and Polyalkynes ❖ Polysaccharides: Polysaccharide constituents are of two types: a heteroxylan of relative molecular mass about 35,000 and an arabinorhamnogalactan of relative molecular mass about 45,000. ❖ Volatile oil PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 5 ❑ Quality control The BP/EP requires minimum contents of echinacoside for E. augustifolia root (0.5%) and E. pallida root (0.2%) determined by liquid chromatography with spectrometric detection at 330 nm. ❑ Uses and effects ❖ Echinacea has immunostimulant properties based on its alkylamides, polysaccharides and chicoric acid ❖ Preparations of Echinacea have become popular for the prevention and treatment of the common cold and other respiratory complaints. PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 6  9. Rhizoma Rhei (Rhubarb) ❑ Botanical origin It is the underground parts (rhizome and root) of Rheum officinale Baill., or R. palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), collected in summer. It contains not less than 2.2% hydroxyanthracene derivatives calculated as rhein ✓ Common name: Rhubarb; Rawind PPC102_Medicinal subterranean organs 35 https://strictlymedicinalseeds.com/product/rhubarb-turkey-rheum-palmatum- tanguticum-potted-plant-organic/ Powdered plant material ✓ It is dusky yellowish orange to moderate yellowish brown, and colored red in the presence of alkali. ✓ Under the microscope, it shows numerous starch grains, spherical, single or 2–4-compound, 2–25µm in diameter; fragments of non-lignified, reticulate and spiral tracheae, vessels, parenchyma cells containing starch grains or tannin masses; large rosette of calcium oxalate, 30–60µm, frequently over 100µm, cork, sclerenchymatous cells, and fibres absent. PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 8 ❑ Major chemical constituents ❖ Anthraquinones and their glycosides (2–5%): “+ve Borntrager’s test” ✓ Aglycones: Emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, rhein ✓ Glycosides: Rheinosides A-D NOTE: The level of the anthraquinones is maximal in the summer and almost nil in the winter ❑ Uses and effects ❖ Rhubarb is used as purgative for treatment of occasional constipation PPC102_Medicinal 10 subterranean organs 9 ❑ Precautions General Laxatives containing anthraquinone glycosides should not be used for periods longer than 1–2 weeks continually, owing to the danger of electrolyte imbalance. ❑ Drug interactions Decreased intestinal transit time may reduce absorption of orally administered drugs. Electrolyte imbalances such as increased loss of potassium may potentiate the effects of cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis, strophanthus). Avoid using Rhubarb with: Pregnant women Lactating mothers (as metabolites of anthraquinones are secreted in milk) PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 0 ❑ Adulteration and detection ❖ Rheum rhaponticum ✓ It doesn't contain anthraquinones ✓ It contains a stilbene glycoside known as rhaponticin ❖ Test for rhapontic rhubarb Macerate 0.5 g of powder with 10 ml of 45% alcohol for 20 min, shaking occasionally. Filter and place one drop of the filtrate on a filter paper. When examined in ultraviolet light, the spot shows no blue color with official rhubarb but a distinct blue fluorescence if rhapontic rhubarb is present. The color is intensified by exposure to ammonia vapor. PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 1  11. Bulb Squill (Squill) ❑ Botanical origin It is the dried bulbs of Drimia maritima autumnale L. (Liliaceae), colleting after the flowering stage (August). Synonyms: Urginea maritima Common names: European squill ✓ It is known in commerce as white squill. That grown in the Mediterranean area (Italy, Malta) is now almost unobtainable ✓ Red squill (Drimia indica), known as Indian squill, which is also derived from a variety of D. maritima, is collected in Algiers and Cyprus, and differs from the white in containing red anthocyanin pigment and the glycoside scilliroside PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 2 ❑ Action and uses ✓ It has digitalis-like action on the heart ✓ The glycosides are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, they are of short-action duration, and they are not cumulative. In small doses squill stimulates reflex secretion from the bronchioles. Thus, its widely used as expectorant. ✓ NOTE: Red squill “Drimia indica “ is used as rodenticide (Unlike other mammals, rodents do not regurgitate the squill bulb, and death follows convulsions and respiratory failure. PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 3  12. Rhizoma Rauwolfia ❑ Botanical origin (Rauwolfia) It is the dried rhizome and roots of Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae). ❖ The geographical source is India or Pakistan. ❖ Common names: Indian snakeroot PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 4  ❑ Constituents ❖ β-Carboline Alkaloids (0.7-2%) ✓ The chief therapeutically important alkaloids are reserpine