ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS Radiation and environmental impact  AGENDA Introduction radiation and its type Sources mechanism Radioactive interaction Radiation effects case studies of radiation radiation safety conclusion ...

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS Radiation and environmental impact  AGENDA Introduction radiation and its type Sources mechanism Radioactive interaction Radiation effects case studies of radiation radiation safety conclusion  Introduction Radiation exposure is a daily occurrence for us. The sun, microwave ovens in our kitchens, and vehicle radios are a few of the most well-known sources of radiation. The majority of this radiation poses no health risks. However, some do. Radiation generally carries a lesser danger at lower doses, but at larger doses, it may carry a higher risk. Different precautions must be taken, depending on the type of radiation, to shield our bodies and the environment from its effects while yet enabling us to take advantage of its many applications.  radiation and its type Radiation: What Is It? Energy or particles from a source that travel through space or other media are referred to as radiation. Radiation includes heat, light, microwaves, and wireless communications. Included in this are the following: 1. Particle radiation includes beta radiation (β), neutron radiation, and alpha radiation (α). 2. Gravitational radiation includes gravitational waves. 3. Acoustic radiation includes seismic waves, sound, and ultrasonic waves. 4. All forms of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma radiation (γ), visible light, radio waves, and x-rays. In addition, radiation can be classified as either non-ionizing or ionizing based on how it interacts with matter. non ionizing radiation: Nonionizing radiation passes through or reflects off materials that do not contain moving electrons. There are two examples: radio waves and visible light. The question of whether nonionizing radiation is harmful to human health continues to be debated.  ionizing radiation: The process of ionization involves the loss or gain of electrons within an atom. Atoms can become ionized when certain radiation types "knock" electrons off of them. Gamma, beta, and alpha radiation are a few types of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation poses a risk to human health because it has the ability to alter the chemical state of matter, which can lead to biological damage. The penetrating potential of various ionizing radiation types is displayed in Figure 1. Figure 1  Natural Radiation Sources These are radiation sources that occur naturally in the environment without human intervention. Cosmic Radiation Terrestrial Radiation Radiation from the sun and outer space, Be in the Earth's crust, such as uranium and radon, which can accumulate in buildings and varying with altitude and latitude. contribute to natural radiation exposure. Internal Radiation Naturally occurring isotopes in the human body, like potassium-40, absorbed through food, water, and air.  Artificial Radiation Sources Man-made sources are radiation sources that are created through human activities. Nuclear Power Consumer Products Nuclear power reactors using uranium for Color televisions, smoke detectors, and electricity generation. natural gas heating and cooking fuel. Medical Procedures Diagnostic X-rays, dental X-rays, and radiation therapy.  Mechanism of radiation Electromagnetic radiation Particle radiation The emission of energy in the form of waves including It consists of particles such as alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, neutrons, and protons, and is usually produced by microwaves, and radio waves. It occurs as a result of the nuclear reactions or radioactive decay. acceleration of charged particles such as electrons. Thermal radiation Brake radiation Alpha decay Beta decay Synchrotron radiation Gamma decay  Radioactive interaction direct impact Indirect effect The interaction is direct when the Radiation is less likely to interact radiation interacts with the atoms of the with the DNA molecule, which is a DNA molecule or some other important small part of the cell, when the cellular components, and this interaction radiation reaction occurs in water, affects the cell's ability to reproduce and which is a larger part of the cell's survive, and in other cases it leads to the volume; therefore, the damage to death of the cell because a large number the cell is less, but sometimes of atoms are affected and a major change radiation can combine to form occurs in the information carried by the toxic substances such as DNA molecule; thus destroying the cell hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which due to the "direct" interference in its can contribute to cell destruction. system for maintaining life.  effect on health Hair: Hair loss occurs rapidly and in large quantities when exposed to radiation at a rate of 200 rem or more. Brain: The brain is damaged when exposed to radiation at a rate of 500 rem or more because brain cells do not reproduce, and radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels, leading to seizures and immediate death. Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is affected more than other parts of the body when exposed to large amounts of radioactive iodine, which can destroy all or part of the thyroid gland. To reduce the effects of radiation, potassium iodide can be taken.  Case Studies in Radiation Effects on Health 1. The 1986 Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in Ukraine (INES Level 7). In terms of both cost and mortality toll, the Chernobyl tragedy is the deadliest nuclear power plant accident in history. occurred on April 26, 1986, when reactor number four at the Ukrainian plant was destroyed by a steam explosion. Large amounts of radioactive waste were dispersed throughout Western Europe as a result of the ensuing fires, which immediately killed some thirty people from acute radiation poisoning and raised long- term concerns about an increase in thyroid cancer cases. Chernobyl Nuclear Accident  2. The 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Accident in Japan (INES Level 7). The 9.0 magnitude Great East Japan Earthquake that struck on Friday, March 11, 2011, resulted in a 15-meter tsunami that cut off the power supply and caused three reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi plant. According to official statistics, the evacuation effort resulted in the displacement of over 100,000 people and over 1,000 deaths. Investigations conducted later on have revealed that the infrastructure and risk assessment were insufficient for a natural disaster with this magnitude. The disaster was only the second in history to be given the highest Level 7 grade. Fukushima Nuclear Accident  3. Hisashi Ouchi's 83-day ordeal At a nuclear fuel processing facility in Tokaimura, Japan, on September 30, 1999, Hisashi Ouchi and two other employees were purifying uranium oxide when they unintentionally triggered a critical accident, releasing radiation from an uncontrollable nuclear chain reaction. In the annals of nuclear accidents, Ouchi was exposed to unprecedented amounts of radiation. Ouchi was already severely affected when the three employees hastily fled the room. He didn’t have burns or blisters when he arrived at the hospital, and the doctor believed he might survive, despite mild redness and swelling. However, after Ouchi arrived at the University of Tokyo hospital, his condition began to deteriorate. A week following the accident, he underwent a peripheral blood stem cell Hisashi Ouchi's transplant. Ouchi’s health continued to decline until multi-organ failure ultimately claimed his life. Blisters began to form, his skin started peeling off from the medical tape, and his breathing issues worsened. High levels of ionizing radiation can harm the digestive system and decrease blood cell synthesis, which can result in severe sickness. The brain, skin, and cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) can all sustain harm from an extremely high dosage of ionizing radiation. The risk of cancer can rise with ionizing radiation exposure. The likelihood of genetic abnormalities in children is not significantly raised when sperm and egg cells are exposed to radiation.  RADIATION SAFETY 100m 1m 1cm 0.01cm 1000nm 10nm 0.01nm 0.0001nm Full face shields Use speaker mode, Microwaves are a type of Visible light is the type of X-rays are a type of that absorb head phones, or ear electromagnetic radiation that electromagnetic radiation that Wearing sunglasses, radiation that can pass Use of barriers made infrared rays should buds to place more heats food and is used in allows us to see colors and putting on sunscreen through our bodies and are of lead, concrete or be worn in addition distance between your microwave ovens. the world around us. creams, wearing hats used to create images of our water to safety glasses or head and the cell bones. goggles phone Aminah Aminah Aminah Aminah Aminah Aminah Radio waves are a type of Replacing wireless Infrared radiation is sometimes Wearing glasses Ultraviolet radiation is a Use of protective Gamma rays are a type electromagnetic radiation devices with wired called "heat radiation" because with a special layer type of electromagnetic vests made of lead radiation that are highly used to transmit signals devices, maintaining we feel it as warmth. TV remote to filter the blue light radiation from the Sun that material during energetic and are produced for communication, such a sufficient distance controls use infrared radiation. and reduce its use can cause sunburn and is examinations by radioactive materials and as radio and television. used in blacklights. nuclear reactions.  conclusion At the end of this research, the research dealt with the concept of radiation in terms of its definition and types, in addition to the mechanism and sources of radiation, mentioning the interaction between radiation and humans and its effect on health and radiation prevention methods. We hope that the research will be comprehensive for each of the points described during the research. More studies and research must be needed, which we hope to present in the future.  