Pat 2, 3 & 4 Session 1 Zoom (1) PDF

PAT 2, 3 & 4 (Session 1) Extra-oral, Intra-oral & Periodontal Inspection and Assessment Welcome to PAT Unit 2, 3 & 4  Unit 2 General Appearance and Extra-oral Assessment and Inspection  Unit 3 Intra-oral Soft Tissue Assessment and Inspection  Unit...

PAT 2, 3 & 4 (Session 1) Extra-oral, Intra-oral & Periodontal Inspection and Assessment Welcome to PAT Unit 2, 3 & 4  Unit 2 General Appearance and Extra-oral Assessment and Inspection  Unit 3 Intra-oral Soft Tissue Assessment and Inspection  Unit 4 Periodontal Assessment and Inspection  Clinical Practice 1. PAT Theory  Unit 1 – Health History  Unit 2 - General Appearance and Extra-oral  Unit 3 - Intra-oral Soft Tissue  Unit 4 Periodontal (Gingival)  Unit 5 Dental  Occlusal (starts in Term 2) Objective Overview  Skeletal System  Cranial Bones and Landmarks  Facial Bones and Landmarks Assessments  Quiz #1 – Session 3 (based on Sessions 1 & 2)  Quiz # 2 – Session 5 (focused on Sessions 3 & 4 …but will include questions on Sessions 1 & 2)  Midterm  Final exam Also a component of the clinical assessments (Quizzes) Orientation  Superior Posterior Anterior Inferior Medial Lateral Skeletal System Skeletal System  206 bones in the whole body  Bone is hard connective tissue that makes up the majority of the skeleton Osteoblasts are cells that form bone Calcium and phosphate are the primary minerals that give bone its rigidity Layers of Bone  Periosteum  Compact bone  Cancellous bone Periosteum  A thin layer of whitish connective tissue which contains nerves and blood vessels. Compact Bone  a.k.a. “cortical bone/plate”  Is very dense and strong and forms the outer layer of the bone. Cancellous Bone  a.k.a. “spongy bone”  Is found inside the bone  Have trabeculae (bony spicules) that form the pattern of spaces that are filled with bone marrow Functions of Bones  give the body shape and form  protect its vital structures  provide support  form blood cells **Bones serve as attachments for various tissues such as muscles, ligaments and tendons. Some bones have foramina which allow the passage of blood vessels, nerves and ligaments. Bones We Will Focus On: 28 bones of the skull: 8 - cranium 14 - face 6 - auditory (ear) Cranial Bones Bones of the Cranium  Frontal  Occipital  Temporal  Parietal  Sphenoid  Ethmoid Bones of the Cranium Bones of the Cranium  Sphenoid Bone Bones of the Cranium  Sphenoid Bone Bones of the Cranium  Ethmoid Bone Bones of the Cranium Activity Identify and colour the cranial bones on pages 215 and 217 of the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid Suggestion: Keep the colors consistent for each corresponding bone in each page. Landmarks of the Cranium  Sutures  Ridges  Foramen  Protuberances  Process  Fossas  Eminence  Meatus Landmarks of the Cranium Suture: A thin layer of fibrous tissue that appears as a jagged line. It unites or joins bones to form a joint that is immoveable. Landmarks of the Cranium - Sutures Landmarks of the Cranium - Sutures Landmarks of the Cranium - Sutures Activity Identify the cranial sutures on page 217 of the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book. Coronal Sagittal Lambdoidal/Lambdoid Squamous Landmarks of the Cranium Ridge:  A long narrow elevation of bone  E.g. supraorbital ridge Landmarks of the Cranium Foramen: (foramina is plural)  A natural opening in the bone or tooth in which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass through  E.g. supraorbital foramen Landmarks of the Cranium Protuberance  A bony projection or bulge  E.g. occipital protuberance Landmarks of the Cranium Process:  An extension of bone from its main body  Act as attachment or insertion sites for muscles and ligaments  E.g. mastoid process, styloid process Landmarks of the Cranium Fossa: (fossae is plural)  A shallow depression in bone  E.g. glenoid fossa Landmarks of the Cranium Eminence:  A rounded elevation or projection on a bone  E.g. articular eminence Landmarks of the Cranium Meatus  The external opening of a canal  E.g. external auditory meatus Landmarks of the Cranium Activity Identify the following cranial landmarks in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Supraorbital ridge (p.215) Supraorbital foramen (p.215) Occipital protuberance (p.217) Mastoid process (p.217) Styloid process (p.217) Zygomatic process of the temporal bone (p.247) Glenoid fossa (p.259) Articular eminence (p.259) External auditory meatus (p.259) Facial Bones Facial Bones (14)  Maxilla (2)  Mandible (1)  Palatine (2)  Zygomatic or Zygoma (2)  Nasal (2)  Lacrimal (2)  Vomer (1)  Inferior Conchae (2) Facial Bones The Maxilla: Functions The maxilla is composed of 2 bones united by the median palatine suture. Functions:  forms shape of the upper part of the face  supports maxillary dentition  forms floor of the nose  forms part of the orbital cavity The Maxilla: Processes The maxilla has four (4) processes:  Alveolar  Frontal (or nasal)  Zygomatic  Palatine The Maxilla: Processes Activity Identify the following landmarks on P.251 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Alveolar process Frontal process Zygomatic process Palatine process (P.249) The Maxilla: Sutures Along the palatine process of a skull, you will notice two (2) sutures:  Median or median palatine suture  Transverse suture The Maxilla: Sutures Activity Identify and label the following landmarks on P.249 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Median palatine suture Transverse suture The Maxilla: Foramina  Infraorbital - superior to the maxillary bicuspids (external/vestibular surface) The Maxilla: Foramina  Posterior superior alveolar - superior to the 17 & 27 distal buccal root (external/vestibular surface) The Maxilla: Foramina  Incisive - posterior to the central incisors (internal/palate surface) The Maxilla: Landmarks  Maxillary tuberosity: Two tuberosities that are part of the maxilla bone, distal to the last molar on each side A tuberosity is a smooth round protuberance, which slants, in an upward and backward direction The Maxilla: Landmarks  Maxillary sinuses (a.k.a. Antrum of Highmore): Two sinuses (bilateral) which are in the shape of a triangle with the base of the triangle toward the nose Functions:  to give resonance to the voice  to lighten the bone in weight  also believed to store warmed air for the respiratory process The Maxilla: Landmarks  Nasal cavity  Infraorbital ridges The Maxilla: Landmarks Activity Identify and label (if applicable) the following landmarks in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Infraorbital foramina (p.247) Posterior superior alveolar foramina (p.247) Incisive foramen (p.249) Maxillary tuberosity (p.247) Maxillary sinuses (p.265) Nasal cavity (p.251) Infraorbital ridges (p.215) The Maxilla: The Alveolar Process  Is an extension of the maxilla  Is responsible for supporting the dentition The Maxilla: The Alveolar Process  Has an outer covering called the cortical plate This outer plate is composed of very dense bone  Between the two cortical plates is an area that is filled with cancellous bone This bone contains many marrow spaces, which gives the bone a spongy appearance  The maxilla bone is lighter than the mandible bone because: It has less cortical plate and more cancellous bone Of the presence of the maxillary sinuses The Maxilla: The Alveolar Process Lamina Dura  The bone which lines the tooth socket (a.k.a. alveolus)  Is also a more compact type bone  Contains many openings for the blood vessels, nerve, and lymph tissue, which supply the periodontal ligament  The fibers of the periodontal ligament are firmly embedded in this bone The Palatine Bone  Forms the posterior portion of the palate (the maxilla bone forms the anterior portion of the palate)  Is joined to the maxilla bone by the transverse suture  The major or greater palatine foramina are adjacent to second or third molars The Palatine Bone Activity Identify and label the following landmark on P.249 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Greater palatine foramina The Mandible: Functions  Develops from two individual parts but union occurs very early The line of fusion where the two halves of the body of mandible meet is known as the symphysis menti The Mandible: Functions  The mandible performs various functions including: forms shape for lower half of the face forms floor of the mouth by allowing tissue attachment supports mandibular dentition allows movement for speech, mastication, etc. The Mandible  Articulates with the temporal bone of the cranium The condyle of the mandible inserts into the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone This joint is commonly referred to as the TMJ Terminology Articulation  The location where two or more bones come together Terminology Joint: Also known as articulation because it is the location where two bones come together and join or unite. The Mandible: Landmarks External View  body  angle  ramus  condyloid process (or condyle)  coronoid process  coronoid notch  sigmoid notch (or mandibular notch)  external oblique ridge  alveolar process  mental foramina*  symphysis menti  mental protuberance * mental foramen - inferior to the bicuspids (external/vestibular surface) The Mandible: Landmarks The Mandible Landmarks Activity Identify and label (if applicable) the following landmarks on P.255 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: body angle ramus condyle coronoid process coronoid notch mandibular notch external oblique ridge alveolar process mental foramina symphysis menti mental protuberance The Mandible: Landmarks Internal View  mandibular foramina*  mylohyoid groove  internal oblique ridge  mental or genial tubercles *mandibular foramen - approximately at the height of the coronoid notch (internal/lingual surface) Terminology Tubercle  Small rough or rounded projection on bone  Why? attachment or insertion site for muscles and ligament The Mandible: Landmarks The Mandible Activity Identify and label (if applicable) the following landmark on P.257 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Mandibular foramina Mylohyoid groove Internal oblique ridge Genial tubercles  The Mandible: The Alveolar Process  Alveolar process (a.k.a. alveolar bone)  The cortical plate of the mandible is much thicker than the cortical plate of the maxilla In the anterior section of the mandible, the cancellous bone is sometimes completely missing The thickness of the cortical plate is a big factor in the choice of local anesthetic injection techniques Facial Bones  Zygomatic or Zygoma(2)  Facial Bones  Nasal (2)  Lacrimal (2)  Vomer (1)  Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Facial Bones Activity Identify and label (if applicable) the following facial bones on P.217 & 251 in the Dental Anatomy Coloring Book: Zygomatic (p.217) Nasal (p.217 & 251) Lacrimal (p.217 & 251) Vomer (p.251) Inferior nasal conchae (p.251) Bones of the Ear (6)  Malleus (2)  Incus (2)  Stapes (2) Hyoid Bone  Is suspended by muscles between the mandible and larynx  It is not a bone of the skull, but is connected to the skull by ligaments – stylohyoid ligament  It functions a the primary support for the tongue and other muscles Hyoid Bone