PC INTRO (1).pdf

Chapter 1: The Computer Industry History Overview of Computer Systems Careers  Computer History Manual Calculators Mechanical Calculators Computer Prototypes Generations of Computers 2  Manual Calculators Device that assists...

Chapter 1: The Computer Industry History Overview of Computer Systems Careers  Computer History Manual Calculators Mechanical Calculators Computer Prototypes Generations of Computers 2  Manual Calculators Device that assists in the process of numeric calculations, but requires the human operator to keep track of the algorithm Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 3  Manual Calculators Napier’s Bones (left) evolved into the slide rule (right). Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 4  Mechanical Calculators Implements algorithms autonomously – Schickard’s Calculator – Pascaline – Leibniz Calculator – deColmar’s Arithmometer – Difference Engine – Analytical Engine – Hollerith Tabulating Machine Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 5  Mechanical Calculators Analytical Engine, generally considered the first computer, designed and partly built by the English inventor Charles Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on it until his death in 1871). Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 6  Computer Prototypes An experimental device that typically must be further developed and perfected – Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) – Z3 Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 7  Computer Prototypes – IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Mark I) – COLOSSUS – ENIAC Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 8 9 9  Generations of Computers UNIVAC is considered the first commercially successful digital computer First-generation computers – Vacuum tubes Second-generation computers – Transistors Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 10  Generations of Computers Third-generation computers – Integrated circuits RCA Spectra 70 IBM 360 DEC PDP-8 IBM AS/400 Fourth-generation computers – Microprocessor Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics 11  Generations of Computers Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computers are in developmental stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will be used in this technology. we can say that the fifth generation computers will have the power of human Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics intelligence. 12 Questions  Overview of Computer Systems Computer Define Components of a Computer System Categories of Computers 14 Computer Define 15  What Is a Computer ? How is a computer defined? – Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Processes data into Accepts data information Raw facts, figures, and Data that is organized, symbols meaningful, and useful Produces and stores results 16  Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the advantages of using computers? Speed Reliability Consistency Storage Communications 17  Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers What are the disadvantages of using computers? Violation of Impact on Privacy Labor Force Impact on Health Risks Environment 18 Components of a Computer System 19  Components of a Computer System Network System Internet services (email) Network connections (modems, network cards) Internet Software System Operating System (Unix, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows) Web browser (Netscape, Internet Hardware System Explorer) Keyboard Office productivity applications Monitor (Microsoft Office, Star Office) System unit 20  1. Hardware System Monitor The Outside of A Computer Keyboard Mouse Battery Backup (UPS) Flash Drive Printer Speakers External Hard Drive Sound Card Network Interface Card (NIC) Expansion Card (Firewire, USB, etc.) Hard Drive Controller Card Modem Scanner, Projector Joystick Webcam Microphone 21 Tape Drive Zip Drive  The Components of a Computer What is the system unit? Box-like case containing electronic components used to process data 22 Components inside the system unit 23  The Components of a Computer What are two main components on the motherboard? Central Processing Unit (CPU) Also called a processor The electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer Memory Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions 24  Peripheral Devices Equipment added to computer to enhance its functionality Modify and expand the basic computer system Examples of peripheral devices: – Keyboard – Monitor – Mouse – Printer – Scanner – Digital Video Camera – Graphic Tablet – Joy Stick 25  The Components of a Computer What is an input device ? Hardware used to enter data and instructions 26  The Components of a Computer What is an output device ? Hardware that conveys information to one or more people 27  Storage Devices Optical Discs – CD-ROM – CD-RW – DVD-ROM Magnetic Discs – Floppy disk – Hard disk (removable & fixed) Electronics Discs – Flash Memory – Solid State Discs (SSD) SSD Technology: NVMe, SATA, M.2 28  2. What is Software? Software is a set of computer instructions or data. Software receives input from the user and processes this input through the computer to produce output. Software directs how the computer interacts with the user. Software specifies how to process the user's data 29  Software System Two categories: operating system (OS) software and application software. Operating system software, also called Users system software, is the master controller for all activities that take place within a computer – Examples of OS software: Microsoft Windows Application Software Unix, Linux Mac OS iseries Application software is a set of one or more computer programs that helps a person carry Operating System Software out a task – Examples of application software: Microsoft Word Internet Explorer Hardware System Photoshop 30  3. Network System A network provides connections among computers to enable computers on a network to share data (e.g. documents), hardware (e.g. printers), and software resources (e.g. application programs). Network users can also send messages to each other. A network must be secured to protect data from unauthorized usage (e.g. using login name and password to gain access to a network). Network connection components: Network Interface Card Internet (NIC) Modem Phone line or cable Internet Service Provider (ISP) 31  Basic Computer Model All computers perform four basic operations – Input Data – Process Data – Store Data – Output Data 32  Basic Operations Input data is to feed information which can be supplied by any person, environment or other computer. Processing data is manipulating data by performing calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, drawing pictures. Storing data is for future retrieval and processing. Memory holds data that is waiting to be processed, and storage areas hold data permanently until the data is deleted. Output data is the result produced by a computer, which includes reports, documents, music, graphs, pictures and movies. 33 Categories of Computers 34  Categories of Computers Computers are classified based on their technology, function, physical size, performance and cost. The categories of computers include: – Personal computers – Handheld computers – Mainframes – Supercomputers – Embedded Computers 35  Personal Computer (PC) Designed to meet the computing needs of an individual Notebook computers Desktop computers 36  Personal Computers What is a desktop computer ? – Designed so all of the components fit on or under a desk or table 37  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a notebook computer ? – Portable, small enough to fit on your lap – Also called a laptop computer – Generally more expensive than a desktop computer What is a netbook computer ? Netbooks are a category of small, lightweight, legacy-free, and inexpensive laptop computers. 38 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a Tablet PC ? – Resembles a letter-sized slate – Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes and Internet access A tablet computer, or a tablet, is a mobile computer, larger than a mobile phone or personal digital assistant, integrated into a flat touch screen and primarily operated by touching the screen rather than using a physical keyboard. 