Perspectives in Dentistry DPP_1101 Notes PDF

1ST SEMESTER  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30...

1ST SEMESTER  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 166-201 A.D. - Etruscans used dental prosthetics using gold crowns and fixed PRELIMS bridgework 700 - The first use of “silver paste” was HISTORY OF DENTISTRY - ANCIENT found in China, which is today’s ORIGINS counterpart of amalgam. 1210 7000 B.C. - Guild of Barbers, the group - Indus Valley, anthropologists have notorious for the early extractions of unearthed teeth that appears to teeth, primarily composed of have been orally treated surgeons and lay barbers. 5600 B.C. - Originated mostly in Europe, having - “Tooth worms” theory, as cause of no concept of restoration = tooth decay (caries) extraction 2600 B.C. 1520 - Hesy-Re, an egyptian “the first - The little medicinal book for all kinds dentist”, as he wrote a book for of diseases and infirmities of the dental ailments teeth, which is the first book 1700 B.C. dedicated to dentistry, was published - Ebers Papyrus, an egyptian text in Germany. which refers to diseases of teeth and 1575 various toothache remedies (not - French Barber and Surgeon scientifically proven) Ambroise Pare, “Father of Modern 500-300 B.C. Surgery” - Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote - published his complete works about dentistry - practical information about dentistry 100 B.C. - contributed both to the practice of - Celsus, a roman medical writer, surgical amputation and design of wrote a compendium of medicine on limb prosthesis oral hygiene, stabilization of loose 1723 teeth and treatment for toothache - Pierre Fauchard, father of modern pain and jaw fracture dentistry - published “The Surgeon Dentist”  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - first introduced “dental fillings and - The act of regulating the practice of dental prosthesis” dentistry in the philippine islands - identified the acid that led to tooth - Board of dental examiners decay 1840 PROMINENT NAMES IN THE AMERICAN - The Baltimore College of Dental ERA Surgery was established, the first dental college in the world. Dr. Gregorio Mateo 1873 - Father of Philippine dentistry - Colgate mass-produced the first - founded “Sociedad Dental De toothpaste, and mass produced Filipinas” (Philippine Dental toothbrushes followed a few years Association) later - established “Colegio Dental del Liceo de Manila (Philippine Dental HISTORY OF DENTISTRY IN THE College), as a 3-year course PHILIPPINES DENTAL SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES Pre-Spanish era - The University of the Philippines - Barbers used fingers or nail pliers to (1915) extract teeth - National University of Spanish era - Centro Escolar University (1925) - Being a dentist is not considered a - National University (1925) profession. - Manila College of Dentistry (1929) - “Sacamuelas” is the term used to call any person skilled at pulling National Dental Association (1924) teeth. - Dr. Francisco Tecson, the first - Don José Arevalo “Kapitan Cheng president Cheng”, which is the first filipino - After WW2, it was called PDA dentist (Philippine Dental Association), with - UST made a special course only for Dr. Joaquin Ladao as the first dentists, Cirujanos Ministrantes -> president. Cirujano Dentistas Dentistry in the University of the East was American era established in 1948. - Examinations and Licenses were issued. Characteristics of a Dental Student - Act No. 593 (1903) 1. Energetic  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 2. Enthusiastic 1. Service to mankind 3. Patient (Patience) 2. Social security 4. Persistent 3. Prestige for self 5. Disciplined Ideal Characteristics of a Dentist How to present yourself to patients 1. Dedicated to service 1. You must be COMPETENT 2. Honest and sincere 2. You must act with FIRMNESS and 3. Diligent EASE to instill CONFIDENCE to 4. Resourceful your patients. To achieve these, you 5. Charitable must: a. Study the THEORIES Factors for a Successful Dental b. Master/Practice the craft or Treatment the “Art of Dentistry” 1. The capability and skill of the dentist c. Presence of heart and mind to work on a given case. 2. Patient cooperation with the dentist Who is involved in training a Dentist? regarding medication and operation. 