Reference What is Radiation? (n.d.). IAEA. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is- radiation#:~:text=Radiation%20is%20energy%20that%20moves,listen%20to%20in%20our%20cars. Admin. (2022c, October 13). Radiation - Types, Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, nuclear radiation, radiation pressure, FAQs. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/physics/radiation/#what-is-radiation U.S. Department of Energy. (2018). Introduction to Radiation. Portsmouth Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/07/f77/2018%20Portsmouth%20ASER-introduction-to-radiation.pdf.. Washington State Department of Health. (2002, July). Background radiation: Natural versus man-made (Fact Sheet No. 320-063). Office of Radiation Protection, Division of Environmental Health. https://www.scribd.com/document/473182084/320-063. Planck, M. (1901). "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum." Annalen der Physik, 4(10), 553-563.  Process Industry Forum. (n.d.). Five worst nuclear disasters in history. Process Industry Forum. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.processindustryforum.com/energy/five-worst-nuclear-disasters-history U.S. Agency for International Development. (2018, April 25). Remembering the world’s worst nuclear disaster: The ongoing global response to Chernobyl. Medium. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://medium.com/usaid-2030/remembering-the-worlds- worst-nuclear-disaster-33359ed71863 Straka, J. (2015, October 30). Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Suffolk University. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://sites.suffolk.edu/jstraka/2015/10/30/fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-disaster/ HowStuffWorks. (n.d.). Hisashi Ouchi: The story of the man who suffered the most from radiation. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://science.howstuffworks.com/hisashi-ouchi.htm Margaritoff, M. (2024, February 29). The horrifying story of Hisashi Ouchi, the man who suffered the worst radiation burns ever recorded. All That's Interesting. Edited by John Kuroski. Updated March 11, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://allthatsinteresting.com/hisashi-ouchi Bushberg, J. T. (Reviewed/Revised December 2022). Radiation injury. MSD Manuals. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/radiation-injury/radiation-injury  https://n9.cl/ty6gp https://n9.cl/0w2762 https://n9.cl/uor34 https://n9.cl/wmkga https://n9.cl/yp3epy https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/reducing-radio-frequency-exposure-cell-phones ↑ "Radiation Exposure", medlineplus, Retrieved 6/1/2022. Edited..Radiation Effects on Humans", atomicarchive, Retrieved 6/1/2022. Edited" ‫^ أ ب‬ Energy TRA N SF OR MA TIO N AN D CO NS ER VA T IO N  Contents Introduction Energy transformation Energy conservation Types of Energy Transformation Practical applications  Introduction Pollution has become an inescapable global challenge, endangering the health of humans and other living organisms. With the continuous rise in industrial activities, the need for effective solutions to preserve our environment has never been more critical. This is where the concepts of energy conservation and energy transformation come into play. By reducing waste and utilizing cleaner energy sources, these principles can significantly help mitigate environmental damage. Physics, as a cornerstone of these concepts, offers valuable insights and technologies to upgrade and expand power systems to meet growing demand while improving efficiency. This shift will help us transition from outdated electricity systems to more sustainable and efficient solutions for a healthier planet.  What is Energy transformation? Energy is the ability to do work. In other words, everything that can do work has energy. In the case of energy, doing work is also known as causing or making change. Energy is either transformed or transferred every time work is being done. This means that since it changes forms every time it’s used, the amount of energy in the universe will forever remain the same. energy conservation energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Although, it may be transformed from one form to another  TYPES OF ENERGY TRASNFORM -ATION  6 PES O F Mechanical Energy Chemical Energy TY er gy n Heat Electrical E Energy Energy Nuclear Radiation Energy  1 1.>Kinetic Energy: Energy that a body possesses by virtue of its motion. A few examples are a baseball player pitching a ball, and a hammer Mechanical that is being used to pound nails. energy 2.>Potential Energy: Energy that a body possesses by virtue of its position relative to a reference point. A few examples include a pendulum, a bow (archery), and a spring.  