39  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a handheld computer? Small enough to fit in one hand Used by mobile employees such as meter readers and delivery people 40  Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? – Provides personal organizer functions Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad 41 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are smart phones? A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities 42  Servers What types of servers are there? A server controls access to network resources and provides centralized storage Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations 43  Mainframe Computer It is a large and expensive computer that is capable of handling requests and passing data simultaneously to many users. Used by governments and large corporations to provide centralized storage and control Processes billions of data per second Handles communication between users Searches for requests given by user. 44 45  Supercomputer It is the fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. The largest, most powerful supercomputers are really multiple computers that perform parallel processing. Two parallel processing approaches: symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and massively parallel processing (MPP). It is often used for: – Breaking codes – Modeling weather systems – Simulating nuclear explosions 46 Examples: Deep Blue, PARAM 1000  Japanese Supercomputer Is Crowned World’s Speediest In the race for the most powerful computers, Fugaku, a Japanese supercomputer, recently beat American and Chinese machines. Fugaku, Japan’s new supercomputer, at the Riken Center for Computational Science in Kobe. The machine carried out 2.8 times more calculations a second 47 than an IBM system in Tennessee. © 2020 The New York Times Company  Embedded Computers What is an embedded computer? – A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product 48 Questions  Careers for Computer Professionals Jobs and Salaries Education and Certification Job Hunting Basics Resumes and Web Portfolios Job Listings 50 51 Jobs and Salaries Information Systems department – Chief Information Officer – Systems Analyst – Computer Programmer – Security Specialist – Database Administrator – Network Specialist/Administrator – Computer Operator – Technical Support Specialist – Web site designer Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: 52 Education and Certification Computer engineering Computer science Information systems Information technology Software engineering The Peterson’s Web site is a comprehensive resource for educational services – www.petersons.com Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: 53 Education and Certification Certificates of completion are available to students who successfully complete one or more courses on a specified topic A certification exam is an objective test that verifies your level of knowledge – General computer knowledge – Software applications – Database administration – Networking – Computer hardware – Computer security Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: 54 Job Hunting Basics Job hunting steps The Internet is a great resource for finding a job Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: History, Careers, and Ethics Resumes and Web Portfolios You can prepare your resume in formats suitable for different computer platforms and delivery methods – Print – E-mail – HTML and XML 55 56 Resumes and Web Portfolios A Web portfolio is a hypertext version of your resume, which might contain links to relevant Web sites Supply multimedia presentations only when requested You can post your Web portfolio on your personal Web site https://bepatrickdavid.com Chapter 9: The Computer Industry: 57 Job Listings Sources of job listings – Newspaper’s Help Wanted section – School’s career placement office – Local state employment agency – Online job bank – Job search agent – Metasearch tool 58 Job Listings An online search agent autonomously searches for jobs that match your requirements. Chapter 9: The Computer Industry:  Careers in Computing A systems analyst investigates the requirements of a business or organization, its employees, and its customers in order to plan and implement new or improved computer services A security specialist analyzes a computer system’s vulnerability to threats from viruses, worms, unauthorized access, and physical damage A computer programmer designs, codes, and tests computer programs A quality assurance specialist participates in alpha and beta test cycles of software A database administrator analyzes a company’s data to determine the most effective way to collect and store it 59  Careers in Computing (cont.) A network specialist/administrator plans, installs, and maintains one or more local area networks A computer operator typically works with minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers A computer engineer designs and tests new hardware products, such as computer chips, circuit boards, computers, and peripheral devices A technical support specialist provides phone or online help to customers of computer companies and software publishers 60  Careers in Computing (cont.) A technical writer creates documentation for large programming projects, and writes the online or printed user manuals that accompany computers, peripheral devices, and software A computer salesperson, or “sales rep,” sells computers A Web site designer creates, tests, posts, and modifies Web pages A manufacturing technician participates in the fabrication of computer chips, circuit boards, system units, or peripheral devices 61  Examples of Computer Usage What are five categories of computer users? – Home User – Small Office/Home Office User – Mobile User – Power User – Large Business User 62 End of Chapter -1  Chapter 2: The Computer Industry Data Representation in a Computer System Overview of Hardware Components Computer Memory and Function  Data Representation  Data Representation How do computers represent data? Most computers are digital ▪ Recognize only two discrete states: on or off ▪ Use a binary system to recognize two states ▪ Use Number system with two unique digits: 0 and 1, called bits (short for binary digits) 3  Data Representation What is a byte ? Eight bits grouped together as a unit Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent 256 individual characters ▪ Numbers ▪ Uppercase and lowercase letters ▪ Punctuation marks 4 ✗ Computers can only understand numbers, so an ASCII code 5 is the numerical representation of a character  Data Representation: Bits and Bytes Recall computers are made up of electrical components Data can be represented electronically with electrical components being on or off. On and off states can be represented using digits 0s and 1s. For example: – 0: Off state – 1: On state Data can be represented digitally using digits 0 and 1. – 0 and 1 are called binary digits. – Each binary digit is called a bit. – Eight Bits equal to one byte. 6  Number Systems Decimal : base 10 (digits 0-9) – Decimal number system has ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, called digits. Binary : base 2 (digits 0-1) – Binary number system has two symbols: 0 and 1, called bits. Octal : base 8 (digits 0-7) – Octal numbers have a range of just “8” digits, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Hexadecimal : base16 (digits 0-9 and A-F) – Hexadecimal number system uses 16 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F, called hex digits. 7  Comparison of Values in Different Bases Decimal Value Binary Value Octal Value Hexadecimal Value 0 000000 00 00 1 000001 01 01 2 000010 02 02 3 000011 03 03 4 000100 04 04 5 000101 05 05 6 000110 06 06 7 000111 07 07 8 001000 10 08 9 001001 11 09 10 001010 12 0A 11 001011 13 0B 12 001100 14 0C 13 001101 15 0D 14 001110 16 0E 8 15 001111 17 0F Conversion Between Number Systems Binary → Decimal Decimal → Binary Octal , Hexadecimal→ Binary Binary → Octal , Hexadecimal 9  Integer → Binary Method: Eg： Integer 45 → Binary 2 4 5 remainder Right of Binary 2 2 2 ······· 1 2 1 1 ···· ······· 0 2 5 ···· ······· 1 2 2 ···· ······· 1 2 1 ···· ······· 0 0 ······· 1 ···· Left of Binary ···· Result： （45）10=（101101）2 10  Exercise：Convert Decimal to Binary Example #1 Division Quotient Remainder Bit # Convert 1310 to binary: by 2 13/2 6 1 0 1310 = 11012 6/2 3 0 1 3/2 1 1 2 1/2 0 1 3 Example #2 Division Quotient Remainder Bit # Convert 17410 to binary: by 2 174/2 87 0 0 17410 = 101011102 87/2 43 1 1 43/2 21 1 2 21/2 10 1 3 10/2 5 0 4 5/2 2 1 5 2/2 1 0 6 11 1/2 0 1 7  Decimal Fraction → Binary Method: Separate integer 0. 