Part 2 Science and Computer PDF
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This document contains notes on general science topics and computer concepts. It includes various chapters like physics, chemistry, and biology, and also covers computer one liners.
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सामान्य विज्ञान सामान्य विज्ञान क्र.सं. अध्याय पृष्ठ सं. भौविक विज्ञान 1. 1 2. 3 3. 9 4. 14 5. 20 6....
सामान्य विज्ञान सामान्य विज्ञान क्र.सं. अध्याय पृष्ठ सं. भौविक विज्ञान 1. 1 2. 3 3. 9 4. 14 5. 20 6. 21 7. 24 8. 26 9. 32 10. 36 11. 40 12. 44 13. 47 रसायन विज्ञान 1. 57 2. 62 3. 65 4. 73 5. 78 6. 82 7. 88 जीि विज्ञान 1. 96 2. 105 3. 108 4. 113 5. 117 6. 124 7. 128 8. 131 9. 133 10. 135 11. 142 12. 145 13. 147 14. 152 15. 157 16. 166 भौतिक तिज्ञान 1 भौतिक रातियााँ CHAPTER os lHkh jkf'k;k¡] ftudksa ;U=ks dh lgk;rk ls ekik tk 18. izsjd oscj -- ldrk gSa rFkk ftudk lEcU/k fdlh u fdlh HkkSfrd pqEcdh; ifj?kVuk ls gksrk gSa] HkkSfrd jkf'k;kW¡ (Physical ¶yDl Quantities) dgykrh gSaA 19. T;ksfr ¶yDl Y;weus -- 20. iznhfIr ?kuRo yDl lux 21. izdk'k ,saXLVªkWe Å 1. rjaxnS/;Z os jkf'k;k¡ tks vU; jkf'k;ksa ls Lora= gksrh gSA ewy jkf'k;k¡ 22. izdk'kh; nwjh izdk'k o’kZ m lkr izdkj dh gksrh gSA os ek=d tks u rks ewy gSa u gh O;qRiUu gSa] iwjd ek=d ¼Supplementary Units½ dgykrs gSA S.I. / yEckbZ ehVj æO;eku fdyksxzke lery dks.k (Plane angle) jsfM;u rad le; lsd.M Bksl dks.k (Solid angle) LVsjsfM;u Sr fo|qr /kkjk ,Eih;j rki dsfYou T;ksfr rhozrk dS.Msyk bUgsa O;Dr djus ds fy, dsoy ifjek.k dh vko';drk inkFkZ dh ek=k eksy gksrh gSaA 2. nzO;eku] ?kuRo] rkieku] fo|qr /kkjk] le;] pky] ewy jkf'k;ksa ls IkzkIr jkf'k;k¡A nwjh] ÅtkZ] 'kfDr] nkc] rki] vko`fr] vkos'k] Å"ek] foHko nkc] pky] osx] Roj.k] {ks=Qy] vk;ru] vkfn vfn'k jkf'k;k¡a (Scalar Quantities) gSAa dk;Z] ÅtkZ vkfn A bUgsa O;Dr djus ds fy, ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk nksuksa dh O;qRiUu ek=d (Derived Unit) mu jkf'k;ksa dks dgrs gS] vko';drk gksrh gSaA tks ewy ek=dks dh lgk;rk ls O;Dr dh tkrh gSA foLFkkiu] osx] Roj.k] cy] laosx] i`"B ruko] cy vk?kw.kZ] dks.kh; osx] pqEcdh; {ks=] pqEcdh; rhozrk] Roj.k] osx] vkosx bR;kfnA pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ] fo|qr /kkjk ?kuRo] fo|qr f}/zkqo vk?kw.kZ] 1. dk;Z ;k ÅtkZ twy J fo|qr /kzqo.k] pky izo.krk] rki izo.krk vkfn lfn'k 2. Roj.k eh-@lS 2 m/s2 jkf'k;kW¡ (Vector Quantities) gSaA 3. nkc ikLdy Pa 4. cy U;wVu N 5. 