2 Chemical Energy: Microscopic potential energy locked in molecules' bonds. Exists due to electric and magnetic attraction forces. Similar to thermal vibrations. Chemical Rearranged molecular parts in chemical reactions release or add Energy potential energy. Examples include batteries, burning wood, and glucose in the body. 3 Heat Energy: Combines microscopic, kinetic, and potential energy of molecules. Examples include hot beverages Heat and boiling water. Temperature measures thermal energy energy, with higher temperatures indicating faster movement. Fuels are burned and converted to thermal energy, then to motion or electricity. 4 Is the energy produced by the flow of electrons between matter atoms. Electricity is among the most practical and adaptable energy sources. Here are a few examples: Electrical When electricity is placed in a Energy toaster, it can provide heat; when it is placed in a stereo, it can produce music; when it is placed in an electric lightbulb, it can produce light; and when it is placed in a motor, it may produce motion or movement (mechanical energy). 5 Is the energy released when an atom undergoes reactions that alter the structure of its nucleus. Fusion is the process of joining two small nuclei to form one giant nucleus or particle. Heat and light are released as a result of Nuclear nuclear fusion. The Sun serves as an example, where energy is released when Energy hydrogen nuclei fuse (combine) to form helium nuclei. Fission is the process by which the nucleus of a single large atom splits into two smaller atoms, releasing a massive quantity of energy in the form of heat and light. 6 Particles, waves, or beams of energy that are radiated or communicated. Examples of radiation include visible light that is visible to the unaided eye, infrared radiation, ultraviolet (UV) radiation that is invisible to the unaided eye, long wave radiation like radio and TV waves, and very short waves like gamma and x-rays.. For example, the sunlight which is a type Radiation of radiant energy, is absorbed and converted into electrical energy by the solar cells. Practical applications of energy conservation in everyday life Energy-Efficient Appliances Home Insulation Electric Vehicles Appliances use advanced Proper insulation conserves thermal EVs more energy efficient than technologies to reduce electricity energy by minimizing heat loss in traditional vehicles, converting consumption. Key features include winter and heat gain in summer, more battery power into improved insulation and variable- reducing the need for excessive mechanical energy and reducing speed motors. heating or cooling. energy consumption and emissions. Practical applications of energy conservation in everyday life LED bulbs Solar Water Heaters Smart Thermostats Light Emitting Diode bulbs use Solar water heaters harness sunlight Smart thermostats optimize much less energy than traditional to heat water, lowering the reliance energy use by learning user incandescent bulbs and last longer, on electricity or gas and significantly habits and adjusting heating and reducing electricity consumption reducing energy consumption, cooling systems automatically, and the need for frequent especially in sunny areas. conserving energy when no one replacements. is home. THANK YOU ! Reference. ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Save energy at home. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.energystar.gov/saveathome0. U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Insulation. Energy Saver. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/insulation. U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Electric vehicle technology. Fuel Economy. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml. U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). LED lighting. Energy Saver. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/led-lighting. U.S. Department of Energy. (n.d.). Solar water heaters. Energy Saver. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/solar-water-heaters. ENERGY STAR. (n.d.). Heating & cooling. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved October 7, 2024, from https://www.energystar.gov/saveathome/heating-cooling https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9#:~:text=%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8 1%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D8%A3%D9%86%D9% 87%20%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9 Reference.Penn State University. (n.d.). Energy sources and resources. Penn State E- Education. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/1903.Penn State University. (n.d.). Renewable energy resources. Penn State E- Education.https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/node/1904 Renewable energy Powering a Sustainable Future  CONTENTS 1 introduction 3 Types of renewable energy 2 The aim of the topic 4 Benefits of renewable energy on the environment 6 How did the Kingdom 5 Conclusion contribute to supporting and using renewable energy  INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that is renewed at a higher rate than it is consumed, for example, sunlight and wind. It is a renewable energy source found in the environment around us. On the other hand, coal, oil and gas are non-renewable resources that take hundreds of millions of years to form and fossil fuels: when burned to produce energy, it causes emissions of harmful greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide, thus generating renewable energy creates much less emissions than burning fossil fuels.  