8 1 2 5 dot.  2 1 1. 6 2 5 0 Example: 0. 6 2 5 convert decimal  2 0.8125 to binary 1 1. 2 5 0 0. 2 5  2 0 0. 5 0 0. 5  2 last 1 1. 0 Result: （0.8125）10=（.1101）2 12 Convert (0.1 )10 to binary Step 1: 0.1 x 2 = 0.2, the first binary digit to the right of the point is a 0. So far, we have.1 (decimal) =.0???... (base 2). Step 2: 0.2 x 2 = 0.4, the second binary digit to the right of the point is also a 0. So far, we have.1 (decimal) =.00??... (base 2). Step 3: 0.4 x 2 = 0.8, the third binary digit to the right of the point is also a 0. So now we have.1 (decimal) =.000??... (base 2). Step 4: 0.8 x 2 = 1.6, the fourth binary digit to the right of the point is a 1. So now we have.1 (decimal) =.0001??... (base 2). Step 5: 0.6 x 2 = 1.2, the fifth binary digit to the right of the point is a 1. So now we have.1 (decimal) =.00011??... (base 2). Step 6: We are then bound to repeat steps 2-5, then return to Step 2 again indefinitely. In other words, we will never get a 0 as the decimal fraction part of our result. Instead we will just cycle through steps 2-5 forever. This means we will obtain the sequence of digits generated in steps 2-5, namely 0011, over and over. Hence, the final binary representation will be. 0.1 (decimal) =.00011001100110011... (base 2). 14 The repeating pattern is more obvious if we highlight it in color as below: 0.1 (decimal) =.00011001100110011... (base 2).  Octal , Hexadecimal→ Binary How to express and switch them? – Each hexadecimal or Octal digit represents four binary places. – Hexadecimal or Octal digit can be used as shorthand for binary notation One Hex digit four bits One byte = 8 bits two Hex digits 111010102 Group the bits into four’s starting from the right hand side = 1110 1010 Binary Digit Value 001101010111001111 Find the Decimal equivalent of each individual group Group the bits into three´s starting 001 101 010 111 001 111 = 14 10 from the right hand (in decimal) side Octal Number form 1 5 2 7 1 78 Convert to Hexadecimal using the table above 15 = E A (in Hex)  Octal → Binary 23 = 8 example: octal（4675.21)8→binary 4 6 7 5.2 1 Process: 100 110 111 101.010 001 Result: （4675.21）8 =（100110111101.010001）2 16  Hexadecimal→binary 24 = 16 example: hexadecimal（3ACD.A1)16→binary 3 A C D.A 1 Process: 0011 1010 1100 1101.1010 0001 Result: （3ACD.A1）16 =（11101011001101.10100001）2 17  Data Representation What are two popular coding systems to represent data? ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ASCII Symbol EBCDIC 00110000 0 11110000 00110001 1 11110001 00110010 2 11110010 00110011 3 11110011 18  Express the Data in Computer b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 8 bits binary 19  ASCII Code ASCII stands for America Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII is used to represent character data. For example: – Alphabet letter "a" can be represented as a series of eight binary digits, "01100001” using extended ASCII ASCII codes for 'A' 'A' decimal code: 6510 'A' hex code: 4116 'A' binary code: 010000012 'A' octal code: 1018 'A' escape sequence: \x41 'A' HTML code: A 20 Floating-Point Representation The signed magnitude, 1’s complement, and 2’s complement representations as such are not useful in scientific or business applications that deal with real number values over a wide range. Floating-point representation solves this problem. 21 Floating-Point Representation Computers use a form of scientific notation for floating-point representation Numbers written in scientific notation have three components: 22 Floating-Point Representation Computer representation of a floating-point number consists of three fixed-size fields: This is the standard arrangement of these fields. 23 Floating-Point Representation The one-bit sign field is the sign of the stored value. The size of the exponent field, determines the range of values that can be represented. The size of the significand determines the precision of the representation. 24 Floating-Point Representation The IEEE-754 single precision floating point standard uses an 8-bit exponent and a 23-bit significand. The IEEE-754 double precision standard uses an 11-bit exponent and a 52-bit significand. For illustrative purposes, we will use a 14-bit model with a 5-bit exponent and an 8-bit significand. 25 IEEE-754 fp numbers - 1 32 bits: 1 8 bits 23 bits s biased exp. fraction N = (-1)s x 1.fraction x 2(biased exp. – 127) Sign: 1 bit Mantissa: 23 bits — We “normalize” the mantissa by dropping the leading 1 and recording only its fractional part Exponent: 8 bits — In order to handle both +ve and -ve exponents, we add 127 to the actual exponent to create a “biased exponent”: – 2-127 => biased exponent = 0000 0000 (= 0) – 20 => biased exponent = 0111 1111 (= 127) – 2+127 => biased exponent = 1111 1110 (= 254) IEEE-754 fp numbers - 2 Example: Find the corresponding fp representation of 25.75 – 25.75 => 00011001.110 => 1.1001110 x 24 – sign bit = 0 (+ve) – normalized mantissa (fraction) = 100 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 – biased exponent = 4 + 127 = 131 => 1000 0011 – so 25.75 => 0 1000 0011 100 1110 0000 0000 0000 0000 => x41CE0000 Values represented by convention: — Infinity (+ and -): exponent = 255 (1111 1111) and fraction =0 — NaN (not a number): exponent = 255 and fraction  0 — Zero (0): exponent = 0 and fraction = 0 – note: exponent = 0 => fraction is de-normalized, i.e no hidden 1  IEEE-754 fp numbers - 3 Double precision (64 bit) floating point 64 bits: 1 11 bits 52 bits s biased exp. fraction N = (-1)s x 1.fraction x 2(biased exp. – 1023) ⚫ Range & Precision:  32 bit: ▪ mantissa of 23 bits + 1 => approx. 7 digits decimal ▪ 2+/-127 => approx. 10+/-38  64 bit: ▪ mantissa of 52 bits + 1 => approx. 15 digits decimal ▪ 2+/-1023 => approx. 10+/-306  Firstly, Write the number in binary notation – 29 => 00011101 – 0.25=>010 – 29.25 =>00011101.01 Secondly, Find the exponent in binary notation — E=? (exponent) (eight bits due to 32-bits) — 00011101.010 =>0001.1101010 x 24 — E=4+127=131 => 10000011 (2𝑛 − 2)/2 = 127 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 8)) Thirdly, Find the mantissa part in binary notation — M=? (fraction) (23 bits due to 32-bits) — 0001.1101010 x 24 => 11010100000000000000000 Fourth, Find the sign bit — S=0 because of the positive number (one bit due to 32-bits)  10000011 11010100000000000000000 For the Hexadecimal 0100 0001 1110 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000 In Hexadecimal Notation  Data Representation How is a letter converted to binary form and back? Step 1. Step 2. The user presses the capital letter D An electronic signal for the (shift+D key) on capital letter D is sent to the the keyboard. system unit. Step 4. Step 3. After processing, the binary The signal for the capital letter D code for the capital letter D is is converted to its ASCII binary converted to an image, and code (01000100) and is stored in displayed on the output device. memory for processing. Overview of Hardware Components 33 Overview of Hardware Components Microprocessor (executes instructions) Main Memory Storage Devices Chipset (temporarily stores data (permanently store data (controls data flow) and program instructions and application programs) while the computer is running) Legend Components Peripherals (input/output) Data Path 34 How a File is Displayed The microprocessor sends The microprocessor instructions to the storage Microprocessor fetches the file contents devices (via the chipset) (executes instructions) from main memory. requesting the specified file to be loaded into main memory. 1 3 Main Memory 4 (temporarily stores data 2 and program instructions Storage Devices while the computer (permanently store data Chipset is running) and application programs) Legend The storage devices send Compone Peripherals nts the file through the chipset (input/output) The microprocessor sends to main memory. the display data to theData Path monitor via the chipset. 