1. Dentistry Professors and Clinical 3. The need for the patient to have faith Instructors/Supervisors and confidence in himself, in 2. Members of allied professions nature’s healing process and in (health professionals, building up positive thinking that he x-ray/laboratory technicians, etc.) will get well. 3. Government Agencies (CHED, PRC) 4. Private educational institutions Inter-professional Referrals 5. The Patients 1. Physicians 2. Pharmacist Goals of Dental Profession 3. Medical Technologist 1. Continually increase production 4. Nurses 2. Continually grow profitability 5. Other Dentists (For specific case 3. Continually generate more referrals referrals) 4. Maintain a low-stress environment 5. Seek high professional satisfaction Professional Boundary Lines and an enjoyable practice 1. A dentist must maintain a good environment image in the community 6. Gain financial independence Threefold values of Dental Professions  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 2. Good public relation does not mean 5. Administering local analgesia and/or relations only to your staff, patients sedative drugs and other dentists 6. Prescribing medicines 3. It is also towards technical people 7. Prescribing special tests necessary to maintain your clinic 8. Using ionising radiation 9. Performing procedures on any Definition of dentistry as adopted by the person to prepare for or carry out the 1997 ASA house of delegates construction, fitting, adjustment, Defined as the evaluation, diagnosis, repair, or renewal of artificial prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical, dentures or restorative or corrective surgical or related procedures) of diseases, dental appliances disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent The basic sciences and dentistry and associated structures and their impact - A dentist must be knowledgeable in on the human body. basic medical/biological sciences. - To be able to understand pathologic Provided by a dentist, within the scope of conditions, the dentist must be his/her education, training and experience, well-educated with normal anatomy in accordance with the ethics of the and physiology profession and applicable law. Dental terminologies Dentistry can be defined in 3 aspects: - Permanent Teeth 1. Science - diagnosis, prevention, and - Primary Teeth treatment. - Mesial surface 2. Art - skills - Distal surface 3. Vocation - intensive program - Labial surface - Incisal surface Scope of dentistry - Occlusal surface 1. Diagnosing oro-facial conditions - Lingual surface 2. Removing tooth tissue and/or - Mandibular placing materials - Maxillary 3. Performing procedures on the - Incisor orofacial complex, teeth, and the - Cuspid hard and soft tissues surrounding or - Bicuspid supporting the teeth - Molar 4. Extracting teeth - Crown  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - Roots Dentition - Another term for teeth. - Enamel Permanent Teeth - permanent - Dentin dentition. - Cementum Primary teeth - seen in kids from 6 - Pulp months of age till approximately 5-7 - Apex - Alveolar years of age when they start to fall - Gingiva out. - Denture Mesial surface - towards the - Prosthesis midline,faces towards the median - Abscess line following the curve of the dental - Caries arch. - Plaque - Carious Lesion Distal surface - away from the - Dental Prophylaxis midline and is the surface which - Edentulous faces away from the median line - Extraction following the curve of the dental - Frenum arch - Saliva Labial surface - front surface of the teeth and is what you see when you RECAP: INTRODUCTION TO smile ORAL ANATOMY Incisal surface - edges of the teeth(canine to canine or incisors), Terminologies and Definitions: anterior/incisor-canine is the Jaw cutting edge of your teeth. ○ Tooth bearing bones Occlusal surface - edge of ○ 2 maxillary bones premolars and molars. ○ 1 mandibular bone ○ Maxilla (Upper jaw) posterior/premolar-molar, is the ○ Mandible (Lower jaw) surface of the tooth that is occlusal Two types of Dentition when you see premolar and molars. ○ Primary/Deciduous dentition They are the grinding surfaces of the (20 teeth; 10 per arch) tooth. ○ Permanent Dentition (32 teeth; 16 per arch)  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Lingual surface - back surface of - Anatomical crown: portion of a the teeth and towards, or adjacent tooth covered with enamel, is above to, the tongue the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Mandibular - lower set of teeth The whole crown and where the Maxillary - upper set of teeth dentin and pulp are. Enamel: hard calcified tissue No. of Primary dentition: 20 teeth, 10 in covering the crown, it cannot repair each arch ( 10 mandibular, 10 maxillary ). damage from decay, has no living No. of Permanent Dentition: 32 teeth, 16 cells. in each arch. Dentin: less calcified tissue than enamel,causes yellow color in teeth, Types of teeth is beneath enamel and cementum. Incisor: 8 in