OS-LEC1-and-2-Introduction-and-History-1.pdf

DEFINITION OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY MULTIPROGRAMMING AT THE END OF THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE, THE LEARNER WILL BE ABLE TO: ❖Discuss the role and purpose of operating systems in computer systems. ❖Identify the benefits of multiprogramming in relation...

DEFINITION OPERATING SYSTEMS HISTORY MULTIPROGRAMMING AT THE END OF THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE, THE LEARNER WILL BE ABLE TO: ❖Discuss the role and purpose of operating systems in computer systems. ❖Identify the benefits of multiprogramming in relation to operating systems. ❖Explain in summary evolution of operating systems. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM? ▪is a program that manages the computer hardware ▪Software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware ▪the one program that is running at all times on the computer ▪provides a user-friendly environment in which a user may easily develop and execute programs. ❖Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be mandatory for computer programming. ❖So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of hardware from uninterested users. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM? It is an extended machine ! Hides the messy details which must be performed ! Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use It is a resource manager ! Each program gets time with the resource ! Each program gets space on the resource COMPUTER MODES OF OPERATION Kernel Mode ▪ also called supervisor mode ▪ A software running in kernel mode has complete access to all the hardware and can execute any instruction the machine is capable of executing. ▪ Operating system is the most fundamental piece of software and runs in kernel mode User Mode ▪ A software running in user mode has limited privileges and therefore only a subset of machine instruction is available. ▪ For example, the instruction that affects the control of the machine or do I/O (Input/output) are forbidden to user-mode programs. Main components of the computer. OBJECTIVES IN DESIGNING OPERATING SYSTEMS ❖Mainframe operating systems are designed primarily to optimize utilization of hardware. ❖Personal computer (PC) operating systems support complex games, business applications, and everything in between. ❖Operating systems for handheld computers are designed to provide an environment in which a user can easily interface with the computer to execute programs. Thus, some operating systems are designed to be convenient, others to be efficient, and others some combination of the two. OPERATING SYSTEM GOALS ❖Execute application programs. Make the computer system convenient to use ❖Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner SERVICES PROVIDED BY AN OS ! Facilities for program creation ! editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers, etc. ! Program execution ! loading in memory, I/O and file initialization. ! Access to I/O and files ! deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats. ! System access ! resolves conflicts for resource contention. ! protection in access to resources and data. HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ▪FIRST TRUE DIGITAL COMPUTER: CHARLES BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE ▪first fully-automatic calculating machine, was constructed by British computing pioneer Charles Babbage (1792-1871). ▪Only part of the machine as a trial piece was completed before Babbage's death in 1871. ▪FIRST PROGRAMMER: ADA LOVELACE ▪Hired by Charles Babbage to develop software for his “analytical engine” ▪ADA® programming language was named after her. HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS Charles Babbage’s analytical engine (Trial model) HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS ▪GENERATIONS: ▪First Generation(1945–55): Vacuum Tubes ▪Second Generation(1955–65): Transistors and Batch Systems ▪Third Generation(1965–1980): ICs and Multiprogramming ▪Fourth Generation(1980–Present): Personal Computers, Tablets, Phones FIRST GENERATION(1945–55): VACUUM TUBES ❖Prof. John Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry built the first functioning digital computer at Iowa State University. It used 300 vacuum tubes. ❖Konrad Zuse in Berlin built the Z3 computer out of relays. ❖Colossus was built in England ❖Mark 1 which was invented by Howard Aiken at Harvard  FIRST GENERATION(1945–55): VACUUM TUBES ❖ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was built by William Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert ! weighed 30 tons, ! was eight feet high, three feet deep, and 100 feet long ! contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes that were cooled by 80 air blowers. FIRST GENERATION(1945–55): VACUUM TUBES Vacuum Tube Technology  FIRST GENERATION(1945–55): VACUUM TUBES ▪a single group of people (usually engineers) designed, built, programmed, operated, and maintained each machine. ▪All programming was done in absolute machine language, or ▪by wiring up electrical circuits by connecting thousands of cables to plugboards to control the machine's basic functions. ▪Programming languages were unknown (even assembly language was unknown) ▪There was no Operating systems  SECOND GENERATION(1955–65): TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS ❖ Mainframes ▪ locked away in specially air conditioned computer rooms, with staffs of professional operators to run them. ▪ To run a job (i.e., a program or set of programs), a programmer would first write the program on paper (in FORTRAN or assembler), then punch it on cards. He would then bring the card deck down to the input room and hand it to one of the