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LESSON 2 Persian architecture WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE - Uses timber and colored limestones, the reason for this is becaus...

LESSON 2 Persian architecture WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE - Uses timber and colored limestones, the reason for this is because they are further - Aka Mesopotamian Architecture detached to Tigris and Euphrates and MESOPOTAMIA because of this they don’t have mud - The area in Persia is commonly dessert Meso – Middle CLIMATIC INFLUENCE IN MESOPOTAMIAN Potamos – River ARCHITECTURE Greek word for in between rivers Assyria and Babylon Fertile Crescent – because Tigris and Euphrates form a - This area is located much closer to the crescent shape which is the reason why majority, if not two river Tigris and Euphrates which all of the civilization are located near or around the made them prone to flooding rivers. - What they usually do it put their important structures on top of a platforms to prevent form flooding e.g. Ziggurat or 4 MAIN CIVILIZATIONS temples on platforms in reason to prevent themselves form destroying their SUMER – Iraq structures from flooding. BABYLON – Iraq Persian ASSYRIA – Northern Iraq/Southern Türkiye - Since Persia is far from Tigris and PERSIA – Iran (one of the oldest civilization0 Euphrates, they usually do is they have a open courtyards - Open courtyards collineated structures, majority of the time they only use cloth GEOLOGICAL or drapery which separates each space ASSYRIA AND BABYLON from another - In earlier courtyard architecture, a 3 types of material the utilized all derived from mud courtyard in an open space that is Sun dried bricks surrounded by other enclosed spaces - This is used by lower echelons of society RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE - They get the mud from the river itself, Persian Architecture and as the name suggests “Sun dried Bricks” these formed bricks are left in the - Uses king headed winged bulls sun to dry. - They use monsters for decoration and doorways of Palaces. Kiln Dried Bricks - They utilized monsters or scary - It is very similar to Sun dried bricks in iconography is to scare people who are the sense that they are still mud derived not from Persia to be afraid from river shaped into blocks or bricks. Assyria and Babylon - These bricks are often use by wealthier or middle-class people - They usually have Ziggurat (the reason - Primary difference to sun dried bricks is the structures are placed on the platform that it is placed inside an oven or kiln for the climatic purpose) - These bricks are sturdier than the sun- - They place temples on top of ziggurat so dried bricks because of its extra step they will be closer to heaven which made it more expensive. - They believe that the higher the structures the more the god can see their Colored Glazed Bricks offerings or hear them. - This is utilized in temples and palaces - The only people can penetrate the top of - These bricks are majority of the time is ziggurat are priest and kings, the lower very glossy which made it more echelons of the society remain at the expensive because another step from the bottom of the ziggurat kiln dried bricks is that they put pigments - They utilized natural elements as pigments such as leaves, flowers but they also utilized pigments such as urine, stool, and blood to provide a different kind of color Note: the most difficult color before is purple only used in royalty because it is from a snail, the process in obtaining this color is that they put the snail in the jar and wait for it to decompose, this is also utilized in temples and palaces HISTORICAL ASPECTS King Nebuchadnezzar II Sumerians The most magnificent Structures - Usually when they conquer a state or - The great Palace of Nebuchadnezzar nation or a civilization, they do not - Ishtar Gate demolish or destroy all their structures. - Hanging gardens of Babylon Rather what they usually do is rebuild on King Hammurabi that structures and combine their culture to each other - Associated with written literature and - Have the most dynamic cultures because written codes it is a combination of their conquered - The first one who created a code of law states that is written which is called the Hammurabi code Sargin II - The first one to rule created the first few palaces in the entire world Sumerian high - The second who erected the palace of Temple at kahaji Sargon in khorsabad Iraq Sennacherib - The one who transferred the Assyrian capital to Nineveh and converted the Assyria and Babylon importance of temples to palaces. - Assyria located in Babylonia (Babylon is Cyrus the great the capital of Babylonia) - Which is considered as the father of Iranian nation Darius I The iconic structure of Babylon is the tower of - Who created or commissioned the Babel construction of palace of Persepolis, which is the most magnificent archeological palace in Persia - Assyrians are the one who develop the - The Tachara Palaces, The Apadana, or the polychrome bricks or the color glazed grand audience hub and the treasury bricks Xerxes I - Babylon transferred their capital to Nineveh - He executed majority of the construction - Temples are the chief building type but of the palace of Persepolis and when they transferred to Nineveh, castle particularly the gate of all nation, hall of was now the chief