WHAT IS THE AIM OF RENEWABLE ENERGY? The goal of using renewable energy is to make the environment around us a clean environment and reduce harmful emissions and its efficiency is higher in terms of electricity generation and consumption  TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY  SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy is abundant and can be harnessed even on cloudy days The Earth absorbs solar radiation at a rate 10,000 times greater than human energy consumption Technologies like photovoltaic panels and solar mirrors can produce power, heat, cooling, and lighting Despite regional variations, every nation can utilize solar energy to meet energy needs  WIND ENERGY Wind energy utilizes turbines to capture the kinetic energy of moving air, whether onshore or offshore in freshwater or the ocean Technological advancements have led to taller turbines and increased electricity generation globally  HYDROPOWER Hydropower harnesses flowing water energy from higher to lower elevations through rivers and reservoirs Run-of-river facilities utilize natural river flow, while reservoir plants use stored water Hydropower reservoirs have various functions like electricity generation, water supply, irrigation, and flood control Dependent on stable rainfall patterns, hydropower is the largest renewable energy source for electricity but can be affected by droughts and ecosystem changes Small-scale hydro is seen as a more eco- friendly option, especially for remote regions BIOMASS ENERGY Bioenergy is derived from organic sources like wood, dung, and crops for heat, power, and biofuels Previously used in rural areas, modern systems utilize plants, residues, and waste Although less efficient than fossil fuels, bioenergy's environmental impact necessitates sustainable and selective use to mitigate issues like deforestation and changes in land use GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy utilizes Earth's heat from hot, permeable hydrothermal reservoirs or enhanced geothermal systems to generate reliable energy for over a century  ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY  Improved Air Water Quality Conservation Transitioning to renewables Renewable energy reduces pollutants such as SO₂ technologies require minimal and NOₓ, leading to better air water compared to fossil fuels, quality and public health. helping to conserve water resources.  Preservation of Minimized Waste and Ecosystems Pollution Renewable energy Renewable technologies systems have a smaller produce little to no waste, land footprint and cause reducing pollution and the less disruption to burden on waste disposal. ecosystems compared to fossil fuel extraction.  SAUDI ARABIA'S RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGY Saudi Arabia is promoting the use of renewable energy as part of its efforts to diversify its energy resources and decrease its dependence on oil. Important projects involve: Solar Energy Wind Energy Vision 2030 project project The National The Sakaka Solar The Dumat Al Jandal Renewable Energy Power Plant, with a wind farm, with a Program (NREP) aims capacity of 300 MW, is capacity of 400 MW, to have 50% of the the kingdom's first showcases the country's energy come utility-scale solar potential for wind from renewable plant. energy in the country. sources by 2030.  Hydrogen PIF NEOM production Saudi Arabia's PIF has The futuristic city of Saudi Arabia is made significant NEOM is planned to investing in green investments in run entirely on hydrogen production, renewable energy, renewable energy, particularly through including in ACWA focusing on solar, the NEOM Green Power. wind, and hydrogen. Hydrogen Project.  International Environmental and Partnerships Economic Impact Saudi Arabia is These efforts not only collaborating with reduce greenhouse gas organizations like IRENA emissions but also create to promote renewable jobs, stimulate economic energy on a global scale. growth, and diversify the economy away from oil.  CONCLUSION During the session, we discussed the objectives, varieties, advantages, and Saudi Arabia's role in renewable energy. I trust that the provided information addresses your inquiries and aids in expanding your dictionary. Thank you for listening and paying attention. I hope for success for both of us and for you. THANK YOU  REFERENCES https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy.United Nations. (n.d.). What is renewable energy? United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy. World Resources Institute. (n.d.). Environmental benefits of renewable energy. Retrieved October 13, 2024, from https://www.wri.org/insights/environmental-benefits-renewable-energy Vision 2030 - Renewable Energy. (n.d.). https://vision2030.gov.sa/en IRENA: Saudi Arabia. (n.d.). https://www.irena.org/ Saudi Ministry of Energy. (n.d.). https://www.energy.gov.sa/en ACWA Power. (n.d.). https://www.acwapower.com