operators. When the computer finished whatever job it was currently running, an operator would go over to the printer and tear off the output and carry it over to the output room, so that the programmer could collect it later. Then he would take one of the card decks that had been brought from the input room and read it in. ❖ Typical operating systems were FMS (the Fortran Monitor System) and IBSYS, IBM's operating system for the IBM 7094. SECOND GENERATION(1955–65): TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS Punched card  SECOND GENERATION(1955–65): TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS ❖ Batch Systems a) Collect a tray full of jobs b) Write it into a tape using IBM 1401 c) Read the tape using IBM 7094 d) IBM 7094 does the computing e) IBM 7094 writes the output into a tape f) Use IBM 1401 to print the output tape SECOND GENERATION(1955–65): TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS SECOND GENERATION(1955–65): TRANSISTORS AND BATCH SYSTEMS Structure of a typical FMS Job THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖IBM System/360 ▪a series of software-compatible machines ranging from 1401- sized to much more powerful than the 7094. ▪The machines were different only in price and performance (maximum memory, processor speed, number of I/0 devices allowed, and so forth). ▪was the first major computer line to use (small-scale) ICs (Integrated Circuits) ▪IBM System/360 operating system introduced multiprogramming THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ▪Multiprogramming ▪Memory was partitioned into various pieces, with a different job in each partition. ▪While one job was waiting for I/ O to complete, another job could be using the CPU. THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ▪Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line ▪Also called spooling ▪The cards where read into disk ▪After a job is finished, they could load a new job from the disk into the now-empty partition and run it THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ▪Timesharing ▪Alternative to multiprogramming ▪each user has an online terminal ▪ Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) ▪ first general-purpose timesharing system ▪ Pioneered much of the work in scheduling. ▪ Motivated MULTICS. THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖BURROUGHS MASTER CONTROL PROGRAM (MCP) FOR THE B5000 SYSTEM (1961) ▪Virtual memory and multiprocessing ▪MCP was the first operating system written in a high-level language ▪not a portable operating system; it only ran on the B5000 computer). ▪The B5000 system running MCP gave the user: ▪ Multiprogramming ▪ Multiprocessing ▪ Virtual storage (provides the illusion of a system having more physical memory than it really does) ▪ Source language debugging capability THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ▪MULTICS (MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service) (1969) ▪Joint development by MIT, Bell Labs, General Electric. ▪Envisioned one main computer to support “everyone”. People would buy computing services like electricity. ▪Building it was more difficult than expected. ▪Technology caught up. THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖UNIX (1969, announced 1973) ▪Ken Thompson (former Multician) wanted to use an old PDP-7 lying around Bell Labs. ▪He and Dennis Ritchie built a system designed by programmers for programmers. ▪Originally in assembly language. Rewritten by Ritchie and Thompson in C. ▪New idea: portable operating system! THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖UNIX (1969, announced 1973) ▪DARPA selected UNIX as its networking platform (arpanet). ▪UNIX becomes a commercial operating system. ▪POSIX – a standard developed for UNIX Systems ▪MINIX – small clone for UNIX; for educational purposes ▪Important ideas popularized by UNIX ▪OS written in a high-level language. ▪OS is portable across hardware platforms. ▪Pipes ▪Mountable file systems. THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING UNIX THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖CP/M(1973) ! Control Program for Microcomputers ! Developed by Greg Kildall as a side project for his company Digital Research. ! Is a disk-based operating system. ! CP/M became a popular OS in the 1970′s. ! It had many applications developed for it, including WordStar and dBASE. ! It was ported to a variety of hardware environments. ! In fact, IBM originally wanted CP/M for its new Personal Computers, but later selected MS-DOS when a deal could not be reached. THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING CP/M THIRD GENERATION(1965–1980): ICS AND MULTIPROGRAMMING ❖BSD or Berkeley Software Distribution (1977) ▪Developed by the University of California, Berkeley. ▪is a Unix variant based on early versions of Unix from Bell Labs. BSD  FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖MS-DOS or MicroSoft Disk Operating System (1981) ▪A modification of DOS (Disk Operating System) which Bill Gates(owner of Microsoft) bought from Seattle Computer Products. Tim Paterson wrote the DOS. ▪Later offered to IBM who where looking for software to run IBM PC. ▪The revised system was renamed MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) and quickly came to dominate the IBM PC market. ! In 1985, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, which popularized the Operating System even more. ! Microsoft Windows allowed users a graphical user interface (GUI), which rapidly spread Microsoft’s product. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES MS-DOS FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖SunOS(1982) ▪Developed by Sun Microsystems, SunOS was based on BSD. It was a very popular Unix variant. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ▪Graphical User Interface (GUI) ▪Invented by Doug Engelbart ▪Included windows, icons, menus and mouse. ▪Adopted by XEROX PARC and included into machines they built. ▪Steve Jobs adopted the idea and built an Apple computer with GUI The Xerox Star 8010 workstation introduced the first commercial GUI. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Mac OS (1984) ▪Developed by Apple Computer, Inc. for their new product, the Macintosh home PC. ▪Also called System 1 ▪Mac OS was the first OS with a GUI built-in. This lead to a very stable OS, as well as wide acceptance due to its ease of use. ▪It was user friendly, meaning that it was intended for users who not only knew nothing about computers but furthermore had absolutely no intention whatsoever of learning. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES System 1 (1984) Mac OS 8 (1997) Mac OS X 10.2 (2002) FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖OS/2 (1987) ▪Developed by a joint venture of IBM and Microsoft. Though the OS was heavily marketed, it did not pick up in popularity. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 1.0 (1985) ▪Successor of MS-DOS; Developed by Microsoft ▪Is a GUI-based system which originally ran on top of MS-DOS (1985-1995) ▪There are drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes that make programs easier to learn and use. ▪ You can switch among several programs without having to quit and restart each one. ▪Windows 1.0 ships with several programs, including MS DOS file management, Paint, Windows Writer, Notepad, Calculator, and a calendar, card file, and clock to help you manage day-to-day activities. There’s even a game—Reversi. ‑ FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 2.0 (1987) ▪with desktop icons and expanded memory. ▪With improved graphics support, you can now overlap windows, control the screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to speed up your work. ▪Some software developers write their first Windows–based programs for this release. ▪Windows 2.0 is designed for the Intel 286 processor ▪Control Panel makes its first appearance in Windows 2.0. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 3.0 (1991) ▪Windows now has significantly better performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and improved icons. ▪Program Manager, File Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 3.0. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows NT (1993) ▪ NT stands for New Technology ▪ is compatible with Windows 95 at a certain level, but a complete rewrite from scratch internally. ▪ is a full 32-bit system. ▪ Developed by Microsoft as a high-end server Operating System ▪ the NT code became the basis for Operating Systems to this day. ▪ was primarily used on computers as servers to counter the Unix dominance in the arena. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 95 ▪was released that incorporated many operating system features into it, using the underlying MS-DOS system only for booting and running old MS-DOS programs. ▪has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. ▪The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking.  FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 98 ▪first version of Windows designed specifically for consumers. ▪improvements include the ability to open and close programs more quickly, and support for reading DVD discs and universal serial bus (USB) devices. ▪Another first appearance is the Quick Launch bar, which lets you run programs without having to browse the Start menu or look for them on the desktop. ! Windows 98 is the last version based on MS DOS. ‑ FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Linux (1991) ! Developed by Linus Torvalds as a free Unix variant. Linux today is a very largely contributed Open Source project that plays a very prominent role in today’s server industry. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Sun Solaris(1992 ) ! Developed by Sun Microsystems, Solaris is a widely used Unix variant, and partially developed based on Sun’s SunOS. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖JavaOS(1997) ▪Developed by Sun Microsystems, JavaOS was developed primarily using the Java programming language. The OS was created to be installed on any device, including PC’s. ❖MacOS X Server 1.0(1999) ▪Developed by Apple Computer, Inc., MacOS X Server 1.0 was a precursor to Apple’s MacOS X desktop version, which replaced it in 2001. MacOS X Server 1.0 was developed for Apple’s popular Macintosh PC. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 2000(2000) ▪Developed by Microsoft, Windows 2000 was a much improved Operating System over Windows 98. It was developed from a dramatically different code base. It was targetted for business oriented uses. ❖Windows ME(2000) ▪Developed by Microsoft, Windows ME (also called Windows Millenium) was a rather unsuccessful new version of Windows 98 and had a short shelf life. It was released just seven months after Windows 2000 and just a year before Windows XP. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖MacOS X Version 10.0(2001) ▪Developed by Apple Computer, Inc., MacOS X Version 10.0 dramatically changed the user interface for Apple’s Macinstosh users. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows XP(2001) ▪Developed by Microsoft, Windows XP was an enhanced version of Windows 2000 code base. XP became widely popular and is used extensively today, despite the release of newer versions of Windows. ▪Designed for home use, Windows XP offers such enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced digital photo capabilities. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows XP(2001) Windows XP has several editions during these years: ▪Windows XP 64-bit Edition (2001 ▪Windows XP Media Center Edition (2002) ▪Windows XP Tablet PC Edition (2002) FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows Server 2003(2003) ▪Developed by Microsoft as an improved version of their NT OS. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows Vista(2007) ▪Developed by Microsoft, Windows Vista had been slow in taking off. ▪User Account Control helps prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. ▪In Windows Vista Ultimate, BitLocker Drive Encryption provides better data protection for your computer, as laptop sales and security needs increase. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows Server 2008 ▪Developed by Microsoft as an upgrade to Windows Server 2003. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 7(2009) ▪Developed by Microsoft to replace Vista ▪Windows 7 includes new ways to work with windows—like Snap, Peek, and Shake—that improves functionality and makes the interface more fun to use. ▪It also marks the debut of Windows Touch, which lets touchscreen users browse the web, flip through photos, and open files and folders. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 8(2012) ▪Windows 8 is a reimagined operating system, from the chipset to the user experience, and introduces a totally new interface that works smoothly for both touch and mouse and keyboard. ▪ It functions as both a tablet for entertainment and a full-featured PC for getting things done. ▪Windows 8 also includes enhancements of the familiar Windows desktop, with a new taskbar and streamlined file management. ▪Windows 8 features a Start screen with tiles that connect to people, files, apps, and websites. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows RT(2012) ▪Along with Windows 8, Microsoft also launches Windows RT, which runs on some tablets and PCs. Windows RT is designed for sleek devices and long battery life, and exclusively runs apps from the Windows Store. It also comes with a built-in version of Office that's optimized for touchscreens. FOURTH GENERATION(1980–PRESENT): PERSONAL COMPUTERS, TABLETS, PHONES ❖Windows 10(2015) ▪The operating system delivers an upgraded Windows interface, focusing on the iconic Start menu and building an intuitive experience from there. ▪Windows 10 introduces a new Microsoft voice that's more conversational and approachable than before. ▪Cortana—the first digital personal assistant from Microsoft—makes her first appearance on a PC with Windows 10 MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS ▪A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other programs called application programs, can run on mobile devices such as PDA, cellular phones, smartphone and etc. MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS ▪design and capabilities of a Mobile OS (Operating System) is very different than a general purpose OS running on desktop machines: ▪mobile devices have constraints and restrictions on their physical characteristic such as screen size, memory, processing power and etc. ▪Scarce availability of battery power ▪Limited amount of computing and communication capabilities ▪Thus, they need different types of operating systems depending on the capabilities they support. e.g. a PDA OS is different from a Smartphone OS OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in modern mobile systems; a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS mobile navigation, camera, video camera, speech recognition, voice recorder, music player, near field communication and infrared blaster. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖1973–1993 Mobile phones use embedded systems to control operation. ❖1982 - GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) was develop as European mobile phone standard ❖1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was deployed in US ❖1994 - GSM system deployed in US, relabeled ``Global System for Mobile Communications'' OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES IBM Simon (1995) ! The first smartphone in the world ! allowed a user to make telephone calls, as well as to work with facsimiles, emails and cellular pages, among other functions. ! The IBM Simon was the first ever mobile phone to feature software applications, or apps, using a stylus and touch screen. The Simon cost $899 and only ever worked in the USA, operating within a 15 state network. ! It featured 11 built-in programs, including a calendar, to- do list, calculator, address book, appointment scheduler, world time clock, electronic note pad/sketch pad, handwritten annotations and standard and predictive stylus input screen keyboards. ! Simon used the operating system Datalight ROM-DOS. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Datalight ROM-DOS ▪was introduced in 1989 as an MS-DOS compatible operating system engineered specifically for embedded developers. ▪The most robust DOS available to serve the embedded marketplace, ROM-DOS enables current desktop hardware in legacy implementations. ▪ROM-DOS continues to have backward compatibility build options, and is the fastest way to connect an embedded system to the Internet. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Palm OS(1996) ▪also known as Garnet OS ▪is a mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. ▪Palm OS was designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Palm OS(1996) ! It is provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management. ! Later versions of the OS have been extended to support smartphones. Several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS. ! Palm OS v1.0 was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld which comes with a 128KB of memory, a 16MHz DragonBall processor and a display with a resolution of 160 pixels by 160 pixels. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖Windows CE (1996) ! Windows CE 1 based Handheld PC devices were only available with monochrome displays. ! The original Microsoft specification allowed for 480x240 display resolutions. ! Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal memory; a Windows CE kernel may run with one megabyte of memory. ! Later called Windows Embedded Compact OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖Windows CE (1996) ! In the name "Windows CE," the letters "CE" are not an abbreviation for anything, but rather they imply a number of the precepts around which Windows CE is designed, including "Compact," Connectable," Compatible," "Companion," and "Efficient." OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖Windows CE (1996) ! In the name "Windows CE," the letters "CE" are not an abbreviation for anything, but rather they imply a number of the precepts around which Windows CE is designed, including "Compact," Connectable," Compatible," "Companion," and "Efficient." OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Palm OS 2.0(1997) ▪Mail and Expense are added Palm OS 3.0(1998) ! HotSync Support ! Web Clipping Support ! Native 8-bit color support OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Nokia S30 OS(1999) ▪The Series 30, often shortened as S30, software platform is an application user interface created by Nokia for its entry level mobile devices. S30 phones are capable of running Java apps. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Nokia S40 OS(1999) ▪is officially introduced along with the Nokia 7110. ▪is the platform that Nokia runs on its feature phone handset models. ▪Unlike S60, it does not run on top of the Symbian OS, but rather runs on a fully proprietary system. ▪Formerly known as Series 40, the system generally only allows the user to install Java based applications instead of the native applications that can be installed by users of S60 devices. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Blackberry OS (1999) ▪is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Ltd for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. ▪The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by BlackBerry Ltd. for use in its handhelds, particularly the trackwheel, trackball, and most recently, the trackpad and touchscreen. ▪ Version 1.0 was released for the Pager BlackBerry 850 OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ❖Windows CE 3.0 (2000) ! Pocket PC was a rebranding of the Palm-Sized PC with the release of WinCE 3.0 in April 2000. Microsoft shifted its attention towards Pocket PC as a colorized competitor to the Palm Pilot. ! Fortunately for Palm, Pocket PCs were ultra thick battery hogs that made Palm’s basic offerings look amazing in comparison. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Symbian(2000) ▪mobile device OS developed by Nokia. ▪It was originally the EPOC graphical operating system for PSION portable devices. In 1998 PSION, Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola formed Symbian OS. ▪Currently, however, the Symbian Foundation is run and maintained by Nokia alone, providing access to Symbian through standard licensing agreements.  OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Symbian(2000) ▪Symbian OS 5.1 becomes the first modern mobile OS on a smartphone with the launch of the Ericsson R380. ▪It is a 32 bit operating system, running on different flavors of ARM architecture ▪It is a multitasking operating system and very less dependence on peripherals. ▪Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its service to user applications via user libraries.  OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Symbian(2001) ▪Symbian OS 6.0 also called ER6 (EPOC Release 6, previous release was 5) was released in 2001. ▪From this version on users had the ability to install applications on their phones. ▪The first phone to ship with the S60 UI & Symbian OS 6.1 was the Nokia 7650; it was the first 2.5G phone and had a camera & light sensor. ▪Some of the features of Symbian OS 6 included Bluetooth, IrDA & External memory support, XHTML, MMS, Java MIDP 1.0, SMTP, IMAP4, and POP3 capabilities. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Kyocera 6035 (2001) ! first smartphone with Palm OS. (Palm OS 3.5.2) ! comes with 8 MB of Palm memory and is not expandable. The display resolution of the 6035 is 160x160 pixels. It can perform HotSync and IR communication just as a normal Palm. Palm OS 4.0 (2001) ! Palm OS 4.0 was released with the new Palm m500 series on 2001. ! This version adds a standard interface for external file system access (such as SD cards). ! 16-bit color screens and different time zones are supported. This version also has security and UI enhancements.  OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Pocket PC OS(2002) ▪is a custom version of Windows CE developed by Microsoft. ▪includes an optimized kernel, which allows the OS to operate with great efficiency. BlackBerry Version 3.x (2002) ▪was the first version of the operating system to be used on board a phone. ▪Features were very similar to the PDA version, though, notably, Java support was added for the first time  OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES BlackBerry OS 4 (2004) ▪the first color screen BlackBerry devices were unveiled, loaded with the shiny new BlackBerry 4.x OS. ▪could be considered RIM’s first ‘modern’ smartphone operating system. ▪The OS offered an improved HTML browser, a Gallery application for viewing photos and enhanced two-way chat capabilities. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Maemo OS (2005) ▪Nokia introduces Maemo OS on the first internet tablet N770. ▪is mostly based on open-source code and has been developed by Maemo Devices within Nokia in collaboration with many open- source projects such as the Linux kernel, Debian, and GNOME. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ▪ Apple iOS(2007) ▪ Apple iPhone with iOS is introduced as an iPhone, "mobile phone" and "internet communicator.“ ▪ iOS is Apple’s proprietary mobile operating system initially developed for iPhone and now extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and Apple TV. ▪ Initially known as “iPhone OS”, in June 2010 renamed “iOS”. ▪ iOS is not enabled for cross licensing, it can only be used on Apple’s devices. ▪ The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of usage of multi touch gestures. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES ▪ Apple iOS(2007) ▪ iOS is a Unix based OS. ▪ iOS uses four abstraction layers, namely: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. ▪ First version of iOS is released in 2007 with the name ‘OS X’ and then in 2008 the first beta version of ‘iPhone OS’ is released. ▪ In 2007 September Apple released first iPod Touch that also used this OS. ▪ In 2010 iPad is released that has a bigger screen than the iPod and iPhone. ▪ Cisco owns the trademark for ‘IOS’; Apple licenses the usage of ‘iOS’ from Cisco.  OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2007 Open Handset Alliance (OHA) formed by Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Samsung, LG, etc. Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of 86 firms to develop open standards for mobile devices 2008 OHA releases Android (based on Linux Kernel) 1.0 with the HTC Dream (T- Mobile G1) as the first Android phone. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Android ▪Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile devices such as Tablets and Smartphones. ▪In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of the OS, Android Inc. ▪Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset Alliance with 86 hardware, software and telecom companies. ▪This alliance developed and announced Android as an open source mobile OS under the Apache License. ▪Now, this OS is being used by multiple device manufacturers (Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG, Sony etc) in their handsets. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES Android ▪Android developer community has large number of developers preparing APPs in Java environment and the APP store ‘Google Play’ now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which few are free and others are paid. ▪It is estimated that, as of December 2011, almost 10B APPs were downloaded. ▪It is estimated that as of February 2012 there are over 300M Android devices and approximately 850,000 Android devices are activated every day. ▪The earliest recognizable Android version is 2.3 Gingerbread, which supports SIP and NFC. ▪In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and 3.2) are released with focus on Tablets. This is mainly focused on large screen devices. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES The Android Market/Play Store changed from something that was barely designed at all to one of the best looking apps on Android. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2009 Palm introduces webOS with the Palm Pre. By 2012 webOS devices were no longer sold. ❖webOS ! is a Linux kernel-based multitask operating system for smart devices like TVs, and smartwatches; and was formerly a mobile operating system. 2009 Samsung announces the Bada OS with the introduction of the Samsung S8500. ❖Bada OS ▪was an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It was developed by Samsung Electronics. Bada OS 2.0 OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2010 Windows Phone OS phones are released but are not compatible with the previous Windows Mobile OS. Windows Phone OS ! is a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows] and Zune. Windows Phone features a new user interface derived from Metro design language. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2011 MeeGo the first mobile Linux, combining Maemo and Moblin, is introduced with the Nokia N9, a collaboration of Nokia, Intel and Linux Foundation 2011 Samsung, Intel and the Linux Foundation announced, in September 2011, that their efforts will shift from Bada, MeeGo to Tizen during 2011 and 2012. 2011 the Mer project was announced, in October 2011, centered around an ultra- portable Linux + HTML5/QML/JavaScript core for building products with, derived from the MeeGo codebase. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2012 Mozilla announced in July 2012 that the project previously known as "Boot to Gecko"(which was built on top of Android Linux kernel and using Android drivers, however it doesn't use any Java-like code of Android) was now Firefox OS and had several handset OEMs on board. 2013 Canonical announced Ubuntu Touch, a version of the Linux distribution expressly designed for smartphones. The OS is built on the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android. 2013 BlackBerry releases their new operating system for smartphones, BlackBerry 10. 2013 Google releases Android KitKat 4.4. OPERATING SYSTEMS IN MOBILES 2014 Microsoft releases Windows Phone 8.1 in February 2014. 2014 Apple releases iOS 8 in September 2014. 2014 BlackBerry release BlackBerry 10.3 with integration with the Amazon Appstore in September 2014. 2014 Google releases Android 5.0 "Lollipop" in November 2014. 2015 Apple releases iOS 9 in September 2015. 2015 Google releases Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" in September 2015.