Overview of Community Health Nursing PDF

Community health nursing Overview of Community Health Nursing Biomedical According the biomedical model, health means the freedom from concept disease, pain or defect. This model focus on the physical, processes, suc...

Community health nursing Overview of Community Health Nursing Biomedical According the biomedical model, health means the freedom from concept disease, pain or defect. This model focus on the physical, processes, such as the pathology, biochemistry and physiology. Ecological the science of mutual relation between living organism and their concept environment. The ecologist put forward a hypothesis that health is a dynamic equilibrium between man and environment Psychosocial Contemporary development in social science. Revealed that health is not concept only a biomedical and ecological phenomenon but influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors. Holistic concept Defined as unified multidimensional process involving the well-being of whole person in the contest of his environment. Definition of A collection of people who interact with one another and whose community: common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging. Examples of some communities: - Citizen of town - group of farmers - prison community - professional nurse Tiny village Community The identification of needs and the protection and improvement of collective Health: health within a geographically defined area Public health Is art and science of preventing diseases, prolonging life, promoting health, and efficacy through organized community effort. Or activities that societies, undertaken to assure the conditions in which people 7|Page  Community health nursing can be healthy Aims of public health 1. sanitation of the environment 2. control of communicable diseases 3. education of individual Community Is a field of professional practice in nursing and in public health in Health which technical nursing, interpersonal, analytical, and organizational Nursing: skills are applied to problems of health as they affect the community. Is population –focused, with the goal of promoting health and preventing disease and disability for all people through the creation of conditions in which people can be healthy. Nursing: encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all setting. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy. Neighborhood: A smaller, more homogeneous group than community that involves interaction and a level of identification with others living near-by. Population: the general public or society or a collection of communities Aggregates: populations with some common characteristics that frequently have common concerns, but many not interact with each other to address those concerns. 8|Page  Community health nursing Objectives of Community Health Nursing: To increase capability of individuals, families, and groups and community to deal with their own health. To strengthen community resources. To control and counteract environmental hazards. To prevent and control communicable and non-communicable diseases. To provide specialized services for mothers, children, adults, workers, elderly handicapped and eligible couples etc. To conduct research that contributes to the further refinement and improvement of community health nursing practice. To participate in preparing health personnel to function in community for community health care services. To supervise, guide and help health personnel in carrying out their functions effectively. Philosophy of Community Health Nursing: Philosophy of individual’s right of being healthy. Philosophy of working together under a competent leader for the common good. Philosophy that people in the community have potential for continued development and are capable of dealing with their own problems if educated and helped. Philosophy of socialism. 9|Page  Community health nursing Principles of Community Health Nursing: Community health nursing is community focused, it is therefore essential to know the defined community, make a map and essential effective working relationship. Community health nursing is based on identified community health nursing needs and functions within total community health programmes. Health education, guidance and supervision are integral part of community health nursing services. Professional relationships are essential in community health services. Individuals and families participate fully in all decision making relating to attainment of health. Continuous services are effective services and community health nurse must provide continuous health services. Well-developed system of records and reports is essential for community health services. Periodic and continuous appraisal and evaluation of health situation and health services are basic to community health. Health services should be available and accessible to all without any discrimination. Health worker should be non – political, non-sectarian in her / his relationship. Health worker must maintain professional dignity and must never accept any gift or bribe. 10 | P a g e  Community health nursing Characteristics of Community Health Nursing: Integral part of community health. a specialized field of nursing. synthesizes community health with nursing. the whole community is the client. emphasizes on primary level prevention. promotes self-care responsibility. involves multidisciplinary team approach. working for people, with people and by people. seeking support from and giving support to personnel from other sectors working for welfare and development in the community. dealing with wide range of health problems and health needs and providing need based generalized health services. Community health nursing is providing continuous and not episodic care. Trends influencing community health Nursing: Community Health Nursing practice today affected by several newer developments in the field of medicine, nursing. Several trends currently influencing community health and nursing. they are: 1-Demographic trends: o Increase population o Greater percentage of elderly people 2-Technological trends: o Knowledge explosion o Environmental pollution 3-Socioculture trends: o Health insurance o Mass communication 11 | P a g e  Community health nursing 4-Economic trends: o Rising cost of health care Hospital Nurse and Community Health Nurse: Hospital Nurse Community health Nurse Setting Work in hospital Work in community settings, homes, school, industries, and hospital….etc Nursing Specialized I.e. works with Generalized i.e. works with all concern specific age or disease. groups and different diseases. Interdependent within the Interdependent within the health health sector. sector and other sectors. Provide comprehensive Provide comprehensive cares to cares to individual patients individuals, families and only. community. Applies professional nursing Applies professional practice with practice. basic community health nursing Condition requiring practice. hospitalization i.e. sick Prevailing health problems and individuals and disabled community needs. Total population especially under served and high-risk groups Main principle in her Main principle in her practice is practice is curative, prevention, early case finding, prevention of complication health teaching, follow up and and health teaching i.e. focus family self-direction i,e, focus mainly on secondary and mainly on primary prevention. tertiary prevention. Improved patient, family, 12 | P a g e  Community health nursing Patient well to be community health and self-care discharged. The nurse is the hostess The nurse is a guest Setting for Community Health Nursing (C.H. N) practice: Homes Ambulatory service settings It includes a variety of places for CHN. These are places where clients come for day service e.g. MCH, TB clinic School Occupational health settings Residential institution Function of community health nursing: Providing care to the ill and disabled in their homes. Maintaining healthful environments. Teaching about health promotion and prevention of disease Identify those with inadequate standards of living and untreated illnesses and disabilities and referring them Preventing and reporting neglect and abuse. Collaborating to develop appropriate, adequate, acceptable health care services. Ensuring quality of nursing care and engaging in nursing research Community based nursing: Application of the nurses process in caring for individuals, families and group were they live, work or go to school or as they move through the health care system. 13 | P a g e  Community health nursing Community health nursing and community based nursing are two different Community health nursing emphasizes preservation and protection of health while community based nursing emphasize managing acute or chronic conditions. In community health nursing, the primary client is the community while in community-based nursing, the primary clients are the individual and family. Services in community based nursing are largely direct while in community health nursing services are both direct and indirect. Community health nursing roles: A. client oriented roles B. delivery oriented roles C. population oriented role A. client oriented roles Care giver: used the nursing process to provide direct nursing intervention to individuals, families, or population groups Educator: facilitates learning for positive health behavior change Counselor: teaches and assists clients in the use of problem solving process Referral resources: links clients to services to meet identified health needs Role model: demonstrate desired health related behavior Advocate: speaks or acts on behalf of clients who cannot do so for themselves Primary care provider: provide essential health services to promote health, prevent illness, and deal with existing health problems 14 | P a g e  Community health nursing Case manager: coordinates and direct the selection and use of health care services to meet client needs, maximize resources utilization, and minimize the expense of care B. delivery oriented roles 1-Coordinator/ care manager: Organize and integrate services to best meet client needs in the most efficient manner 2-collaborator: engages in shared decision making regarding the nature of health problems and potential solutions to them 3-liaison: provide and maintains connections and communication between clients and health care providers or among provides C. population oriented role 1-case finder: identifies clients with specific health problems -geared toward awareness of population level problem 2-leader: influences clients and others to take action regarding identified health problems 3-change agent : initiates and facilitates change in individual or client behavior or conditions or those affecting population groups 4-community developer: mobilize residents and other segments of the population to take action regarding identified community health problems 5-coalition builder: promotes the development and maintenance of alliances of individuals or groups of people to address a specific health issue 6-researcher: conduct studies to explain health related phenomena and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to control them 15 | P a g e