Part 2: Human Advancement Through Science and Technology PDF

9/30/24 PART 2: HUMAN ADVANCEMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION-BUILDING 2 Pre-Colonial Period Herbal medicines were used to treat illneses Writing,numerical, measurement and calendar systems were...

9/30/24 PART 2: HUMAN ADVANCEMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION-BUILDING 2 Pre-Colonial Period Herbal medicines were used to treat illneses Writing,numerical, measurement and calendar systems were used for trading. Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were first livelihood skills developed – Banawe Rice Terraces 3 1  9/30/24 Colonial Period Spanish occupation Formal education institutions were developed and scientific organizations were launched. Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions. The natives were trained to use innovative approaches in farming. Engineering was introduced and developed as well. 4 Colonial Period American occupation Institutions for science and technology were recognized as well. Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by Bureau of Government Laboratories and was changed to Bureau of Science The National Research Council of the Philippines was established in 1933. Developments were focused on agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy, food processing, and forestry. the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946. 5 Post-Colonial Period Continued progress in science and technology President Ferdinand Marcos Mandated DEC (DepEd) to promote science courses in public high schools. Established several agencies and organizations Philippine Coconut Research Institute Philippine Textile Research Institute Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (Philippine Nuclear Institute) Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Philippine National Oil Company Plant Breeding Institute International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Bureau of Plant Industry National Committee on Geological Sciences National Academy of Science and Technology 6 2  9/30/24 Post-Colonial Period President Corazon Aquino National Science and Technology Authority was renamed Department of Science and Technology President Fidel Ramos 3000 competent scientists “Doctor to the Barrio” made healthcare accessible in the far-flung areas of the country. The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was created for high School Students Number of laws and statutes were mandated RA8349: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government RA7687: Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994 RA7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act RA8293: the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines 7 Post-Colonial Period President Joseph Estrada RA8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 RA8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 Implementation of cost effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who could not afford them President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Filipinnovation – Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia RA9367: Biofuels Act RA10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AfMech) 8 Post-Colonial Period President Benigno Aquino III National Scientists Gavino C. Trono – Marine Biology Angel C. Alcala – Biological Science Ramon C. Barba – Horticulture Edgardo D. Gomez – Marine Biology President Rodrigo Duterte S&T sector is seen to be a priority based budget on the budget for research and development (R&D) Philippine Space Technology Program Diwata-2 in 2018 Diwata-1 in 2016 Importance of disaster preparedness 9 3  9/30/24 Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment Contributions 1. Mechanization of farming 2. Water pumps and sprinklers help in managing the damaging effects of extreme heat caused by climate change. 3. Production of genetically modified crops and fertilizers 4. Improved transportation 5. Improved communication 6. Ways of learning has also changed 10 Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment Adverse Impacts 1. Depletion of earth’s natural resources 2. Generation of wastes 3. People became too dependent on science and technology 11 PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS 12 4  9/30/24 Philippine Inventions Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Atoy Llave SALt Lamp Sustainable alternative lighting Aisa Mijeno 13 Philippine Inventions Medical Incubator Dr. Fe del Mundo Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap Dengue prevention 14 Philippine Inventions Erythromycin Abelardo Aguilar Streptomyces erythreus Mole Remover Rolando dela Cruz Annacardium occidentale 15 5  9/30/24 Philippine Inventions Jeepneys One of the most recognizable national symbols Banana Ketchup Maria Orosa Mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices 16 TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY 17 Technology: an augmentation of human idea “What defines a technological tool- one historical definition- is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful. So for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a technology that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better.” – Mark Zuckerberg 18 6  9/30/24 The Essence of Technology Science and Technology: responsible for the ways society is continuously being modernized. However, this omnipresence of S&T must not overlap the basic tenets of ethics and morality. Martin Heidegger (1977): The Question Concerning Technology - Defined technology as (1) Instrumental and (2) Anthropological 19 Instrumental: Technology is a means to an end Technology is not an end in itself; it is a means to an end. Aimed as to how things get done. Technology is viewed as a tool available to individuals, groups, and communities that desire to make an impact on society. 