35 Inside the System Unit Essential electronic components used to process data Types of components: —Power supply —Motherboard —CPU —Hard disk drive —Memory (RAM/ROM) —Expansion cards  Parts of a Computer Motherboard Is the main circuit board inside the computer. Holds together many of the crucial components of a computer, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. Contains a number of sockets and slots to connect the other components. Has tiny electronic circuits and other components on it. Connects input, output, and processing devices together (CPU, Memory, Hard Drive, DVD Drive) Motherboard contains the central processing unit, the memory, and all the connectors to the rest of the hardware of the computer system. The board is the 'mother' of all components - that's where it gets its name. 37 Components inside the System Unit  Central Processing Unit CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations It does all decisions, calculations. It also controls other parts of a computer. CPU consists of several section: 1. Control Unit (CU) 2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) 3. Main Memory Each of the section has its own function. They work together with other Peripherals to form a computer. Control Unit The Control Unit is an internal part of a CPU that co-ordinates the instructions and data flow between CPU and other components of the computer. It is the CU that directs the operations of a central processing unit by sending timing and control signals. Arithmetic Logic Unit The ALU is an internal electronic circuitry of a CPU that performs all the arithmetic and logical operations in a computer. The ALU receives three types of inputs. —Control signal from CU ( Control Unit ) —Data(operands) to be operated —Status information from operations done previously.  Computer Memory and Function  Computer Memory and Function So, what is computer memory, and why is it so important?  Computer memory is technically any type of electronic storage. Without it and without access to it, a computer is just a useless box.  From startup to shutdown, and all processes in between, a computer relies on several types of memory in order to function. At the core of the computer is the central processing unit or CPU, the source of control that runs all programs and instructions. In order to function, computers use two types of memory: primary and secondary. The main storage is the primary memory, and data and programs are stored in secondary memory. This diagram displays all inputs/outputs and processing pieces of a computer.  Primary Memory - RAM and ROM Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by the CPU.  RAM:Random Access Memory (RAM)  It is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed.  It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned off.  RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage.  RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly.  ROM (Read Only Memory):  ROM is a permanent form of storage.  ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off.  ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be modified.  How a Computer Uses Memory  Once the computer is turned on, the computer accesses read-only memory (ROM) and makes a quick test of the pieces of memory to ensure there are no errors.  Next, the computer starts the basic input/output (BIOS) from the ROM.  The operating system is started after the BIOS makes it through the startup routine; the operating system is loaded into RAM.  This gives the CPU quick access to the operating system, improving performance and functionality.  The CPU accesses this in a continuous cycle— and it happens millions of times per second!  Secondary Memory  Stores data and programs permanently :its retained after the power is turned off. Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and solid state drives. It may also refer to removable storage media, such as USB flash drives, CDs, and DVDs. Examples of secondary storage Hard drive (HDD) Solid-state drive (SSD) USB thumb drive SD card CD DVD Floppy diskette Tape drive  Computer expansion slots  AGP - Video card  AMR - Modem, Sound card  CNR - Modem, Network card, Sound card  EISA - SCSI, Network card, Video card  ISA - Network card, Sound card, Video card  PCI - Network card, SCSI, Sound card, Video card  PCI Express - Video card, Modem, Sound Card, Network Card  VESA - Video card Many of the above expansion card slots are obsolete. You're most likely only going to encounter AGP, PCI, and PCI Express when working with computers today. Storage Devices Types of Storage There are four type of storage: Primary Storage Secondary Storage Tertiary Storage Off-line Storage Storage Devices Primary Storage Also known as main memory. Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Example: – RAM – ROM – Cache Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either a reserved section of main memory or a storage device. Storage Devices Tertiary Storage Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device. It is a comprehensive computer storage system that is usually very slow, so it is usually used to archive data that is not accessed frequently. This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Examples: – Magnetic Tape – Optical Disc Storage Devices Tertiary Storage Optical Disc Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in digital format and is read using a laser assembly is considered optical media. The most common types of optical media are – Blu-ray (BD) – Compact Disc (CD) – Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) Storage Devices Off-line Storage Also known as disconnected storage. Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again.  Storage Devices Off-line Storage Examples: Floppy Disk Zip diskette USB Flash drive Memory Card card Secure Digital card (SD) MiniSD Compact Flash Memory Stick MultiMedia card XD-Picture card Memory card reader 22  Storage Devices Storage Device Features Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory Volatility Accessibility Mutability Addressability Three types of mutability: –Read/write storage or mutable storage –Read only storage –Slow write, fast read storage Addressability Three types of addressability –Location-addressable –File addressable –Content-addressable 29  Storage Devices Other Example of Storage Devices Cloud Storage Punch card Cloud storage RAID RAID disk drives are used frequently on servers RAID allows you to store the same data Punched Card redundantly (in multiple paces) in a balanced way to improve overall storage performance. Early method of data storage used with early computers End of Unit 2  Unit 3. Operating System Software Structure Device Management and Configuration Resource sharing File Systems 1  Computer System One or more CPUs Device controllers (I/O modules) Memory Bus Operating system ?  What is an Operating System An Operating System is a program that controls the execution of user programs and acts as an intermediary between users and computer hardware It is a software layer between application programs and computer hardware Layers of a Computer System Layers of Organization Layer People Domain Application Programs Application Programmers System Utility Programs Software Operating System System Programmers I/O System (BIOS) Computer System Computer Engineers CPU Computer Architects Memories, Logic Circuits, Flip-Flops, Gates Logic Designers Hardware Transistors, Diodes, Resistors, Power Supplies Materials Scientists  Computer System Components Hardware – Basic computing resources: processor (CPU), memory, I/O devices Operating system – Controls and coordinates the use of this hardware among multiple programs running on a computer Application program – Solve user-specific problems: compilers, database systems, business applications User – People, other application programs (inter-process communication, distributed systems)  What happens when you run a program? (Background) A compiler translates high level programs into an executable (“.c” to “a.out”) The exe contains instructions that the CPU can understand, and data of the program (all numbered with addresses) Instructions run on CPU: hardware implements an instruction set architecture (ISA) 3  So, what happens when you run a program? To run an exe, CPU – fetches instruction pointed at by PC from memory – loads data required by the instructions into registers – decodes and executes the instruction – stores results to memory Most recently used instructions and data are in CPU caches for faster access 4  So, what does the OS do? OS manages program memory Loads program executable (code, data) from disk to memory OS manages CPU Initializes program counter (PC) and other registers to begin execution OS manages external devices Read/write files from disk. Structure 9  Layers of Software Top User-Written Scripts User