total in both primary Contains microscopic tubules. and permanent dentition, 4 in Microscopic Tubules: mandibular and the other 4 in tubulesallowheatandcold/ acidic / maxillary. Front teeth. sticky foods to stimulate the nerves Canine: 4 in total in both primary and cells inside the tooth, causing and permanent dentition. The sensitivity. “fangs”. Root: Premolars: 8 in total, only present - Clinical root: portion of the tooth in permanent dentition. which lies within the alveolus (below Molars: 12 in total, 6 mandibular the gingival margin) and is not and 6 maxillary with the 3rd molar visible in the mouth being the wisdom tooth. - Anatomical root: portion of a tooth covered by the cementum. Parts of the tooth Pulp: contains the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, is the Crown: only soft one (soft tissue), and is at - Clinical crown: portion of the tooth the center of the teeth visible in the oral cavity, above the Cementum: hard tissue covering the gingiva or gums,what people see root, surrounds the tooth. Is the when smiling.  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 hard calcified tissue covering the Main Dental Subjects Branches of dentin and the crown and gives Dentistry attachment to periodontal ligament, where the teeth attaches to the bone Operative/Restorative Dentistry Periodontal Ligament: a system of Prosthodontics collagenous connective tissue fibers Orthodontics that connect the root to socket, are Dental/ Oral Surgery small fibers in between cementum Pedodontics / Pediatric Dentist and bone. Periodontics Cervical Margin: junction of the Dental Radiology / Roentgenology anatomical crown and anatomical Endodontics root. Operative/Restorative Dentistry MIDTERMS diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of natural teeth restoration of hard tissues, the CHAPTER 1: DIFFERENT functional and aesthetic DISCIPLINES IN DENTISTRY vital or non-vital tooth Basic Sciences In Dentistry Dentist - Must be knowledgeable in basic medical/ biological sciences - Must be well-educated with normal anatomy and physiology > To be able to understand pathologic Prosthodontics conditions This branch of dentistry focuses on designing, constructing, and fabricating oral prosthesis  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Example of dentures: complete Periodontics dentures, partial dentures (which are both removable), and fixed bridge deals with the prevention, (“pontic” – teeth used for dentures) diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of supporting tissue of the teeth and Orthodontics gums. This branch of dentistry deals with Endodontics the study, prevention, and treatment of malocclusion of the teeth. Study and treatment of diseases This is done with the use of: affecting the tooth pulp and root - Brackets ( Metal,Ceramic, Lingual) canal. - Clear Aligners This can via a “root canal” procedure - Palate Expander wherein they remove the infected pulp from the tooth. Oral Surgery Roentgenology This branch of dentistry deals with the study, management of lesions, Deals with the use of radiant energy abnormalities, tumor of the teeth, to diagnose diseases in the oral oral cavity, and maxillofacial tissues. cavity This requires the use of orthodontic Panoramic radiograph pliers (each plier is used for a - A two-dimensional dental x-ray specific task) examination that captures the entire - Ex. Tooth extraction mouth in a single image, including the teeth, Upper and lower jaws, surrounding structures and tissues. Computer tomographic scan - Becoming a popular diagnostic tool in dentistry - Uses series of x-rays and a computer to produce a 3D  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 image of soft tissues and Military Dentist (Dental Service bones Militare) - comes with: rank, school benefits, Pedodontics or Pediatric Dentistry housing, food, allowance etc… ( all specializes in the care and treatment benefits of the military ) of teeth and oral conditions of - Must meet height requirement (5ft) children and marital status should be single age defined branch by dentistry Government Dentist for infants, children through - GSIS adolescents, those with special - similar to benefits to a military needs dentist - under DOH Public health/ Community Dentist CHAPTER 2: CAREER - works in a public sector, focusing OPPORTUNITIES OF A their skills and expertise on DENTIST population-based dentistry instead of individual patients Post-Graduate Courses (Masteral) School Dentist - prosthodontics - works within the perimeters of a - orthodontics school for annual dental check-up - endodontics and emergency dental care of the - periodontics students Private Practice Company/Industry Dentist - most common career path taken - works for a company, provides - gives highest level of independence dental needs of the company’s Group Practice employee - partnership of two or more practice - procedures are covered by an - responsibilities are insurance company or the company departmentalized for efficiency, itself larger capital, and have the ability to Academe open extended hours a day - Teacher and Post grad required  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - dental professional obtaining a cotton pliers Masters/PhD who works as a - -picking up cotton rolls, cotton teaching personnel pellets, dental burs Dental Research - has two types: locking & non - someone who invests time, locking knowledge and expertise to investigate ways to improve the oral health of the public CHAPTER 3: HAND dental explorer (probe) - sharp-ended instrument to INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES determine the presence of caries -Hand instruments commonly used have - explore other enamel and dentin three fundamental parts: defects handle shank working end Basic Dental Instruments Mouth mirror - used to check areas on mouth and spoon shaped excavator teeth that is hard to visualize - helps to scoop to remove soft carious - head is disposable dentin and temporary fillings - common size: 10 - small & large  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Filling Paraphernalia Amalgam Carrier - double ended instrument with wells Amalgam (mixture of silver alloy) on both ends to pack fresh amalgam - “silver fillings” material used to fill in & carry to prepared tooth cavities - does not bond in the teeth - term “ hand trituration” means mixing, uses pestle and mortar, using palm and thumb or pen grasp Amalgam Condenser (plugger) tech, takes more time (45s), needs - used to press silver filling into place some experience - term “mechanical trituration” uses amalgamator and pre-weighed capsules, using amalgamator with mechanical dispenser, accurate proportions, saves time (5-20s) Amalgam Well Matrix Band - where newly mixed amalgam is - in cavities involving more than one placed tooth surface (class 2), it is usually necessary to surround the tooth with a matrix band to help confine the restorative material to the cavity preparation during condensation - also helps determine proper contours and the location and form of proximal contacts in the restored tooth  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Amalgam burnisher - to smooth the surface of freshly placed amalgam restoration - to polish and initial carving/shaping Tofflemire/Matrix Band Retainer - maintain stability of matrix band during condensation of restoration Carvers - remove excess material, contour surfaces, carve anatomy back before it hardens - discoid:round part, cleoid: pointy part Wedges - keeps amalgam from squeezing out under the matrix band and into interproximal spaces Hollenback Carver - double-ended, to carve Composite Restoration Composite placement instrument - used to place composite restorative materials  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - composites are sticky so it is Finishing Strips important to have composite - to smoothen interproximal surfaces instruments (surfaces in between the teeth) - made of anodized aluminum, plastic, or teflon CHAPTER 4: STERILIZATION Woodson Composite Instrument - highly polished stainless steel used AND DISINFECTION for composite placement and Clinical sterilization contouring - the process of eliminating all forms Mylar Strip of microorganism both vegetative - plastic, see through for light cure type and spores. - thin clear strip used to isolate cavity disinfection preparation - is the process that uses chemicals to - like the matrix band, but mylar strip destroy pathogenic microorganisms is for anterior bacteriostasis - process that inhibits the growth of bacteria bactericidal - agents that kill bacteria virucidal - agents that kill viruses  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 antiseptic - substances that stop and prevent the growth of microorganisms. Factors That Determine whether or not infection would set in or not Susceptibility of host Virulence of the organism Number of concentration of the organisms entering the body the portal of entry Sterilizing Pouches Methods that can destroy bacteria - used to seal in instruments to prevent them from getting exposed Physical - temp, flame , steam under pressure, to the environment. moist heat, boiling Chemical - Cold sterilization Gas - ethylene oxide gas Examples: Ultraviolet light/rays - artificially produced by mercury Autoclave vapor lamps, carbon arc lamps, and - a pressure chamber that is used to cold quartz lamps. sterilize equipment and supplies by - used to sterilize air, surgical subjecting them to high pressure instruments, and treat infections. and saturated steam.  