Platform Technologies Introduction PDF

Platform Technologies Introduction Partially based on Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems & Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm  Learning Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: ❑ Define platform technologies. ❑ Remember the evolution...

Platform Technologies Introduction Partially based on Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems & Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm  Learning Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: ❑ Define platform technologies. ❑ Remember the evolution of computing. ❑ Learn the general definition of operating systems. ❑ Understand the history of operating systems. Topic 1 PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES  What is a Platform? Hardware Software Networks ❑ In general, a computing platform is any pre-existing hardware environment, a piece of software that is designed to run within it, and any associated facilities used with it. ❑ A platform is any base of technologies on which other technologies or processes are built. ❑ Most services that the end users use will be build on top of platforms. Generations of Computing (1945-55) Vacuum Tubes Punch cards and machine language programming (1955-65) Transistors and Batch Systems Mainframes (IBM 1401, IBM 7094), FORTRAN compiler (1965-1980) ICs and Multiprogramming IBM System/360, OS/360, multiprogramming, timesharing, MULTICS Generations of Computing (1980 Present) Personal Computers IBM PC, DOS, Macintosh, Windows, Linux (1990 Present) Mobile Computers PDAs, Symbian OS, Blackberry OS, Smartphones, iOS, Android Transistors and Batch Systems  ICs and Multiprogramming ❑ A multiprogramming system with three jobs in memory.  Modern Computers ❑ A modern computer consists of: One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices ❑ Managing all these components requires a layer of software-the operating system  Hardware Architecture ❑ A set of disciplines that describes a computer system by specifying its parts and their relations provided to physical environment.  Hardware Architecture ❑ Common Types: Commodity computing platforms ▪ Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure Video game consoles ▪ Examples: Nintendo Switch OLED, Sony Playstation 5 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) ▪ Examples: ARC processor, DEC Alpha, the AMD Am29000, the ARM architecture, the Atmel AVR, Blackfin, Intel i860, Intel i960  Hardware Architecture ❑ Common Types: Midrange computers ▪ Take the middle seat between the personal computer (smaller, less powerful) and the mainframe (larger, more powerful). Mainframe computers ▪ Examples: BM zSeries, System z9, and the new System z10 Supercomputer ▪ Examples: AI Research SuperCluster (RSC) by Facebook parent Meta, Google Sycamore, Summit by IBM, Microsoft’s cloud supercomputer for OpenAI Topic 2 OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS)  General Definition ❑ An OS is a program which acts as an interface between computer system users and the computer hardware. ❑ It provides a user-friendly environment in which a user may easily develop and execute programs. ❑ Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be mandatory for computer programming. ❑ So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of hardware from uninterested users.  General Definition ❑ In general, a computer system has some resources which may be utilized to solve a problem. They are Memory Processor(s) I/O File System etc. General Definition Mainboard General Definition General Definition mainboard General Definition processor  General Definition RAM  What is an OS? ❑ A collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. ❑ The OS is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. ❑ Application programs usually require an OS to function.  What is an OS? ❑ The most important program that runs on your computer. ❑ It mages all other programs on the machine. Every PC has to have one to run other applications or programs. It’s the first thing “loaded”. ❑ An operating systems is a manager. It manages all the available resources on a computer, from the CPU, to memory, to hard disk accesses.  What is an OS? ❑ Major cost of general purpose computing is software. ❑ An OS is a program that acts an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer hardware. ❑ Operating systems simplify and manage the complexity of running application programs efficiently.  The OS as an Extended Machine ❑ Operating systems turn the ugly hardware details into beautiful abstractions for the use of other software.  The OS as an Extended Machine A more sophisticated A simple program program segment with Hardware segment with no hardware Machine response hardware OS consideration Language consideration ❑ In an OS installed machine, since we have an intermediate layer, our programs obtain some advantage of mobility by not dealing with hardware.  The OS as an Extended Machine ❑ With the advantage of easier programming provided by the OS, the hardware, its machine language and the OS constitutes a new combination called as a virtual (extended) machine. Operating Machine System Virtual Language Machine (Extended) Machine Language Hardware Machine Hardware  The OS as a Resource Manager ❑ Allow multiple programs to run at the same time. ❑ Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources. ❑ Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: In time In space  The OS as a Resource Manager ❑ In a more simplistic approach, in fact, OS itself is a program. ❑ But it has a priority which application programs don’t have. ❑ OS uses the kernel mode of the microprocessor, whereas other programs use the user mode. ❑ The difference between two is that; all hardware instructions are valid in kernel mode, where some of them cannot be used in the user mode. Topic 3 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS  History of Operating Systems ❑ It all started with computer hardware in about 1940s. ENIAC 1943  History of Operating Systems ❑ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), at the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. built in the 1940s, weighed 30 tons, was eight feet high, three feet deep, and 100 feet long contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes that were cooled by 80 air blowers.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Computers were using vacuum tube technology. ENIAC’s vacuum tubes History of Operating Systems ENIAC’s backside  History of Operating Systems Programs were loaded into memory manually using switches, punched cards, or paper tapes. ENIAC : coding by cable connections  History of Operating Systems punch card History of Operating Systems History of Operating Systems Paper tape History of Operating Systems  History of Operating Systems ❑ Babbage’s analytical engine (designed in 1840’s by Charles Babbage, but cold not be constructed by him. ❑ An earlier and simpler version is constructed in 2002, in London ) http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/  History of Operating Systems ❑ Ada Lovelace (at time of Charles Babbage) wrote code for analytical engine to compute Bernoulli Numbers.  History of Operating Systems ❑ As time went on, card readers, printers, and magnetic tape units were developed as additional hardware elements. ❑ Assemblers, loaders and simple utility libraries were developed as software tools. ❑ Later, off-line spooling and channel program methods were developed sequentially.  History of Operating Systems Commodore PET, 1977 Date Made:ca 1977 Object Name:microcomputer Maker:Commodore Business Machines, Inc.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Finally, the idea of multiprogramming came. ❑ Multiprogramming means sharing of resources between more than one processes. ❑ By multiprogramming the CPU time is not wasted, because, while one process moves on some I/O work, the OS picks another process to execute till the current one passes to I/O operation.  History of Operating Systems ❑ With the development of interactive computation in 1970s, time-sharing systems emerged. ❑ In these systems, multiple users have terminals (not computers) connected to a main computer and execute her task in the main computer. History of Operating Systems Main computer; having a CPU executing processes by utilization of the OS, (e.g. UNIX). Terminals are connected to the main computer and used for input and output. No processing is made. They do not have CPUs.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Another computer system is the multiprocessor system having multiple processors sharing memory and peripheral devices. ❑ With this configuration, they have greater computing power and higher reliability.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Multiprocessor systems are classified into two as tightly-coupled and loosely-coupled (distributed). ❑ In the tightly-coupled one, each processor is assigned a specific duty but processors work in close association, possibly sharing the same memory. ❑ In the loosely coupled one, each processor has its own memory and copy of the OS.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Use of the networks required OSs appropriate for them. ❑ In network systems, each process runs in its own machine but the OS have access to other machines. ❑ By this way, file sharing, messaging, etc. became possible. ❑ In networks, users are aware of the fact that s/he is working in a network and when information is exchanged. The user explicitly handles the transfer of information.  History of Operating Systems ❑ Distributed systems are similar to networks. However in such systems, there is no need to exchange information explicitly, it is handled by the OS itself whenever necessary. ❑ With continuing innovations, new architectures and compatible OSs are developed. But their details are not in the scope of this text since the objective here is to give only a general view about developments in OS concept. History of Operating Systems END