20 Anthropological: Technology is a human activity Human activity to achieve an end and to produce and use a means to an end is, by itself. The production or invention of technological equipment, tools and machines, the products and inventions, and the purpose and functions they serve are what define technology. 21 7  9/30/24 The Dangers of Technology Liesin how humans let themselves be consumed by it. Humans think nature needs to be saved, whereas mother nature would remain even if humans cease to exists. We must not be consumed by technology lest we lose the essence of who we are as humans. 22 The Sword of Damocles The sword of Damocles an analogy to technology in a dangerous world. In summary, what is the story all about? Explain why technology in the modern world is like the Sword of Damocles? 23 So where are we heading to? 24 8  9/30/24 ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 25 Technological Advantages Efficiency Time Communication Jobs Education Transportation Creation 26 Biological technologies could shape the society Genomics & proteomics Biotechnology including cloning, genetic engineering, CRISPR Synthetic Biology But before you proceed, let us review the central dogma of biology and the genetic code table. 27 9  9/30/24 Central Dogma of Biology What is DNA, RNA, and a protein molecule? What is DNA replication? What is the purpose of this process? What is transcription? What is the significance of this process? What is Translation? What is the significance of this process? Please review these basic biological concepts. 28 Genomics and Proteomics ▪ Genomics- deals with the DNA sequence organization, function, and evolution of genes. ▪ Proteomics- aims to identify all the proteins in a cell or organism including any posttranslational modified forms, as well as their cellular localization, functions and interactions. ▪ Genomics was made possible by the invention of techniques of recombinant DNA, also known as gene cloning or genetic engineering. 29 Biotechnology The use of living organisms in any form for the convenience of life. 30 10  9/30/24 Traditional Biotechnology Used in food preservation and production of foods Drying or “dehydrating” food is a method of food preservation that removes enough moisture from the food so bacteria, yeast and molds cannot grow. Dried fish Dried fruits Fermentation is process where microorganisms are used to produce a product Wine Kimchi Atsara/Atchara Pickles 31 Modern Biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living organisms. 32 AIMS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY: Develop new precision tools and diagnostics; Speed up breeding gains and efficiency; Develop pest- and disease- resistant crops; Combat salinity, drought, and problems of agriculture; 33 11  9/30/24 AIMS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY: Enhance the nutritional quality of food; Increase crop varieties and choice; Reduce inputs and production costs; and Increase profits (Bragdon et al., 2005) 34 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs): · Are products of artificial manipulation and alternation of a species’ genetic material in a laboratory using genetic engineering. · Are organisms whose genetic makeup has been modified using recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene modification, or transgenic technology. · Plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes may be combined or may be crossbred to produce another kind of species that do not naturally occur in the environment. · Also called as transgenic organisms since the process involves the transfer of genes. · Aims to address issues about food security, agriculture, drug production, and nutrition. · Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen- first scientists to genetically modify an organism by combining genes from two different E.coli. 35 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs): · Pros: increased crop yield pest resistance · Cons: Growing concern with how GMOs may affect consumers’ health and the environment Concerns on human rights Accident in genetically engineering a virus or bacteria may cause a serious epidemic. 36 12  9/30/24 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs): · Humulin- first GMO approved by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA), type of insulin produced using genetically engineered E.coli bacteria. · bovine somatotropin (bST)-FDA approved metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk production in dairy cows for commercial use. · Flavr Savr- FDA approved tomato for sale on grocery stores which delays its ripening effect and gives it a longer shelf life compared with natural tomatoes. · Bt potatoes and corn, roundup ready soybeans · Bt talong 37 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs): · Golden Rice- developed in the Philippines to address vitamin A deficiency, which is a public health issue in Asian countries where rice is a staple food crop. Variety of Oryza sativa genetically modified to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. · Yorkshire pig- genetically modified to produce offspring that produce the enzyme phytase in their saliva to digest plant phosphorus, unlike that of normal pigs. · Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant women in eastern Quebec 38 CLONING VS GENETIC ENGINEERING Cloning process by which identical copies of an organism are made. The copy, or clone, possesses the same genetic material as the original organism. Genetic Engineering Whereas cloning produces genetically exact copies of organisms, genetic engineering refers to processes in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms—and, in some cases, entirely new living things. Geneticists have even introduced genes from one species to another. 