Parasitology Notes PDF

**Parasitology Notes** - Leishmania is transported by **Sandfly**, and mainly invade **macrophage** - Leishmania chagasi doesn\'t found in Sudan - H.nana is known as **dwarf** tapeworm, **4 cm**, **egg** is the infective stage. - A.lumbricoides is known as **giant** roundworm -...

**Parasitology Notes** - Leishmania is transported by **Sandfly**, and mainly invade **macrophage** - Leishmania chagasi doesn\'t found in Sudan - H.nana is known as **dwarf** tapeworm, **4 cm**, **egg** is the infective stage. - A.lumbricoides is known as **giant** roundworm - B.coli is the **largest** protozoa at all - F.buski is an intestinal fluke and it is the **largest** flukes at all - T.solium gravid proglottid has **fewer uterine branches** than T.saginata - The infective stage of T.saginata is **cysticercus bovis** and for T.solium **cysticercus cellulose** - The scolex of T.saginata has 4 suckers and circle of hook while T.solium has 4 suckers and no hook - Intermediate host of T.saginata is **cattle** and for T.solium is **pig** - The definitive host of both tenia is **Human** - Inflamed eye caused by T.cruze is called **Roman\'s sign** - **Dogs** are the most important definitive hosts of **E.granulosus** while the sheep and man are the intermediate one - Both herpes virus and pox virus are DNA enveloped viruses - **Cyst** is the infective stage of G.lambilia while it\'s diagnostic stage both **cyst and trophozoyte** - The infective stage of D.latum is **Plerocercoid** or **sparganum** larvae - The definitive host for D.latum is the **human** - The eggs of D.latum are hatch in **fresh water** - The infective stage of Fasciola hepatica is **metacercariae** - Some of Liver flukes are (F.hepatica and C.sinensis) and **F.buski is an intestinal fluke** - Intermediate host of W.bancrofi is female **mosquito; anopheles and culex** - Intermediate host of O.volvulus is female **blackfly, simulium** - Intermediate host of Loa Loa is the **deer fly (Chrysops)** - Loa loa microfilaria have **diurnal** periodicity and **sheathed** - O.volvulus microfilaria have **diurnal** periodicity and **unsheathed** - Best time when w.bancrofti can be detected in blood sample; **10 p.m -- 4 a.m (nocturnal periodicity)** - The normal O.volvulus lifespan is up to **10 year** - **Skin snip** is the best sample to diagnose O.volvulus, the **blood** for loa loa - Hook worms are oviparous **not a true filarial**, they can cause megaloblastic anemia - The infective stage of **T.gondi** is **oocyst** in **domestic cat** feaces which represent the definitive host - T.gondi doesn't invade the central nervous system - Schistosoma belong to trematode and can cause **hypertension** - Shistosoma egg doesn\'t contain operculum - The complication of schistosomal infection is due to the **presence of eggs** that cause granuloma and blockage **(not the adult worm and there is no toxin produced)** - The adult worm of Schistosoma **never appear** in Stool sample - Trophozoite of P. falciparum is called a **ring stage** - Plasmodium is a haemoparasite - ICT for malaria can detect **HRP2** (histidin rich protein), **pLDH** (species-specific lactate dehydrogenase and **aldolase** enzyme - The precipitation **line thickness** of ICT is related to the level of **parasitemia** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Names of | **Intermedi | **Defective | **Infective | **Diagnosti | | the | ate | host** | stage** | c | | parasite** | host** | | | stage** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | *Entamoeba | | | Cysts | Cysts+troph | | histolytica | | | | ozoite | | * | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | *Giardia | | | Cysts | **Cyst+trop | | Lamblia* | | | | hozoite** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | *Balantidiu | | | Cysts | **Cyst+trop | | m | | | | hozoite** | | Coli* | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | *Ascaris | | | **Embryonat | **Un/fertil | | Lumbricoide | | | ed | ized | | s* | | | egg(+larva3 | egg** | | | | | )** | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | *Trichomona | | | **trophozoi | **trophozoi | | s | | | te** | te** | | vaginalis* | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Taenia | **cattle** | **human** | **Cysticerc | **eggs and | | saginata*** | | | us | proglottids | | | | | bovis** | ** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Taenia | **Pig** | **human** | **Cysticerc | **eggs and | | solium*** | | | us | proglottids | | | | | cellulose** | ** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Diphyllo | **1^st^ | **human** | **Plerocerc | **Unembroyn | | bothium | Cyclops** | | oid/ | ated | | latum*** | | | sparganum** | egg** | | | **2^nd^ | | | | | | Fish** | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Hymenole | **Flea | **human** | **Egg** | **Egg** | | pis | /beelte** | | | | | nana*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Trypanos | **Triatomin | **human** | **metacycli | **trypomast | | oma | e**(kissing | | c | igotes** | | cruzi*** | bug) | | trypomastig | | | | | | ote** | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | *Trypanosom | **Testse | **human** | **metacycli | **trypomast | | a | fly | | c | igotes** | | brucei | (***Glossin | | trypomastig | | | rhodesiense | a*) | | ote** | | | * | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Leishman | **Sand | **human** | **promastig | **amastigot | | ia | fly** | | otes** | es** | | domain*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Leishman | **Sand | **human** | **promastig | **amastigot | | ia | fly** | | otes** | es** | | tropica*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Leishman | **Sand | **human** | **promastig | **amastigot | | ia | fly** | | otes** | es** | | braziliensi | | | | | | s*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Wucherer | **Female | **human** | **Larva | **microfila | | ia | Mosquito | | stage 3** | ria** | | bancrofti** | (anopheles+ | | | | | * | culex)** | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Loa | **Horsefly | **Human** | **Larva | **Microfila | | Loa*** | (***Chrysop | | stage 3** | ria** | | | s***)** | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Onchocer | **Female | **human** | **Larva | **microfila | | ca | blackfly | | stage 3** | ria** | | volvulus*** | (***Simuliu | | | | | | m*) | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Fasciolo | **Snail** | **Human, | **metracerc | **Unembroyn | | psis | | pig** | ariae** | ated** | | buski*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Fasciola | **Snail** | **Human, | **metracerc | **egg** | | hepatica*** | | sheep, | ariae** | | | | | pig** | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Schistos | **Snail(bul | **human** | **Cercariae | **Egg** | | oma | ins)** | | ** | | | haematobium | | | | | | *** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Schistos | **Snail(Bio | **human** | **Cercariae | **Egg** | | oma | mphalaria)* | | ** | | | mansoni*** | * | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Schistos | **Snail | **human** | **Cercariae | **Egg** | | oma | (onchmelani | | ** | | | japonicum** | a)** | | | | | * | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Echinoco | **Human+she | **Dog** | **eggs** | hydatid | | ccus | ep** | | | cyst | | granulosus* | | | | | | ** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Plasmodi | **human** | **Mosquito | sporozoites | Trophozoite | | um | | (anopheles) | | s+Schizonts | | falciparum* | | ** | | + | | ** | | | | **gametocyt | | | | | | e** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Plasmodi | **human** | **Mosquito* | Sporozoites | Trophozoite | | um | | * | | s+Schizonts | | vivax*** | | | | + | | | | | | **gametocyt | | | | | | e** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Plasmodi | **human** | **Mosquito* | sporozoites | Trophozoite | | um | | * | | s+Schizonts | | ovale*** | | | | + | | | | | | **gametocyt | | | | | | e** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Plasmodi | **human** | **Mosquito* | sporozoites | Trophozoite | | um** | | * | | s+Schizonts | | malariae* | | | | + | | | | | | **gametocyt | | | | | | e** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | ***Toxoplas | **human** | **Cat** | **oocyst** | tissue | | ma | | | | cysts | | gondii*** | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Human is the intermediate host. They share same I.S & D.S.** **Snail is the intermediate host. Direct life cycle.**