Plant Morphology: Fruits & Seeds PDF

Module 9 Plant Morphology: Fruits & Seeds Ainsley C. Medina, RPh, PharmD Fruits  True fruit – developed solely from the ovary and its contents Accessory fruit – true fruit + additional parts of the flower such as the receptacle, petals, and sepals ...

Module 9 Plant Morphology: Fruits & Seeds Ainsley C. Medina, RPh, PharmD Fruits  True fruit – developed solely from the ovary and its contents Accessory fruit – true fruit + additional parts of the flower such as the receptacle, petals, and sepals  Simple fruits - formed from one pistil Dry Fruits - fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity o Dehiscent Fruits - dry fruits which at maturity open by definite natural means Types to shed the contained seeds ✓ Legume - developed from one carpel and at maturity splitting along both the dorsal and ventral sutures.  Dry fruits o Dehiscent Fruits ✓ Follicle - developed from 1 carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture Types ✓ Capsule - developed from several carpels ✓ Silique – a special long slender capsule of 2 carpels  Dry Fruits o Indehiscent Fruits - dry fruits which do not open when mature to shed their seeds; one-sided. ✓ Achene - the one seed is attached to the fruit wall at a single point Types ✓ Nut - similar to an achene but with the wall greatly thickened and hardened  Indehiscent fruits ✓ Samara - part of the fruit wall grows out into a wing ✓ Grain - fruit wall and the seed Types coat are fused ✓ Schizocarp - fruit formed from several carpels  Fleshy fruits - A fruit in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures Drupe - a one-seeded simple fruit developed from a superior ovary Berry - the ovary wall or at least its inner portions become enlarged and Types usually juicy o Hesperidium – special type of berry where leathery rind forms o Pepo – hard rind is formed  Fleshy fruits Pome - formed by a group of carpels more or less firmly united with each Types other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle  Aggregate fruit- formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower Multiple fruit - formed by the Types development of a number of pistils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers Seeds Developed once the ovules undergo ___________ Made up of _______ & ________ Seeds Developed once the ovules undergo fertilization Made up of seed coat & embryo radicle & cotyledons  Angiosperms Gymnosperms Have seeds that are enclosed Have no flowers or fruits, and within an ovary (usually a fruit) have unenclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of scales or leaves. Angiosperms include flowers, Gymnosperm seeds are often fruits, and endosperm in the configured as cones seeds Monocot seeds Has only one cotyledon and outer layering of the seed coat Monocot seeds Seed coat – is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall “______” Endosperm – stores food Aleurone layer – the proteinous layer that separates the outer covering of endosperm and embryo Scutellum – shield-shaped cotyledon Embryo – small and situated in a groover Embyronal axis – two ends: plumule & radicle Coleoptile & coleorhiza – sheath enclosing p & r Dicot seeds Has two cotyledons Dicot seeds Seed coat – outermost covering; has two coverings: ________ & __________ Hilum – scar on the seed coat attached to the fruit Micropyle – small pore present above the hilum Embryo – embryonal axis & two cotyledons Endosperm – formed as result of double fertilization; food storing tissue Cotyledons – fleshy & reserve food materials P & R – present at the two ends of embryonal axis  Dispersal of Fruits & Seeds  By wind – for light seeds  By animals – birds, ants  By water – trapped air, adapted to dispersal by water  Other dispersal mechanisms – cultivation Germination The process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling under the right growing conditions. Period of dormancy – required by some seeds before germinating Germination process 1. Imbibition → absorption of water by the dry seed = swelling 2. Respiration → anaerobic to aerobic Positive - sun 3. Effect of light → photoblastic Negative - dark seeds Non-photoblastic - neither Germination process 4. Mobilization of reserves → metabolic activity happen; stores starch, protein, or fats. 5. Development of Embryo axis into seedling → growth of cell size and begins division to form seedling Modes of Germination Epigeal – seeds emerge out/ above the soil (bean, cotton, sunflower) Hypogeal – seeds remain inside/ below the soil (barley, pea) Factors affecting Germination Internal: oMaturity of the embryo oPresence/ absence of chemical inhibitors External oOxygen oWater oTemperature – 5 to 40 oC; stops at O oC and 45 oC Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Fruits Angelica Buckthorn (A. archangelica) (Rhamnus catharticus) Tx of cold & fever Laxative Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Cranberry Cubeb (Vaccinum oxycoccum) (Piper cubeba) For candidiasis Condiment; tx of asthma Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Mangosteen Persimmon (Garcinia mangostana) (Diospyros virginiana) Weight reduction Astringent; high beta carotene& vitamin c contents Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Spicebush Tamarind (Lindera benzoin) (Tamarindus indica) Reduces fever Laxative when brewed for tea Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Extracts Bromelain used as antiplatelet = improving circulation; for mouth ulcers Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Seeds Anise Velvet bean (Pimpinella anisum) (Mucuna spp.) Relieves indigestion, Tx of Parkinson’s sinusitis disease Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Strophanthus Strychnine (Strophanthus spp.) (Strychnos nox-vomica) Source of cortisone; Stimulates CNS Heart stimulant and relives paralysis Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Pumpkin Oats (Cucurbita pepo) (Avena sativa) For prostate health Enhances physical and sexual health Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Perilla Evening primrose (P. frustescens) (Oenothera spp.) Rich in omega-3 fatty Source of Gamma acids for cardiac Linolenic Acid health Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Fenugreek Flax (Trigonella foenum- (Linum usitatissimum) grecum) Bulking laxative; for For atherosclerosis; mucus, asthma, and laxative and for reduces skin bronchial problems inflammation Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Grape Grapefruit (Vitis vinifera) (Citrus paradise) Antioxidant; For bacterial & improves blood flow fungal infections to the retina Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Horse Chestnut Java plum (Aesculus hippocastanum) (Syzygium cumini) Improves blood flow, For excessive thirst reduces varicose and excretion of veins & leg swelling sugar in urine Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Apricot Black currant (Prunus armeniaca) (Ribes nigrum) Bronchodilator Improves skin and reduces skin dryness Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Cardamom Celery (Elettaria cardamomum) (Apium graveolens) Has antibiotic Antioxidant; has properties and tx of sedative properties colds Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Borage Chaulmoogra (Borago officinalis) (Hydnocarpus spp.) Has GLA Tx for eczema, psoriasis, and leprosy Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Chia Chocolate (Salvia columbariae) (Theobroma cacao) For endurance and Elevates serotonin; eye irritation for mood elevation (caffeine-like) Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Importance Cola (C. nitida/ acuminate) Lessens fatigue End of presentation. Contains 3.5% Thank you! caffeine & 1& theobromine