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - can produce harmful chemical - ineffective against prions, reactions in the body effectiveness for viral infection control has not been demonstrated unequivocally. Dry heat - earliest forms of sterilization Glutaraldehyde practiced - an organic compound, formula: - utilizes hot air (either free from CH2(CH2CHO)2 water vapor or only has very little) - pungent colorless oily liquid used to and this moisture plays minimal or sterilize medical and dental no role in the process of sterilization equipment (actually green in color) - compared to autoclave (sterilizing - mainly available as an aqueous using pressure) this one only uses solution, in these solutions the hot air with no pressure aldehyde groups are hydrate Additional info: Glass beads sterilizer -dental burs and handpieces should be - sterilizes the working ends of sterilized endodontic files and reamers placing them in a container containing glass -parts held by the dentist during work may be beads heated to 225 degree celsius sterilized with 70% alcohol every after for a defined period of time operation  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - Proper divisions -phe cuspidor should be disinfected every after - Privacy use per patient 5. Proper positioning of dental -handpieces and contra-angles should be furnitures/ Dentist chairside disassembled before sterilization of internal positions parts - proper positioning promotes convenience for both the dentist and -non-toxic antiseptics can be used to disinfect his patient the air (ex. triethylene glycol vapor) - helps improve work efficiency - decreases effort thus conserves CHAPTER 5 : PREOPERATIVE energy REQUIREMENTS - lessen risk of work related injury - promotes better illumination 1. Good illumination 6. Basic Operatory Positions - back then they used to use halogen (McGehee, 1984) lamps and dental chairs - Position 1 (right side in front) - LED lights - Position 2 (right side behind) - mouth mirror - Position 3 (left side behind) 2. Systemic office arrangement Dentist chairside clock positions - needed for ease of movement and work to make everything accessible Right-handed dentist (12-7) and efficient to you - dental instruments should be at the 1.right front position (7 o’clock) back of the chair 2.right position (9 o’clock) 3. Good architectural engineering design 3.right rear position (11 o’clock) - structural integrity (make sure the 4.direct rear position (12 o’clock) structure/ construction is stable and reliable) Left-handed dentist (12-5) 4. Proper operatory equipment 1.left front position ( 5 o’clock) position  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 placed on the working tooth as a 2.left position ( 3 o’clock) restPalms typically face away from 3.left rear position ( 1 o’clock) the operator Applied usually in the mandibular arch. CHAPTER 6: FINGER POSITIONS Rest - In dental instrumentation, means the position assumed by the third and fourth fingers to STABILIZE the position of the instrument when the pencil grasp is used. Guard - Is the position assumed by the finger of the non operating hand 2. Inverted pen grasp to protect the part being worked - Finger positions are the same as that upon from injury, and to lessen the of the modified pen grasp. vibration of the tooth being worked - However, the hand is rotated so that on. In general, guards make the area the palm faces more towards the steadier. operator. And the instrument is directed upward or inward toward the operator. Finger Position - Used in lingual and labial surfaces of anterior teeth. 1. Pen grasp/modified pen grasp - Very commonly used and which is similar to the manner in which one holds a pen in writing - Thumb, index and middle fingers contact the instrument while the tips of the ring and little fingers are  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 thumb. This grip fosters control against slippage 3. Palm and thumb grasp - Is a powerful grasp in comparison to the pen grasp - Shaft of the instrument is grasped by all the four fingers, while the thumb is free of the instrument and rest on the nearby tooth of the same arch or on firm stable structure 5. Position where no rest is used. - all fingers grasp the instrument. - Control of balance is present. - eg. In using forceps, cotton pliers etc. FINALS CHAPTER 1: Dental Assitant Dental Clinic Assistant - is a multi-skilled member of the dental health team. 4. Modified palm and thumb grasp - provides support to both the dentist - Handle of the instrument is held by and the dental hygienist. all the fingers whose pads press the - is charged with responsibilities. handle against the distal area of the - effectively becomes the operator's palm & pad and first joint of the extra hands.  