Interface Application Run-time Library Application Program Interface Operating System Kernel Device Drivers BIOS Bottom Hardware 10  Encapsulation and Abstraction Encapsulation means that each layer needs only a limited amount of knowledge to do its job – Organizing software into layers that are relatively independent keep the entire system manageable, and afford greater efficiencies Abstraction means how the software layers communicate, beyond the view of the user 11  Top User-Written Scripts User Interface Hardware Application Run-time Library Lowest level of the computer Application Program Interface The physical components from Operating System which the computer system is constructed Kernel Device Drivers BIOS (Hardware) Bottom 12  Top User-Written Scripts User Interface BIOS Application Basic Input/Output System Run-time Library Most primitive level of software Application Program Interface Deals directly with the signals that Operating System control each hardware component Most of its work is done when the Kernel system first boots up. Device Drivers BIOS (Hardware) Bottom 13  Device drivers User-Written Top Scripts Helper programs used by User Interface Operating systems to control a device Application In order to add new hardware, the Run-time Library right device driver must be present. Application Program Interface Provided by the device Operating System manufacturer in CD or other storage media Kernel Instructions are to be followed to Device Drivers install the device and its drivers. BIOS Most of the operating systems (Hardware) have such drivers stored in it. Bottom 14  Kernel is the core part of an operating system which Top User-Written Scripts manages system resources. User Interface acts like a bridge between application and hardware of the computer. Application The sole aim of the kernel is to manage the communication between the software (user level Run-time Library applications) and the hardware (CPU, disk memory etc). Application Program Interface The kernel is responsible for Operating System – Memory management – Process and task management Kernel – Disk management. – Interrupt Handling Device Drivers BIOS (Hardware) Bottom 15  Operating System (OS) Top User-Written Scripts Implements all other functions the OS is to User Interface perform – File system management Application – Communicates with the kernel when Run-time Library basic actions such as data transfer Application operation to a peripheral Program Interface Master controller of all the activities of the Operating System computer Sets standards for all the application Kernel software used in a computer system Device Drivers Different operating systems have different user interfaces and run same applications BIOS Examples: Microsoft Windows, UNIX, (Hardware) LINUX, Mac OS，iSeries Bottom 16  Layers of Software: Operating System (continued) External Services of OS: – Help users start programs – Manage stored data – Maintain security of the system – Provides ways to select an application program, find, rename and delete documents and other data stored on disk Internal services of OS: – controls input and output – Allocates system resources (e.g. memory, disk drive capacity, processor time) – Manages storage for programs and data – Detects equipment failures 17  Layers of Software: Operating System (continued) Operating systems can be classified into two categories: – A server operating system is designed for computers that provide centralized storage facilities and communications capabilities for networks and Web sites. – A desktop operating system is designed for a single-user microcomputer. 18  Application Program Interface (API) Top User-Written Scripts User Interface A set of routines, protocols, and Application tools for building software Run-time Library applications Application Abstraction defined by OS for Program Interface applications Operating System Application communicates with Kernel OS through the API. Device Drivers BIOS (Hardware) Bottom 19  Run time Libraries Top User-Written A library of routines that are bound to Scripts the program during execution User Interface Application Collection of Software routines which Run-time Library application programs rely on Application Program Interface Operating System Typically, it consists of many different programs or functions that are Kernel commonly used in various programs. Device Drivers BIOS These include I/O routines, graphical (Hardware) functions, mathematical functions and Bottom more. 20  Application Top User-Written Scripts Layer where the routines perform tasks the User Interface application is designed to do. Also referred to as an application program or Application application software. Run-time Library Is a computer software package that performs a Application specific function directly for an end user or, in Program Interface some cases, for another application. Operating System An application requests services from and communicates with other technologies via an Kernel application programming interface (API). Device Drivers Examples of applications include word processors, database programs, web browsers, BIOS development tools, image editors and (Hardware) communication platforms. Bottom 21  Top User-Written Scripts User Interface User interface Application Run-time Library Responsible for the communication Application Program Interface between the application and the Operating System user Kernel Typically it is a GUI, composed of Device Drivers buttons and pull-down menus BIOS The GUI passes the information to the application (Hardware) Bottom 22  User-Written Scripts or macros Top Scripts Routines that many applications use to User Interface allow users to create documents using Application the application’s built-in commands. Run-time Library Allow users to automate sequences of Application actions they perform frequently Program Interface Operating System Can perform any function that does not Kernel require additional user input Device Drivers Scripts are located above the BIOS application layer in the software (Hardware) hierarchy because they are built from Bottom application-level commands. 23  Windows OS Windows 95/98/NT/ME/2000/XP/Vista/7/10 – Widely used in PCs – Supports a vast array of applications and peripheral devices – Provides icons, buttons, menus and various other graphical objects that can be manipulated by a mouse – Provides a command-line interface – Supports multitasking (running more than one program at a time) Designed to run high-end and complicated tasks such as video editing, scientific visualization, and computer aided design Provide reliability, security, and support for software applications 24  2-in-1s Classic Desktops Phone Phablet Small Tablet Large Tablet (Tablet or Laptop) Laptop & All-in-Ones Windows 10 Surface Hub Xbox Holographic IoT 26  Mac OS In 1984, Apple Computer introduced the revolutionary Lisa computer. The Macintosh computer, with its graphical user interface, Mac OS, was a major factor contributing to its success. 27  Mac OS Contains graphical user interface featuring menus and icons OS interface through keyboard or mouse Software applications that are compatible with Mac OS are called Mac software. Fewer software are compatible with Mac OS than Windows OS. Mac OS has good graphical application software support. Some hardware and software add-ons enable Windows software to run on Mac OS. 28 29  DOS DOS stands for disk operating system. – Developed by Microsoft and introduced in IBM-PC. – Uses command-line interface. – Has been incorporated into Windows OS – Operates behind the scenes so Windows users do not have to memorize and type complex commands 30 Windows Server, NetWare, UNIX and LINUX Computer providing centralized storage and communications services requires Server OS User interface and appearance similar to Desktop OS Differs in managing large flow of data on large networks and web sites 31  Windows Server, NetWare, UNIX and LINUX (continued) UNIX and LINUX: – Developed for mini and micro computer networks and web servers of all sizes. – Variation of UNIX is LINUX, which is has a stable and secure OS. – UNIX and LINUX are suitable for servers and high- end workstations. – A GUI environment is provided in UNIX and LINUX for ease of operation. 