'kfDr okV W ekbØkWu & (µ), 1 ekbØkWu = 10–6 ehVj 6. {ks=Qy oxZehVj m2 ,saXLVªkWe (Å), 1 Å = 10–10 ehVj (rjaxnS/;Z dks lkekU;r% 7. vk;ru ?kuehVj m3 Å esa ekik tkrk gSA) 8. pky [email protected] m/s vR;Ur yEch nwjh ekius ds fy, [kxksyh; bdkb;k¡ 9. dks.kh; osx jsfM;[email protected] rad/s 10. vko`fÙk gV~Zt Hz izdk'ko"kZ & ,d izdk'k o"kZ dk eku 9.46 × 1015 11. laox s [email protected] kg m/s ehVj ds cjkcjA 12. vkosx U;[email protected] N/s ikjlsd & 1 ikjlsd = 3 × 1016 ehVj = 3.2 13. i`"B ruko U;wVu@ehVj N/m izdk'k o"kZA 14. fo|qr vkos'k dwykWe C [kxksyh; bdkbZ & i`Foh ds dsUnz ls lw;Z ds dsUnz dh 15. foHkokUrj oksYV V vkSlr nwjh ds cjkcjA 16. fo|qr izfrjks/k vkse QqV & yackbZ ;k nwjh dk ek=dA 17. fo|qr /kkfjrk QSjkMs F 1 QqV & 12 bap = 30.48 lseh = 0.304 ehVj ToppersNotes / 9614-828-828 bap & yackbZ ;k nwjh dk ek=dA vYVhehVj Å¡pkbZ ekius esaA (1 bap = 2.54 lseh), (1 ehVj = 39.34 bap) vkWDlSuksehVj ikS/kksa dh o`f) ekius esaA (1 lseh = 0.01 eh = 0.39 bap) yDlhehVj izdk'k rhozrk ekius esaA eksy & ,d eksy] inkFkZ dh og ek=k gS ftlesa mlds ySDVksehVj nw/k dk lkisf{kd ?kuRo ;k 'kq)rk vo;oh rRoks dh la[;k 6.023 × 1023 gSA bls gh vkoksxknzks ekius esaA fu;rkad ;k vkoksxknzks la[;k dgrs gSA gkbMªksehVj rjy inkFkksZa dk lkisf{kd ?kuRo MkWClu & xSl dh ek=k ekius dh bdkbZA ekius esAa (ok;qe.Myh; vkstksu dh ek=k dks MkWClu esa O;Dr gkbxzkes hVj gok dh vknzZrk ekius esaA djrs gSA) eSuksehVj xSlksa dk nkc ekius esaA D;wlsd & ufn;kas ds ty izokg dks ekius dh bdkbZA xSYosuksehVj fo|qr /kkjk dh mifLFkfr tk¡pus gkWlZ ikoj & 'kfDr ekius dk ek=dA esAa = vehVj fo|qr /kkjk ekius esAa okWV & 'kfDr dk SI ek=d ([email protected]) ,uheksehVj ok;q xfr ekius esaA esxkokWV (mw) – fctyh dh ek=k ekius dh bdkbZA foaMosu ok;q dh fn'kk Kkr djus esaA (1 mw = 106 okWV) oksYVehVj foHkokarj ekius esaA fdyksokWV ?k.Vk & (1 kwh = 3.6 esxktwy) ÅtkZ ekius flLeksxzkQ Hkwdai dh rhozrk ekius esaA dh bdkbZA oksYV & foHkokarj dk ek=dA FkekZehVj rki ekius esaA dwykWe & fo|qr vkos'k dk ek=dA ikbjksehVj mPp rki ekius esAa bls fofdj.k twy & Å"ek dk ek=dA rkiekih Hkh dgrs gSA twy & dk;Z o ÅtkZ dk ek=dA 1500° C ls vf/kd rki ekius esa ckj & ncko ekius dk ek=dA mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA (1 ckj = 10000 ikLdy) dSjVs ehVj Lo.kZ dh 'kqq)rk ekius esaA (Mach) – vfr rhoz