building hundred columns also known as the - They did not create more temple, rather Throne Hall. they create more palaces Artaxerxes I - During the transfer to Nineveh, they believe that the kings are the - The one who finish the construction of reincarnation of the gods the Place of Persepolis and particular the Hall of hundred columns Persian architecture - Is a combination of African, middle eastern and southeast European nations THE PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS specifically Greece and Türkiye - It is very similar to Egyptian Architecture - Darius I the one who started the and Greek Architecture the reason for construction of the palace or Persepolis that is they’re very famous trading - Xerxes I the who contributed majority or community. the construction of the Palace of Persepolis IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES - Artaxerxes I the one who finish the construction of the Place of Persepolis King Ur Nammu and particular the Hall of hundred - The one who commissioned the most columns important ziggurat, which is the great ziggurat located in Iraq  FOR OPENNINGS ARCHITECTURAL DIFFERENCES Assyria and Babylon Assyria and Baylon - They do not have windows above - They have ventilation via Terracotta - They utilized arch and vault and buttress pipes Persia Persia - They utilized columnar and tritiated - They have small windows with lentils constructions also known as post and lintel ORNAMENTATION COMMON ELEMENS Assyria and Babylon Assyria and Babylon - King headed winged bulls - Monsters - The most important structure is temples - Colossal, winged bulls, The ox of La than palaces Masso, chiseled alabaster and - Majority of civilizations have both polychrome bricks temples and palaces Persia Persian Architecture - lays bricks relief images of Monsters - The only create Palaces alone, they do not have ziggurat at all because it is not MOST IMPORTANT STRUCTURES important to them Assyria ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS Ziggurat known as The Holy Mountains Assyria and Babylon - The most important element in creation - Massiveness of the ziggurat is that its corners are yet - Monumentality towards the cardinal points - Grandeur - The most preserved ziggurat is the ziggurat of Ur by King Ur nammu Persia located in Iraq their temple is dedicated - They utilize drapery as their form of to their moon god nanna separation from each space and majority Temple Oval in Khafaji Iraq have a columnar type of structure - They are characterized as light and airy - Very iconic because usually temples and magnificence, because the air will just ziggurat are in a very circular planned pass through and through area whereas temple oval is as the name states it its Oval BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS White Temple and Ziggurat Assyria and Babylon - Still located in Khafaji Iraq, this is very - Their Chief building is usually the because it literally has a temple on top ziggurat, which chief platform have a secret platform Corsifa Ziggurat build in nimrud Persia - Rebuilt by nebuchadnezzar II - It looks like a mountain but actually a - They have large Columnar Post burial mound WALLS Babylon Assyria and Babylon - Largest population during the heyday of - They have whitewash and paint into Mesopotamian civilization, one of the color, burnt bricks as accent most important elements or structures in the city of Babylon is the palace of Persia Nebuchadnezzar (considered as the - They utilized double mud bricks walls for largest archeological site in the middle domestic architecture (the houses of east) common people) Ishtar gate ROOF - Not the actual gate but the reconstruction Assyria and Babylon of the Pergamon museum - The 8th gate among the other 12 gates - The roofs are usually Flat Persia - Flat roof as well - Sometimes they have door Hanging gardens of Babylon - This is created by king Nebuchadnezzar for his wife Amytis of Media is the most beautiful person in the world. The temple of Marduk - Also known as esagila - They call churches as esagila (this is for the supreme god Morduk) The Palace of Sargon - Created by Sargon II The first palace in the world in Khorsabad Iraq The Palace of Susa - Erected by Darius Palace of Persepolis - The most impressive structure - Literally means the city of Persia PARTS OF THE PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS Xerxes I – put his name all over the palace in 3 different language (old-Persian, Elamite, Babylonian) and the inscription reads as “Xerxes the great king” The apadana - Known as the grand or royal audience hall because if they have guest outside from Persia they meet them here The Tatchara Palace - The smallest Structure but the first structure to be built - The residences for the kings and the wives Tripylon - The Tripylon ("triple gate") of Persepolis can be found between the Apadana and the Hall of Hundred Columns and connects these two buildings. - Severed as the reception are considered as the guard room The Treasury - By darius I - Served as armory, an armory means they place all of their fighting materials like sword’s, spears, arrow they store it in the armory The hall of Hundred Columns - Started by Xerxes I and finished by Artaxerxes I - They usually have a double bull and double unicorn capital, the capital is the termination from the columns to the ceiling, usually filled ornamentation