32  The Roles of the BIOS The BIOS performs three major functions – initializes the hardware when the computer is first turned on – loads the OS – provides basic support for devices such as the keyboard, mouse, and serial ports The BIOS resides on a ROM chip – Non-volatile – Slower than DRAM Loads itself into DRAM Uses CMOS – CMOS is powered by battery, therefore, it is volatile – Contains BIOS parameter settings for hardware and memory speed 33  BIOS (continued) The BIOS initiates the POST (Power-On Self Test) sequence – Enables the video card – Counts and tests memory – Checks for expansion cards and initializes them – Follows a search order to find the Master Boot Record A program is invoked to load the operating system once the MBR is found 34  Process Control Keeps track of all the processes running Process is an instance of a running program Process includes a set of memory pages, a set of open file descriptors (if the process has any I/O), a process ID, etc. Kernel maintains a queue of processes On a UNIX machine, the ps and top commands display process information. 35 36 Resource sharing 37  Resource Sharing Multitasking is sharing the processor so that several tasks appear to execute simultaneously on a single CPU. Resources like memory, files, and printers can be shared. 38  Managing Memory Process shares the available memory on a computer – Executable programs written in binary machine code contains instructions and data whose storage locations are indicated by memory addresses. – Relocation scheme allows the computer to load multiple programs in memory – In a virtual memory system, system juggles memory pages between RAM and disk if there is no sufficient RAM 39  Relocation Executable programs written in binary machine code contains instructions and data whose storage locations are indicated by memory addresses. Any memory location that contains an address is specially marked in a binary file. When a user runs the program – OS allocates memory for it and loads into the allocated memory area. – OS updates all the memory references so that they point to the correct locations. 40  Resource Sharing: Files Files are shared between applications and users in a networking environment. OS defines a set of permissions for files to prevent unauthorized access to files. Permissions include: – Read access: allows user to read a file – Write access: allows user to modify or delete a file – Execute access: allows user to perform special operations such as viewing the contents of a directory or executing a program 41  Resource Sharing - Printers Can be shared among applications, users, and machines Files to be printed are sent to a print server, which maintains a list of files to be printed Server processes one request for printing at a time Print requests are stored on a disk in a process called spooling. Spooling allows the process issuing the print to continue with other processes. If a printer is connected to a network, print requests from other machines on the same network can be processed. 42 Printer Sharing 43 File Systems 44  File Systems A file system defines the structure and the rules used to read, write, and maintain information stored on a disk. Which system used is determined by; – Hardware – Software – Security needs – Need for a dual-booting system 45 46  File Systems System that an operating system or program uses to organize and keep track of files. A file is a named collection of data existing on a storage medium. Filename is a unique set of letters and numbers that identifies a file and describes the file contents. File extensions indicate the category to which the file belongs, preceded with a dot. The maximum number of characters that a file name can have is different for different operating systems. Wildcards are used to represent unknown group of characters in the filename and the extension. – For example, “newfile*” means all the files whose name begin with “newfile” followed by whatever characters in the file name including extensions. – ? 47  File Systems (continued) Files can be of two types – An executable file containing program instructions that tell a computer how to perform a specific task. – Data file containing words, numbers, or pictures that can be viewed, edited, saved, sent, or printed. Filename extensions fall into 2 categories: – Generic filename extension: indicates the general type of data contained in a file, which can be opened with several software packages (e.g.txt) – Application-specific filename extension: associated with specific application software and the application used to create the file (e.g..doc,.ppt) Other type of files are essential for software and hardware operations (e.g..bat,.sys.cfg,.dll). 48  File Organization File manager utility software helps us locate, rename, move, copy, and delete files (e.g. Internet Explorer). Device Letters are identifications for storage devices such as the floppy disk drive, the hard disk drive, and CD-ROM or DVD drives. Operating system maintains list of all the files in a “directory” for each disk. A directory contains all the information about the file including the filename, filename extension, date and time the file was created, and the file size. Main directory: root directory that contains useful list of all the files within the directory. 49  Folders Folder gives the file system a hierarchical structure, like a family tree. The file system will not permit two items in a folder to have the same name. Folder names usually do not have a file extension 50  Drives Folders are housed in the computer drive. A computer can have many drives, drive A, drive C, drive D, drive E, etc. One way to access the drives is by double- clicking on the icon named "My Computer" on your Desktop. Operating system maintains list of all the files in a “directory” for each disk. 51  Path File specification, also called a path, includes the drive letter, folder, Filename and an Extension that identifies a file. – For example: C:\Ssd2\Text\demo.doc. Drive Letter Folder Subfolder Filename extension Names of folders are differentiated from drive letters and files separated by the backslash symbol “\” (Dos & Windows). 52  File Names and Types.txt Plain text file.doc Microsoft Word document HTML (Hypertext Markup Microsoft Excel.htm.xls Language) document spreadsheet JPEG image (Joint GIF image (Graphic.gif.jpg Photographic Experts Interchange Format) Group) Executable file (binary.wav Sound file.exe machine code) MS-DOS executable Driver (for a peripheral.com.drv ("command" file) device) Batch (script) file for the.bat DOS command interpreter 53 End of Unit 3 54  Word Processing What we’ll cover for this lecture topic: – Types and Examples of Application software – Creating Documents with Word – What is logical and physical document structure? – Demos (as much as time permits) Including some useful hints and strategies COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind Power Tools 1  The Microsoft Office Suite BASIC SUITE PROFESSIONAL SUITE Also includes: Word processor (Word) Presentation maker Spreadsheet (Excel) (PowerPoint) Email utility (Outlook) Desktop Web publisher Web browser (Internet (Front Page) Explorer) Database (Access) COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind Power Tools 2  Content Covered in this Module  What is Microsoft Word  Working With Text  Starting Microsoft Word  Formatting - Margins  Ribbon Menu System  Formatting - Headers and Footers  “File” Menu  Formatting - Page Numbers  “Home” Ribbon Menu  Non-Text Items – Bullets  “Insert” Ribbon Menu  Non-Text Items – Tables  “Page Layout” Ribbon Menu  Non-Text Items – Images  “References” Ribbon Menu  Non-Text Items – Hyperlinks  “Mailings” Ribbon Menu  Proofing Tools – Spellcheck  “Review” Ribbon Menu  Printing Options  “View” Ribbon Menu  Closing Documents  Primary Tasks  Creating a New Document  Opening an Existing Document  Opening Multiple Documents  Saving a Document for the First Time  Saving a Document  What is Microsoft Word 2016? SOFTWARE ORIENTATION Microsoft Word’s Primary User Interface Before you begin working in Microsoft Word 2016, you need to acquaint yourself with the primary user interface (UI). When you open a blank document in Microsoft Word 2016, you see a screen similar to that shown in Figure 1-1. Document Microsoft account sign-in Collapse title ribbon Quick access toolbar Figure 1-1 Ribbon Microsoft Word 2016 Opening screen Document page Insertion point Status Zoom bar slider Microsoft has designed the Word UI to provide easy access to the commands you need most often when creating and editing documents.  