and ajmaline ❑ Chemical test ✓ Reserpine + p-DAB + gl. acetic acid + H2SO4 -------------------------------> Green color turns to red in excess acid P-DAB: para-diamino benzaldehyde ❑ Uses ✓ Rauwolfia preparations and reserpine are used in the management of essential hypertension. ✓ Ajmaline, which has pharmacological properties like those of quinidine, is marketed for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. PPC102_Medicinal 11 subterranean organs 5  Lobelia ‫دخان هندي‬ Plant Source: Dried aerial parts of Lobelia inflata. Fam. Campanulaceae Synonyms: Herba Lobeliae, Indian Tobacco, Dukhan Hindi. Geographical sources: Indigenous to the eastern USA and Canada, cultivated in Holland 11 6  Active Constituents Alkaloids (0.3-0.4%), mostly lobeline, lobelanine, lobelanidine, and isolobelanine. Volatile oil. Waxy and resinous matter. Uses In bronchial Asthma and chronic bronchitis (Lobelia contains chemicals that might thin mucus to make it easier to cough up. Large doses of Lobelia produce vomiting and may cause collapse through medullary paralysis Lobelia inflata has been used in smoking cessation programs and has been proposed for treatment of other drug dependencies; however, clinical evidence is limited prohibited by the FDA.  Mentha ‫الفلفل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫النعناع‬ Plant Source: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita ; Fam. Labiatae. Synonyms: Herba menthae piperitae, Peppermint. Geographical sources: Exclusively from cultivation in Bulgaria, Poland, Greece, Egypt, Spain, Germany and USA  Powder: Fragments of epidermis with wavy walls, stomata of diacytic type, and labiaceous glandular hairs , the head with 8 radiating cells. Capitate hair, 1 cell head &1 cell stalk non-glandular, multicellular, uniseriate hairs with a warty cuticle.  Thyme ‫ر‬ ‫الزعب‬ Plant Source: The whole leaves and flowers of Thymus vulgaris. Family Labiateae. Synonyms: Garden thyme, Thyme, Thymian, Tomillo comiun Geographical sources: Native to central and southern Europe, cultivated in eastern Africa, India, turkey and North America Uses For acute and chronic bronchitis and whooping cough BRONCHICUM ELIXIR ( Primula Root Fluid Extract + Thyme Fluid Extract ). Listerine mouthwash ingredients essential oils Eucalyptol, Menthol, Methyl salicylate, Thymol Antibacterial and deodorizing agent for inflammations of the mouth and throat. As rubefacient in liniments.  Ergot Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye and less commonly on other grasses such as wheat  Active Constituents Alkaloids Water soluble: Ergometrine and Ergometrinine. Water insoluble Ergotamine , Ergotaminine Ergosine , Ergosinine Ergocristine, Ergocristinine Ergocriptine, Ergocriptinine  Uses Ergometrine produces an oxytocic effect (Speed up evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contraction of the uterus muscle, thus assisting delivery. It reduces post-partum hemorrhage. Ergotamine tartarate treats migraine (combined with caffeine). Ergotoxine group has antihypertensive effect.  Cannabis ‫حشيش‬ Plant Source: Dried flowering and fruiting tops of the cultivated female plants of Cannabis sativa var. indica Fam. Cannabinaceae. Synonyms: Herba Cannabis, Indian Hemp, weed Marihuana, Cannabis Indica, Hashish. Geographical sources: The plant is found wild in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan  Active Constituents Resins (15-20%), containing the major active euphoric principle tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other euphoric cannabinoids; Cannabidiol (CBD) is another major constituent of the plant. At least 113 distinct cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis. Sterols, amino acids and traces of volatile oil.  Uses: As narcotic analgesic. As a sedative in migraine, neuralgia and hysteria. In large doses, it produces hallucinations followed by sleep, marked weakness and mental depression. THC is an active ingredient in Nabiximols, a specific extract of Cannabis that was approved as a botanical drug in the United Kingdom in 2010 as a mouth spray for people with multiple sclerosis to alleviate neuropathic pain. Powder A multicellular, multiseriate glandular hair. Covering non-cystolithic trichomes. Upper epidermis of a bract showing covering trichomes containing cystoliths. Upper epidermis of a bracteole showing beaded walls and cluster crystals of calcium oxalate  Catharanthus Plant Source: Dried whole plants of Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea). Fam. Apocynaceae. Synonyms: Lochnera rosea Geographical sources: Indigenous to Madagascar but is now widely distributed throughout warm regions and is cultivated as ornamental. Active Constituents: Alkaloids, most important of which are vinblastine, vincristine. Uses: Vinblastine sulphate is used for treatment of different type of cancer { e.g Hodgkin’s disease (lymphoma), ovarian and testicular carcinoma}. Vincristine sulphate is used for treatment of leukemia in children.