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 - assist the dental operator in providing more efficient dental treatment. A Dental hygienist or Oral hygienist - is a licensed dental professional, specializing in preventive oral health. - Some are licensed to administer local anesthesia. - typically focusing on techniques in oral hygiene. Scaling Scaling is a type of cleaning, It removes Common procedures performed by plaque and tartar from the mound and hygienists: below the gum line. Prophylaxis Scaling and Root Planning Root Planing Taking of prescribed radiographs Root planing Involves scraping and Dental sealants smoothing the root surfaces of your teeth. Administration of fluoride Gum tissue can be more firmly reattached Providing instructions for proper oral to roots that are clean and smooth. hygiene and care Requirements for Dental Assistant Dental assistants usually learn their skills on the job. High school students interested in a future career as a dental assistant should take courses in biology, chemistry, health, and office practices. Dental assistants must be reliable, work well with others, and have good manual Dental Sealants dexterity. In some states, dental assistants must be licensed or registered Tasks of a Dental Assistant  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 ➔ Keeps all the instruments in proper Clean, disinfect, and polish with working order. non-abrasive material. ➔ Sterilization and preparation of The waste trap in the cuspidor instruments. should be empty and clean. ➔ Makes patient comfortable Clean and polish bright the ➔ Develops radiographs cuspidor. ➔ May take impressions of teeth for Put off the electric switch. study models Put off the supply to the cuspidor. ➔ Prepares materials for temporary Put off compressed air, if the unit is fillings and other tasks under the fitted with a cut-off valve. direction of the dentist or hygienist. ➔ May also be present during Room in General dentistry procedures Clean towels Gauze and cotton rolls should be The assistant may also perform the ready for the next day. following tasks: Put off the heat radiators, electric seating patients in the treatment fans, and air-conditioners. area Doors and windows should be providing assistance in the office « locked. ordering supplies All switches must be put off. serve as an office manager or receptionist manage the business Reception room and Appointment Desk aspect of dentistry manage patient Furniture and fixtures should be records, filing, and recall systems clean, disinfected, and polished. The drinking fountain should be clean Dental Chair The computer should be shut down Clean, disinfect, and polish the after use upholstered parts, including The time of the clock must be set crevices. Keep lavatories clean Put on clean headrest covers. Bring the chair to the basic position. Prosthetic Laboratory Put off the burn furnaces, water baths, vascular, boil-out tanks, lathes, and dental engines Dental Unit Put off and polish the lathe blower  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Close the air and gas valves Check and fill the plastic artificial stone and investment bin Training Techniques for Patient's Comfort Stand behind the chair as the patient is being seated to make immediate adjustments for the patient's comfort. A towel is placed like a bib, on the patient. Face shield/eye shield All necessary instruments must be placed on the bracket table, without allowing any to hang over the edge. The operating spotlight or light should be Turned on and adjusted to illumine directly the field of operation. Proper Attire Dentists must wear comfortable clean attire when treating their patients. This also applies to all the dental staff and in some Whitecoat/gown cases even the attire of the patient. Head cap Disposable mask Scrub suit  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Clean gloves - LATEX - Made from natural rubber and provides good protection against Clean Gloves - Vinyl viruses and bacteria. - Protects hands and wrists from - However, it can cause allergic bodily fluids, detergents cleaning reactions in some people chemicals, paints, dyes,s and more. - Food grade, so it is a very popular choice