Starting Microsoft Word You may start Microsoft Word by locating the Microsoft Office shortcut folder, and selecting the Microsoft Word shortcut.  Ribbon Menu System  The current versions of Microsoft Word use what is referred to as the “ribbon menu” system.  The ribbon menus differ from the previous style menus in that the number of possible selections is far smaller, and the menus are not dropdown menus. Rather, the menus are selectable menus that do not disappear once you move your mouse to another part of the screen.  The “File” menu is the only remaining dropdown menu among the primary menus.  The menu tabs will allow you to navigate Microsoft Word features, and perform various functions.  The different menu tabs typically contain similar sets of features.  “File” Menu  This menu will give you access to general options related to the Word file itself.  “Home” Ribbon Menu  The “Home” menu contains general options such as font sizes, alignment, copy/paste.  The bulk of your time in the menu system will be spent in this menu.  The font size and style controls are located within this ribbon, as shown below. You may adjust these settings by using the relevant dropdown menus. dialog box launcher Scroll Displays list of through list available fonts of available fonts  “Insert” Ribbon Menu  This menu allows you to insert a variety of non-text objects into your document. You can use it to add tables, pictures, links, headers and footers, among other things.  “Page Layout” Ribbon Menu  The “Page Layout” menu is where you will do the majority of your document formatting. You can use it to set margins, page orientation, size, the number of text columns, borders, indentation and spacing.  “References” Ribbon Menu  The “References” menu allows you to easily cite and reference sources that you may use while creating a document.  “Mailings” Ribbon Menu  The “Mailings” ribbon menu contains a number of features related to documents that will be created for the purpose of being sent in the mail.  You can use these tools to print envelopes and labels, as well as personalizing individual letters in a large mailing to the specific recipient using address and contact information.  Note that not all printers support these features, and you must have contacts available in your Microsoft Outlook application in order to use the “Select from Outlook Contacts” feature.  “Review” Ribbon Menu  The “Review” menu allows you to review your document for spelling and grammatical errors, insert comments, track (and accept) changes made to your document during reviewing, and compare or combine two documents.  “View” Ribbon Menu  The “View” menu allows you to change how the document is viewed within Word.  The “Zoom” and the “Document Views” sections of this document are where you will spend the majority of the time in this menu.  Primary Tasks  Aside from actually typing the document, there are a number of tasks that you will perform most during your usage of Word. These tasks include:  Creating new documents  Opening existing documents  Saving documents  Working with text within documents  Formatting documents  Inserting non-text items  Proofing documents  Printing documents  Closing Documents  Creating a New Document  Upon starting Microsoft Word, a new blank document will be created.  Alternatively, a new document may be created by selecting the “File” dropdown menu located at the top of the main Word window, and selecting “New”. You must then select the type of new document you would like to create.  Don’t forget to save and rename your document from the default name after creating it.  Alternatively, the keyboard shortcut CTRL + “N” may be used.  Opening an Existing Document  To open an existing document, first locate and select the “File” menu and select “Open”.  In the dialog box that appears, browse to your file and press the button labeled “Open” located at the lower right corner of this box.  Alternatively, the keyboard shortcut CTRL + “O” may be used.  Opening Multiple Documents  Opening multiple documents is very similar to opening a single document.  First, locate and select the “File” menu and select “Open”.  In the dialog box that appears, browse to the location of your files.  The keyboard shortcut CTRL + “O” may be used to access the “Open” dialog box.  To select multiple files, hold the “CTRL” key and click on each of the files you want to open.  Alternatively, you can hold the “Shift” key and then use the arrow keys to select multiple consecutive documents in a row.  Once you have selected the desired documents, press the “Open” button.  Saving a Document for the First Time  If you are saving a document for the first time, you should specify a file name and the location to which the file will be saved.  To save a document for the first time, select the “File” dropdown menu, and select “Save as”.  The “Save as” window will appear, at which point you should locate and select the location that you want the file to be saved to, as well as naming the file what you would like it to be called.  Saving a Document  To simply save a document without renaming or relocating it, locate and select the “File” menu.  Select the “Save” option.  Alternatively, the keyboard shortcut CTRL + S may be used. Saving a Word Document ◆ Word allows a user to save files in the following four XML based formats: .docx – ordinary document containing no macros .docm – document containing macros or is macro enabled .dotx – template that does not contain macros .dotm – template that can store macros Version 1.0 © 2011 Aptech Limited. 21  Working With Text  In addition to simply typing words into a document, you can highlight, select, copy, cut, and paste items using either standard Windows shortcut methods, or buttons in Word.  To select a block of text, click and hold the left mouse button at the beginning portion of the block you wish to select, and then drag the mouse over the desired text. You will notice that the text will be highlighted as you do this.  Once you have the desired text selected, release the mouse button.  Note that while clicking on another part of the document while you have text selected will deselect it.  Working With Text (cont.)  Once you have the desired content selected, you can cut, or copy it to use it in another location.  To cut the selected content, locate and select the “cut” button in the “Clipboard” portion of the “Home” ribbon menu. This will remove the selected content from its current location and allow you to use it elsewhere. (keyboard shortcut: “CTRL” + “X”)  To copy the selected content, locate and select the “Copy” button in the “Clipboard portion of the “Home” ribbon menu. This will copy the selected content, allowing you to use it elsewhere without removing it from the document. (keyboard shortcut: “CTRL” + “C”)  To paste the text, locate and select the are of the document in which you would like to paste, then locate and select “Paste” button located in the clipboard portion of the “Home Ribbon Menu. (keyboard shortcut: “CTRL” + “V”)  Formatting - Margins  To set margins, locate and select the “Page Layout” menu.  Select the “Margins” button.  A number of preset margin settings will drop down in a menu. You can select one of those, or select “Custom Margins” at the bottom of this menu to specify your own.  A dialog box will appear. The basic margin settings are located at the top of this box.  Also note the “Orientation” portion of this menu.  Formatting – Headers and Footers  Options for headers and footers will be located in the “Insert” ribbon menu in the “Header & Footer” section.  To add a header, or footer, press the “Header”, or “footer” button.  A dialog box will appear which will allow you to specify the type of header that you would like to add.  To just add a simple header, select the “Blank” header.  To navigate to or away from the header, just double-click on the area of the document that you would like to move to.  Formatting – Page Numbers  Page numbers are a very commonly used header element.  To add page numbers to your header or footer, first create and select a header or footer.  After you have created a header or footer, locate and select the “Page Number” button located in the “header and footer” portion of the “insert” ribbon menu.  In the dropdown menus that appears, select the location in which you want to place your page numbers.  Non-Text Items - Bullets Bullet formatting options  To use bulleted lists, find and select the “Home” menu.  