39 13  9/30/24 Biotechnology via gene cloning 40 B. Medical Technologies: Targeted Medications 41 C.R.I.S.P.R. technology Means Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats shorthand for CRISPR-CaS9 CRISPR=DNA snippets of viruses in a bacterial DNA (new DNA becomes part of their own) CaS 9- enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA. Genetic engineering tool that uses a CRISPR sequence of DNA and its associated protein (Cas9) to edit the base pairs of a gene. Adapted from the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea Foil attacks by viruses and other foreign bodies by chopping up and destroying the DNA of a foreign invader Enable scientists to repair genetic defects (genetic diseases) or use genetically modified human cells as therapies. 42 14  9/30/24 C.R.I.S.P.R. technology 7 Diseases that can be cured by CRISPR: Cancer Blood disorders Blindness AIDS Cystic fibrosis Muscular dystrophy Huntington’s Disease Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j AhjPd4uNFY 43 44 45 15  9/30/24 3-Parent Baby Three-parent baby, human offspring produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies and three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF). 46 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY ▪ Defined as the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes. ▪ Engineer’s approach to biology 47 Coronavirus testing basics According to US Food and Drug Administration, Types of Tests There are two different types of tests – diagnostic tests and antibody tests. 1. Diagnostic test- show if you have an active coronavirus infection and should take steps to quarantine or isolate yourself from others. molecular tests, such as RT-PCR tests, that detect the virus’s genetic material antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus. 2. Antibody test- looks for antibodies that are made by your immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus. Antibodies can help fight infections. Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after you have an infection and may stay in your blood for several weeks or more after recovery. Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection. 48 16  9/30/24 Watch: https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=ygsztdFoW PA © American Society for Microbiology 49 Personal Health Monitoring (PHM) Wearable Biosensors A portable device that can be worn to record and monitor health- related data outside the hospital. Application: Remote monitoring of patient Training support for athlete Monitoring of individuals who work with hazardous elements Tracking of professional driver’s vital signs to alert them from fatigue and drowsiness 50 Modern Day Telecommuni cation e-Medicine online consultation 51 17  9/30/24 Nanotechnology is a part of science and technology about the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale - this means things that are about 100 nanometers across. Refers to manipulation of matter on an atomic to subatomic scale NANOTECHNOLOGY 52 53 Nanotechnology has already found its way into numerous consumer products you use every day, from clothing to skin lotion. They include: Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant. Consumer Products Skin care products that use nanoparticles to deliver vitamins deeper into the skin Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticle- based electrodes powering plug-in electric cars. Flame retardant formed by coating the foam used in furniture with carbon nanofibers. 54 18  9/30/24 SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 55 Designer babies Is this kind of technology ethical? ▪ A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome ▪ Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis- selecting the best egg; simplest method and used since 1988 Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1a2larfMIA 56 Cloning Helps in in-depth research, like motor neuron disease. Embryonic stem cells can be cloned to produce tissues or organs to replace or repair the damaged ones. allow parents who have lost a child a chance to redress their loss using the DNA of their deceased child 57 19  9/30/24 Issues Religious “playing God” Human embryo should be left alone Takes away the uniqueness of an individual 58 Issues Medical Success rate 0.1%- 3% only Enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible Pregnancy might fail Problems during later development Abnormal gene expressions 59 Issues Australia- Prohibited human cloning; therapeutic cloning is legal Canada- prohibits: cloning human, stem cells, growing human embryos for research, buying and selling of human reproductive materials India- no specific law but has specific guidelines prohibiting human cloning; stem cell research is allowed Argentina- prohibits “experiments concerning cloning of human cells in order to generate human beings” 60 20  9/30/24 Issues on Targeted Medications Requires skill for administration & storage May produce toxicity symptoms Difficult to maintain the stability of the drug in dosage form High sophisticated technology for formulation Insufficient localization of targeted systems into tumor cells Very costly 61 Issues on eMedicine and eConsultation Regulatory and Industry Barriers. Physical Examination is Limited. Equipment and Technology are costly 62 Issue on Personal Health Monitoring (PHM) Wearable Biosensors Privacy – Leakage of private information and surveillance. Over reliance on wearable sensors –Might reduce the interaction between the wearer and his/her physician. Reliability and accuracy 63 21  9/30/24 Issues on Nanotechnology Public trust and potential risks Issues of environmental impact nano-m agazine.com https://www.qscience.com/docserver/fulltext/qproc/2015/4/qproc.2015.elc2014.5 7.pdf 64 22