for food procession and handling applications Clean Gloves - Nitrile - Engineered to offer superior puncture resistance, tear resistance, and chemical resistance. - It takes a long time to biodegrade  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Sterile Gloves - Available in latex and nitrile Patient's attire - Worn to protect patients from ➔ Head Cap contamination during invasive ➔ Eyeshield/ Dental Protective glasses procedures and to provide ➔ Disposable bib protection for the wearer. ➔ Gown ➔ Disposable bib ➔ "Polybib" ➔ "Dry back” Cleansers - Cleansing physically is the removal of dirt and debris. ie brushing, sweeping. In this procedure- water, soap, and detergent are used, It is Sterile gown advisable to cleanse any object intended for sterilization ➔ Detergent - is a cleansing agent, such as water, soap, or a soluble or liquid preparation (soapless) synthetic. ➔ Soap - made usually by the action of alkali on fat or fatty acids. both soap and detergent have emulsifying oil that holds dirt in suspension Sterile shoe covers CHAPTER 2: Records of Cases The Patient’s Role THE PATIENT’S CHIEF OF COMPLAINT - presents concern about the patient and the reason for his visit to the dentist without being asked.  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Voluntary Consent - gum recession - When a patient decides to go to the - sensitive teeth clinic and sits on the dental chair of - dry mouth his own accord, it is considered - clenching and teeth-grinding enough consent. - broken teeth - The patient can choose among the number of possible plans of Dental Emergency treatment. Preventive - ongoing swelling around the tooth - A patient visits his dentist once or - tooth pain that is not relieved for twice a year for a checkup and many days prophylaxis - bleeding gums that are not resolving Curative despite taking medication as - The reason for every patient to visit prescribed a dentist - extremely loose tooth, crown, and Cosmetics filling, that is about to fall off - The patient is motivated for - a tooth abscess or extreme facial consultation to improve his facial swelling esthetics Priority Data The Dentist’s Role 1. Full name of the patient Pre-treatment Consideration 2. Address - the dentist is responsible for 3. By whom referred, if at all evaluating the conditions or 4. Date of admittance symptoms of the case 5. Age of the patient Case of Exigency 6. Sex - refers to any dental situation that 7. Laboratory findings requires either immediate 8. The payments professional advice, assistance, or 9. The condition of the mouth medication Conditions of the mouth given attention DENTAL EXIGENCY during oral examination: - toothache 1. Missing teeth - infection 2. Supernumerary teeth - wisdom teeth 3. Development defects on tooth - decay or cavities 4. Caries - bleeding gums 5. Attrition, abrasion, erosion - oral health  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 6. Deformities of the jaws, teeth, Rotation malposition of teeth, condition of - tooth may be rotated around its long occlusion axis 7. Firmness of the gums, their texture, Infra-occlusion and also the tongue and floor of the - when a tooth has not reached the mouth occlusal level 8. Inflammation of visible soft tissues Supra-occlusion 9. Pain - tooth has erupted past the occlusal 10. Calculus, stains level 11. Condition of the bone, alveolar Transposed 12. Teeth filled or restored - when two teeth have reversed their 13. Any other deviation from the normal position condition of the mouth Imbrication 14. The condition of the pulps - overlapping of the adjacent teeth Conditions of the mouth given attention during oral examination: Dental Charts - Dental charts - It contains records of a patient's dental history and treatment. It's a simplified graphic representation of the teeth on which clinical, radiologic, and forensic information may be recorded. Conditions of the mouth given attention during oral examination: Chapter 3: Local and Systemic Tilted or Inclined Conditions - the crown of the tooth may be tilted or inclined labially, mesially, or If there are clinical and laboratory distally with its apex placed findings pertaining to the structures normally in the arch. Displacement in the oral cavity where the - when both the crown and root of the diagnosis cannot be very well teeth are incorrectly positioned or brought about or instituted, displaced  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 systemic findings might aid in the Vital signs assessment of the local data. Dentists are expected to be able to Body Temperature recognize some of the Pulse Rate manifestations of certain Respiration