pky ekius dh bdkbZ gSA LVsFkksLdksi ân; dh /ofu lquus esaA fdlh ek/;e esa /ofu dh pky dks 1 eSd dgk tkrk gSA fLQXukseSuksehVj jDr pki ekius esaA 1 eSd ls vf/kd pky dks lqijlksfud (Supersonic) rFkk QSnksehVj leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius esAa 5 eSd ls vf/kd pky dks gkbijlksfud (Hypersonic) VSdksehVj oS|qfrd eksVj dh ?kw.khZ; xfr pky dgk tkrk gSA rhozxkeh ok;q;ku vkSj yM+kdw foekuks vFkok okgu dh ?kw.khZ; xfr dh xfr dks ^eSd* ls O;Dr djrs gSA ekius dk ;a= (SONAR: Sound Nevigation and Ranging) - ikbjsfy;ksehVj lkSj fofdj.k ekius esaA ;g ijkJO; rjaxks ds mi;ksx ls leqnz ds Hkhrj fdlh oLrq QksuksehVj /ofu dh rhozrk ekius dk ;a=A dh fLFkfr Kkr djus esa lgk;d midj.k gSA iuMqfCc;kas ds LisDVªksghfy;ksxzkQ lw;Z dh QksVksxzkQh dk midj.kA ukSogu esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dkfMZ;ksxzke ân; xfr ekiu gsrqA (Knot) - leqnzh tgkt+ dh xfr ekius dh bdkbZ ikWyhxzkQ >wB dk irk yxkus okyk ;a=A gSA ,d leqnzhehy izfr ?kaVk pky dks ukWV dgk tkrk gSA cksyksehVj rkieku esa ifjorZu dh eki }kjk Å"eh; rFkk fo|qr pqEcdh; (RADAR : Radio Detection and Ranging) ;g fofdj.k ekius esa mi;ksx fd;k lw{e rjaxks ds mi;ksx ls fdlh oLrq dh fLFkfr irk tkrk gSA yxkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ok;q;kuks ds ifjpkyu gsrq gokbZ vM~Mksa ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwdaih; rjaxks dh rhozrk ekius dh bdkbZ gSA vkWfM;ksehVj /ofu dh rhozrk ekius essaA vksMksehVj okgu }kjk r; dh xbZ nwjhA ToppersNotes / 9614-828-828 2 गति एवं बल CHAPTER xfr (Motion) Roj.k fdlh oLrq] d.k vFkok fi.M dh fLFkfr esa le; ds ;fn fdlh oLrq ds osx esa le; ds lkFk ifjorZu gks] rks lkFk ifjorZu gksuk xfr dgykrk gSA blds osx&ifjorZu dh nj dks bldk Roj.k dksbZ ,d oLrq ,d O;fDr ds fy, fLFkj voLFkk esa (Acceleration) dgk tkrk gSa rFkk oLrq dh xfr dks rFkk nwljs O;fDr ds fy, xfr dh voLFkk esa gks ldrh gSA Rofjr xfr dgk tkrk gSaA xfr dh voLFkk dk ekiu lnSo ewy fcanw ls fd;k ox s ifjoruZ tkrk gSA Roj.k = le;karjky xfr ds izdkj Roj.k ,dleku ;k vleku gks ldrs gSaA ;g ,d lfn'k ljy js[kh; xfr mnkgj.k & okguks dk jksM+ ij pyuk jkf'k gSaA bldk ek=d [email protected] gksrk gSa vFkkZr~ ;fn le; ds fdlh fcUnq ij oLrq dk Roj.k leku gks] rks og o`Ùkkdkj@orqZy xfr mnkgj.k & o`Ùk] blesa oLrq ,d fuf'pr o`Ùkkdkj iFk ,dleku Roj.k dks O;Dr djrk gSa] ysfdu ,slk ugha gSa] esa xfr djrh gSA rks