Orientation lec 2 Mission of Pharmacy.pdf

Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmaceutics Pharm D Program Pharmacy Orientation Pt 111 Dr. Mariza Fouad Farag Boughdady Associate Professor of pharma...

Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmaceutics Pharm D Program Pharmacy Orientation Pt 111 Dr. Mariza Fouad Farag Boughdady Associate Professor of pharmaceutics Faculty of pharmacy Mansoura University Pharmacy Orientation 1  Course Title Pharmacy Orientation Course Code PT 111 Prerequisite ----- Teaching Credit Hours: Lecture 1 Teaching Credit Hours: Practical/ tutorial 0 Total Credit Hours 1 (Credit H) Course Aims: This course enables the students to: 1. Identify the different aspects of pharmacy profession and development of pharmacy as well as the expressions commonly used in pharmacy practice. 2. Recognize different pharmaceutical dosage forms and routes of drug administration. 3. Be acquainted with different dispensing procedure and factors affecting drug dosage as well as prescriptions and medication orders. 4. Categorize drugs according to their different sources. 5. Be aware of the history of Pharmacy pharmacy in different civilizations. Orientation 2  Assessment schedule Assessment 1 Periodical (Mid-term exam) / 6-9th week Course work Assessment 2 Written exam 14th -15th week Weighing of assessments 1 Periodical (Mid-term) exam / Course work 25% 2 Final-term written examination 75% Total 100% 3 Pharmacy Orientation  Course Contents Topics Credit Hours Mission of Pharmacy 1 The Pharmacy Career 2 Factors Affecting Drug Dosage 1 General Dispensing Procedures 1 Routes of drug administration 1 The Prescription 2 Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2 Classification of Medications (self-learning). 1 Source of Drugs (self-learning). 1 ‫تاريخ الصيدلة‬ 1 13 hours 4 Pharmacy Orientation  5 Pharmacy Orientation Mission of Pharmacy 6 Pharmacy Orientation Pharmacy Drug Pharmacist 7 Pharmacy Orientation  What is pharmacy? Pharmacy is derived from the Greek word Pharmakon which means medicine or drug. The word ‘Pharmacy’ has two meanings: General sense: it is a place or shop where drugs or medicines are sold. Professional sense: it is the profession, the members of which deal with drugs. Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs and providing additional clinical services. It is a health profession that links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and aims to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of drugs. 8 Pharmacy Orientation  What is Drug? According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), drug is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. 9 Pharmacy Orientation  Who are pharmacists? Pharmacists are experts of drugs. Pharmacists are members of pharmacy profession dealing with all aspects of drugs (Preparation - Combination - Identification -Analysis – Selection- Standardization - Action - Use - Preservation - Counseling - Sales - Information). No one knows more about medications than pharmacists. What is the Mission of our profession? To Serve Society 10 Pharmacy Orientation Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role During the twentieth century, the pharmacy profession has evolved through four stages: Traditional Era Scientific Era Clinical Era Pharmaceutical-care Era 11 Pharmacy Orientation  Traditional Era Early twentieth century. Formulation and dispensing of drugs from natural sources. It concerned with: Pharmacognosy is the study of the medicinal properties of natural products of animal, plant, and mineral origins. Galenical pharmacy is concerned with techniques for preparing medications. 12 Pharmacy Orientation  Scientific Era Began after World War II. Emergence of the pharmaceutical industry. = Drugs made in factories, not apothecary shop. Pharmacy education emphasized sciences: Pharmacology: The scientific study of drugs and their mechanism of action including side effects. Pharmaceutics: Release characteristics of drug from dosage forms. 13 Pharmacy Orientation  Clinical Era 1975: Millis Report, Pharmacists for the Future. New educational emphasis on clinical pharmacy (more patient- oriented). Pharmacokinetics: The activity of a drug within the body over a period of time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Pathophysiology: Is the study of disease and illnesses affecting the normal function of the body. 14 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutical-Care Era In 1990, Helper and Strand defined Pharmaceutical care: A philosophy that expanded the pharmacist’s role to include appropriate medication use to achieve positive outcomes with prescribed drug therapy including: Monitoring response to therapy. Educating patients and dispensing prescriptions. 15 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutical Sciences The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of interdisciplinary areas of study concerned with the design, action, delivery, and disposition of drugs. The pharmaceutical sciences are further subdivided into several specific specialties, with four main branches: Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical chemistry (medicinal chemistry),  Pharmaceutics, and  Pharmacognosy. 16 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmacology Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug or medication action both in animals and humans. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between two or more drugs (i.e. potentiation, antagonism, additivity.......etc). 17 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmacologists are professionals who focus their work into determining possible biological activity in newly discovered or synthesized compounds. Additionally, they aid in measuring the effect of dosage form on drug action. Toxicology, a branch of pharmacology, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants. The need for toxicologists is growing as a result of new chemical testing and drug safety requirements and legislation. 18 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutical chemistry (medicinal chemistry) Compounds used as medicines are most often synthetic. Pharmaceutical chemistry is the branch of science involved with design, chemical synthesis and development of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs). 19 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutical chemistry (medicinal chemistry) Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of practical chemistry that involves a series of processes for identification, determination, quantification and purification of a substance, separation of the components of a solution or mixture, or determination of structure of chemical compounds (i.e. deals with the problems of assuring the purity and compositions of drug products, especially with potent drugs). 20 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutical chemistry (medicinal chemistry) There are two main types of pharmaceutical analysis: 1.Qualitative (identification) 2. Quantitative (estimation of the quantity) 21 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. It is also called the science of dosage form design. 22 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmaceutics There are many chemicals with pharmacological properties, but need special measures to help them achieve therapeutically relevant amounts at their sites of action. Pharmaceutics helps relate the formulation of drugs to their delivery and disposition in the body. The main branches of pharmaceutics are: Pharmaceutical formulation. Pharmaceutical manufacturing. 23 Pharmacy Orientation  Pharmacognosy Pharmacognosy is the study of plants or other natural sources as a possible source of drugs. Pharmacognosists are professionals who focus their work into the study on how compounds from natural species can be used for medicinal, environmental and food purposes. They depend heavily upon biochemistry and analytical chemistry in their work. 25 Pharmacy Orientation  …………………….. is the science that studies the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time regarding absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. A Pharmacognosy B Pharmacology C Toxicology D Pharmacokinetics 26 Pharmacy Orientation ……………….are professionals who focus their work into the study on how compounds from natural species can be used for medicinal, environmental and food purposes. A Pharmacognosists B Pharmacologists C Toxicologists D Pharmacists 27 Pharmacy Orientation  28 Pharmacy Orientation