Rate pathologies in the body or in the Blood pressure mouth of their patients. Cases that are suspected of a systemic nature Body Temperature should be referred to physicians. * The body temperature is the balance Diseases occur because the mouth is between heat production and heat loss in also an essential constituent of the the body. human body. There is a mouth-body connection wherein any condition * Normal body temperature: which affects the system will also * approximately 98.6°F or 37°C. affect the mouth. * Rectal/ear temperature: Routine Examinations * about a degree higher than oral ➔ The General Physical Build - "Dentist's appraisal" * Oral temperature ➔ The mouth - examination of the soft * Lower than rectal tissues, the teeth, radiographs of the alveolar tissues, the occlusion, etc. * Axillary temperature: ➔ The systemic conditions - It is * Lower than oral necessary if an ailment of the mouth has apparent or possible Fever/ pyrexia complications elsewhere in the body or if an ailment of another organ - A high abnormal temperature of the body manifests in the mouth. 1. Severe infections; 2. Reactions to post-surgical operations;  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 3. Neurogenic fever from injury of the * Children (by age 12): 55 - 85 beats per central nervous centers. minute 4. Fever may be present in dehydration, * Kids (1-3 yrs old): 70 - 110 beats per due to reduction of blood water. minute 5. Fever may be produced by drugs and * Babies (birth to 3 months): 100 - 150 other chemical substances. beats per minute The Use of the Thermometer * Athletes may have heart rates as low as 40 beats per minute with no adverse - used to measure the temperature of experience the human body. Different types of thermometers Conditions that can affect pulse rate Digital ear thermometer 1. Exercise 7. Anxiety Digital probe thermometer 2. Stress 8. Thyroid conditions Digital temporal artery thermometer 3. Shock 9. Anemia Mercury thermometer 4. Caffeine 10. Strong emotions - Very toxic if released into the 5. Infection 11. Arrhythmia environment and can cause serious 6. Dehydration health problems for humans and wildlife. Respiratory Rate - affects fetal and child development by preventing the brain and nervous * The rate at which breathing occurs, and system from developing normally. measured in breaths per minute. Pulse Rate * Normal Respiratory rate: * The measurement of the heart rate or the * Adults (at rest): 12 - 20 breaths per number of times the heart beats per minute. minute * Normal Pulse rate: * Breath rates below 12 or above 25 AT REST can be a sign of an underlying health * Adults: 60 - 100 beats per minute condition  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 Conditions that can affect respiratory Conditions that can affect blood pressure rate rate 1. Asthma High Blood pressure 2. Anxiety 1. Anxiety 3. Pneumonia 2. Atherosclerosis 4. Heart disease 3. Heart failure 5. Lung disease 4. Stroke 6. Substance use disorder Low Blood pressure (Symptoms) Blood pressure 1. Dizziness * The measurement of the pressure or force 2. Fainting of blood against the walls of your arteries. 3. Nausea * Blood pressure is written as two numbers 4. Cold sweats * Systolic pressure - is the 1st number. 5. Blurred vision * It measures the pressure in your arteries Conditions that can affect blood pressure when your heart beats and pushes blood out rate. to your body. 1. Caffeine/alcoholic drink * Diastolic pressure - is the 2nd number. 2. Certain medications * It measures the pressure in your arteries when your heart rests between beats 3. Weight loss/gain * Normal BP for adults (at rest) is less than 4. Cold temperatures 120/80 mmHg 5. Exercise  University of the East - Manila 1st Semester Perspectives in Dentistry Teacher: Doc Malou De Guzman DPP_1101 Schedule : MW 6:30 - 7:30 6. Full bladder 6. Laboratory findings and other pertinent matters. 7. Full Stomach Others matter to put into record 8. Amount of salt in the diet Dental records also include: 9. Smoking * plaster casts an impression of the teeth 10. Stress * old dentures * photographs Ways to read Blood pressure * pertinent reports from family members * Sphygmomanometer - instrument used to measure the blood pressure. * prognosis from colleague consultant * Stethoscope - is a medical device for auscultation, or listening to internal sounds of the human body. Other vital informations 1. Adverse drug reactions 2. Prescription issued 3. Treatments in the past or present whether systemic or dental, emergency or not. 4. Health conditions when the patient was still a child, 5. Behavior problems. 2ND SEMESTER