Roj.k vleku gks ldrk gSaA nksyuh xfr ,d leku xfr ls xfr'khy oLrq ds fy, Ror.k dk eku mnkgj.k & is.Mqye 'kwU; gksrk gSaA _.kkRed Roj.k] eUnu (Retardation) foLFkkiu dgykrk gSaA izkjafHkd fcanq ls vafre fcanq dh@ds e/; ljy js[kh; nwjh ,d leku Roj.k xfr foLFkkiu /kukREd] A ,d leku Roj.k xfr ls vkxs c< jgh oLrq ds ckjs _.kkRed rFkk 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA esa O;k[;k fuEu lehdj.kksa ds ek/;e ls dh tkrh gSA 4 cm 5 cm v = u + At bl vkd`fr ds vuqlkj r; dh xbZ nwjh 7 cm gS S = ut + ½ At2 C v2 = u2 + 2aS ijUrq foLFkkiu 5 cm gSA B 3 cm tgk¡ pky ,oa osx u = izkjfEHkd osx dksbZ oLrq ,dkad le; es ftruh nwjh r; djrh gSa] og mldh pky gS vkSj dksbZ oLrq ,dkad le; esa fdlh v = vafre osx fuf'pr fn'kk esa ftruh nwjh r; djrh gSa ;k foLFkkfir S = t le; esa r; dh xbZ nwjh gksrh gSa] mls ml oLrq dk osx dgrs gSaA vr a = Roj.k nwjh foLFkkiu ,d leku xfr dk rkRi;Z gS fd oLrq leku le; pky = y= le; le;kra jky varjky esa leku nwjh r; djrh gSA SI i}fr esa nksuks dk ek=d [email protected] gksrk gSaA iz{ksI; xfr pky ,oa osx esa varj tc fdlh fi.M dks ,d izkjfEHkd osx (iz{ksi.k osx) ls] pky osx m/okZ/kj fn'kk ls fHkUu fn'kk es Qsda k tkrk gS] rks og ;g vfn'k jkf'k gS ;g lfn'k jkf'k gS xq:Roh; Roj.k ds vUrxZr m/okZ/kj ry es oØ iFk ij fdlh Hkh oLrq dh pky fdlh oLrq dk osx xfr djrk gS] ftls iz{ksI; xfr (Projectile Motion) dgrs lnZo /kukRed gksrh gSA /kukRed] _.kkRed rFkk gS( tSls& rksi ls NwVs xksys dh xfr] bZ/ku lekIr gksus ij 'kwU; gks ldrk gSA jkWdsV dh xfr rFkk gokbZ tgkt ls fxjk, x, ce dh xfr vkfnA ToppersNotes / 9614-828-828 Note: oLrq }kjk viuh voLFkk esa ifjorZu ds fojks/k ds iz{ksI; dks vf/kdre nwjh rd Qsd a us ds fy, mls xq.k dks tM+Ro dgrs gSA {kSfrt ls 45 fMxzh dks.k ij Åij dh vksj izsf{kir blfy, bl fu;e dks tM+Ro dk fu;e Hkh dgrs djuk pkfg,A gSA iz{skI; d.k ds mPpre fiaM ij osx ,oa Roj.k ds chp tM+Ro 2 izdkj dk gksrk gS & 90° dk dks.k curk gSA (1) vkjke dh voLFkk dk tM+Ro ;fn ,d iz{ksid dk {kSfrt ijkl mldh vf/kdre mnkgj.k & xkM+h ds vpkud pyus ij mlesa ÅapkbZ dk pkj xquk gSa rks iz{ksi.k dks.k dk eku gksxk& cSBk O;fDr ihNs dh vksj /kDdk eglwl djrk gSA isM dks fgykus ij Qyks dk uhps fxjuk 45° bR;kfnA (2) xfr dh voLFkk dk tM+Ro mnkgj.k & yEch dwn esa f[kykM+h dwnus ls igys dqN le; rd nkSMrk gSA pyrh gqbZ xkM+h esa vpkud czsd yxus ij ;k=h vkxs dh vksj /kDdk eglwl djrk gSA Ikz{ksI; iFk bls ^xSfyfy;ks dk fu;e* Hkh dgrs gSA mlds vuqlkj] m/okZ/kj fn'kk ls fHkUu fn'kk es Qsdk x;k xfr ds igys fu;e ls cy dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k fi.M ,d oØ iFk ij xfr djrk gS] ftls iz{ksi.k iFk tkrk gSA (Projectile Path) dgrs gSaA iz{ksI; dk iFk ijoy;kdkj 2. xfr dk f}rh; fu;e gksrk gSaA iz{ksI; dk iFk rHkh ijoy;kdkj gksrk gS] tc fdlh oLrq ds laosx ds ifjorZu dh nj ml ij rd fd bldk osx cgqr vf/kd u gksA vkjksfir cy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA iz{ksI; xfr ls lEcfU/kr mnkgj.k laosx dh fn'kk oLrq ij vkjksfir cy dh fn'kk ds ,d xsna dks Nr ls uhps fxjk,¡ rFkk Bhd mlh le; leku gh gksrh gSA nwljh xsna dks {kSfrt fn'kk es Qsd]s rks nksuks xsnsa i`Foh bls vkosx laosx dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSA ij vyx&vyx LFkkuks ij ijUrq ,d lkFk igq¡psxhA ;g fu;e gesa cy dk lw= iznku djrk gSA isM+ ij cSBs cUnj ds Bhd lkeus dh vksj ,d f'kdkjh laosx & fdlh oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj mlds osx dk fu'kkuk yxkdj xksyh NksMr+ k gS mlh le; cUnj isM xq.kuQy laosx dgykrk gSA ls uhps dwn tk, rks xksyh cUnj dks gh yxrh gSA ;g ,d lfn'k jkf'k gS ftls p }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk ;fn cUnj isM+ ij gh cSBk jgs rks xksyh; xq:Ro ds gSA dkj.k dqN uhph gksus ds dkj.k cUnj dks ugha yxrh p = mν gSaA xfr ds nwljs fu;e ds mnkgj.k ;fn fdlh rksi ls 5 fdxzk rFkk 10 fdxzk ds nks xksys dSp yidrs le; f[kykM+h }kjk gkFkks dks ihNs dh leku osx ls ,d gh fn'kk esa Qsd a s tkrs gSa] rks nksuksa vksj ys tkukA i`Foh ij ,d lkFk igq¡psxs] D;ksfd xksyksa ds mM+ku dk f[kykM+h ;fn jsrhyh vkSj ikuh dh lrg ij fxjrk le; (mM~M;u dky) muds nzO;eku ij fuHkZj ugha gS rks mls de pksV yxrh gS ijUrq l[r ij fxjus djrk gSaA ls vf/kd pksV yxrh gSA U;wVu dh xfr ds fu;e 3- xfr dk r`rh; fu;e ;g fu;e 2 oLrqvks ij ,d lkFk yxus okys 1. xfr dk igyk fu;e ikjLifjd cy fØ;k o izfrfØ;k ij fuHkZj gS tks dksbZ oLrq ;fn vkjke dh voLFkk esa gS rks og fHkUu&fHkUu oLrqvks ij dk;Z djrs gSA mlh voLFkk esa jgrh gS vkSj ;fn og xfr dh mnkgj.k voLFkk esa gSA rks og xfr'khy gh jgrh gS tc jkWdsV iz{ksi.k rd dksbZ cká cy ml ij vkjksfir ugha fd;k xksyh@canwd % canwd ls xksyh pyus ij ihNs dh tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd oLrq viuh izkFkfed fLFkfr rjQ >Vdk yxukA esa gh jguk pkgrh gSA rSjkd }kjk gkFkksa o iSjks dks ikuh dks ihNs NksMrs gq, vkxs c