Select the bullet button located the “paragraph” section of this menu to start the list.  To create the next bullet in the list, press “enter”.  Non-Text Items - Tables  To insert spreadsheet-like tables, first select the “Insert” menu.  Find and select the “Table” button located in the “Tables” section of this menu.  In the menu that appears, use the table graphic to select the size of the desired table by clicking on the graphic in the appropriate location.  Non-Text Items – Tables (cont.)  Once you place a table and are ready to format it, select the table and right click on the icon in the upper left corner of the table. A contextual menu will appear.  The most notable selections in this menu are “Table Properties”, “Insert”, and “Delete Cells”.  Non-Text Items - Images  To insert an image into your document, first select the “Insert” menu.  Locate and press the “Picture” button in the “Illustrations” section.  In the Dialog box that appears, browse to the photo you wish to insert and press the “Insert” button.  Non-Text Items - Hyperlinks  To insert a hyperlink into your document, select the “Insert” menu.  Locate and select the “Links” button.  In the dropdown menu that appears, select the “Hyperlink” button.  You can either browse to a location using the “Look in:” section of this window, or you can type an address manually in the “Address:” bar at the bottom.  The name of the link as it appears in your document will be determined by what is entered in the “Text to display” field located at the top of the dialog box.  When you are done, press the “Ok” button located at the bottom of the screen  Proofing Tools - Spellcheck  To check your document for spelling errors, use the spell and grammar check feature.  Select the “Review” menu.  Select the “Spelling & Grammar” button in the “Proofing” section of the menu.  Alternatively, press F7 to initiate the check.  Proofing Tools – Spellcheck (cont.)  In the “Spelling and Grammar” check dialog box, you can enter corrections manually in the top text field.  Alternatively, you can select from a list of “suggestions” located in the lower half of the dialog box. Make your desired selection and press the “Change” button.  Print Options  You will find the options related to printing by selecting the “File” menu, and selecting the “Print” option. The Word window will then be populated with options related to printing.  The most important options are located at the top of the window.  Make sure that you have the desired printer, and the desired number of copies to print selected.  When you are ready to print, press the “Print” button located in the upper portion of the screen.  Closing Documents  To close a document without exiting Word, find and select the “Close” button in the “File” dropdown menu. This will close the document without closing that instance of Microsoft Word  To close the document and the Word program, you can select the “X” in the upper right hand corner of the window, just like any other application in Windows. (keyboard shortcut: “ALT” + “F4”) Questions  Introduction to Microsoft Excel Objectives: To define spreadsheets and explain basic functionality To introduce the basic features of Excel Vocabulary Entering Data Formatting Data Precision vs. Display Operators & Order of Precedence CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Spreadsheet: Electronic sheet of paper organized by columns & rows The advantage of an electronic spreadsheet is it allows you to easily change data and have all “related” calculations automatically update.. CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  Spreadsheets in Excel are referred to as worksheets. A workbook file may contain may worksheets. Sizing Buttons Help Button Quick Access Toolbar Home Ribbon Tabs Ribbon Formula Bar Name Box Column Letter Headings Fx Insert Function Contents of Button Active Cell displayed on Formula Bar Row Numbers Scroll Bars Sheet Tabs Insert Worksheet View Buttons Zoom Button CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Each box is referred to as a “cell”. Cells may contain Labels, Values or Formulas that result in a value or label. A cell is identified first by its column letter and then by its row number Columns Rows Cell D2 Contains the Formula = B2*C2 Labels CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  One can also write formulas that refer to cells on other worksheets – Sheetname!Cell-Reference input!B1*input!B3 + A1 When referencing a cell on the same spreadsheet as the active cell the sheet name is not required. Sheets may be named and displayed with different colors tabs, The order of the worksheets may be modified as well. CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  File tab – opens menus for opening and saving Files, and modifying Excel Options Quick Access Toolbar can be customized to include icons to frequently Used features such as Print Preview Home Ribbon use to change fonts, justify text, insert rows etc. Ribbons are organized into Groups of similar tasks such as the Font group or the Number group. In addition, there are other ribbons containing groups/buttons for laying out pages using the review features etc. CS&E 1111 Excel Intro $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 $- cereal milk eggs cheese meat pasta CS&E 1111 Excel Intro The “Power” of using Spreadsheet Applications =B2*C2 Each entry can be related to other values by including cell referencing in formulas. Formula values are automatically updated when a referenced value changes Formulas can be copied Charts can be easily generated CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  Formulas A formula is a sequence of values, cell references and operators that produce a new value. = E8 + 3*(E10 - E11) Formulas always start with an equal sign = In addition a formula can also contain built- in functions like SUM, AVERAGE, IF, COUNTIF, etc. =Sum(A2:A8)*2 CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Things you need to know when writing formulas in Excel Data precision vs. cell display Types of operators that can / ≤ − be used Order of precedence of operators =B2+B3*B1/B8^2 CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  In order to write Excel formulas we also need to use the correct Operator Symbols Formulas contain two types of components: Operators: Operations to be performed Arithmetic operators: * / + - ^ Relational operators: >, ,= Operands: Values to be operated on Addition = B2 + 5 Operator Operands CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Precision: number of decimal places stored in the computer. Formatted Display: number of decimal places that appear in a cell Type in a cell : =1/8 display in cell Does the addition appear to be correct in col B? What value results for each - if multiplied by 1000? CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Formatting affects display not the precise value: Formatting Number Group Percent Decimal Display Currency Commas CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Values can also be used to display dates Dates are values that can be entered in several formats: January 27, 2013 or 1/27/2013 Excel converts these dates to a numerical representation (1/22/2013 → 41301) Thus dates may be used in formulas: =A1–B1 will result in the value 5 Note: To do arithmetic calculations with dates if you type =1/27/2013- 1/22/2013 directly in a cell it does not interpret it a date – cell references must be used. CS&E 1111 Excel Intro Microsoft Excel Vocabulary CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  A Multiplication Table What formula would you write in cell B2 to calculate the product. This formula must work when copied down the column and across the row to form the 5’s Multiplication table. CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  Multiplication Table For 5 To have a reference that always points to row 1, use something in the format of B$1. To have a reference that points to column A, use a reference in the format of $A2. As shown in the figure, the formula you want to enter in B2 is =$A2*B$1. A B C D E F 1 1 2 3 4 5 =$A2*B$1 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 =$A3*B$1 3 2 2 4 6 8 10 =$A4*B$1 4 3 3 6 9 12 15 =$A5*B$1 5 4 4 8 12 16 20 =$A6*B$1 6 5 5 10 15 20 25 CS&E 1111 Excel Intro  Formula bar sheet tab active cell (C3: column C, row 3) Worksheet Window ⚫ Headings ⚫ Columns (letters at the top)