Organization Of The Body PDF

ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Presentation By: Ms. Rose Joan Gonzaludo, RMT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: When you finish this exercise, you should be able to: Use anatomical terms correctly Discuss the nature of an anatomical section Describe the basic plan of the human body Identify the majo...

ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Presentation By: Ms. Rose Joan Gonzaludo, RMT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: When you finish this exercise, you should be able to: Use anatomical terms correctly Discuss the nature of an anatomical section Describe the basic plan of the human body Identify the major body cavities List the major systems of the body, their principal organs, and their primary functions.  TOPIC OUTLINE: Anatomical Positions and Directions Planes and Sections Body Cavities and Regions Surface Regions Body Systems ANATOMICAL POSITIONS  The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.  In this position, the body is in an erect (standing) posture with the arms at the side and palms turned forward. The head and feet are also pointing forward.  To locate structures within the body, you must use directional terms. DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION Left To the left of the body (not your left, the subject’s) Right To the right of the body or structure being studied Lateral Toward the side; away from the midsagittal plane Medial Toward the midsagittal plane; away from the side Anterior Toward the front of the body Posterior Toward the back (rear) of the body Superior Toward the top of the body Inferior Toward the bottom of the body Dorsal Along (or toward) the vertebral surface of the body Ventral Along (or toward) the belly surface of the body Caudad (Caudal) Toward the tail (four-legged animals) DIRECTIONAL TERMS DEFINITION Cephalad Toward the head (four-legged animals) Proximal Toward the trunk Distal Away from the trunk or point of attachment Visceral Toward an internal organ; away from the outer wall Parietal Toward the wall; away from internal structures Deep Toward the inside of a part; away from the surface Superficial Toward the surface of a part; away from the inside Medullary Refers to an inner region, or medulla Cortical Refers to an outer region or cortex Supine Refers to lying face upward Prone Refers to lying face downward  PLANES AND SECTIONS  A “section” refers to a part cut along the plane.  A “plane” is a geometrical concept referring to an imagined flat surface.  Cross-section – refers to a part cut crosswise.  Longitudinal section – a cut made lengthwise.  PLANES AND SECTIONS THREE ANATOMICAL PLANES: 1. Sagittal plane – extends anterior to posterior and superior to inferior, dividing the body into left and right portions. a. Midsagittal plane – refers to a sagittal plane that divides the body into exactly equal left and right portions.  PLANES AND SECTIONS THREE ANATOMICAL PLANES: 2. Frontal plane – also called a “coronal plane”, divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. 3. Horizontal plane – also called a “transverse plane’, divides the body into superior and inferior portions. BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS The inside of the human body contains the viscera or internal organs. The viscera are found in any of several cavities (spaces) within the body. The two principal groups of body cavities are: 1. Dorsal cavities 2. Ventral cavities BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS Dorsal Cavities 1. Cranial cavity – within the skull. 2. Spinal cavity – within the vertebral column. BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS VENTRAL CAVITIES:  Thoracic cavity – within the rib cage 1. Pleural cavities – left one-third and right one-third of the thoracic cavity 2. Mediastinum – middle one-third of the thorax  Abdominopelvic cavity – from the diaphragm to the bottom of the trunk 1. Abdominal cavity – from the diaphragm to the rim of the pelvic bones 2. Pelvic cavity – from the pelvic rim to the floor of the trunk BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS  Because the abdominopelvic cavity is so large and contains so many different organs, it is often convenient to subdivide it into nine regions: 1. Right hypochondriac region – top right region 2. Epigastric region – top middle region 3. Left hypochondriac region – top left region 4. Right lumbar region – middle right region BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS 5. Umbilical region – central region 6. Left lumbar region – middle left region 7. Right iliac region – lower right region 8. Hypogastric region – lower- middle region 9. Left iliac region – lower-left region  BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS  Using one horizontal line intersecting with one vertical line at the umbilicus, the abdominopelvic cavity can be easily segmented into four quadrants: 1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) 2. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) 4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)  SURFACE REGIONS SURFACE REGIONS (ANTERIOR) Abdominal – area overlaying the abdominal cavity Antebrachial – forearm Axillary – armpit Brachial – upper arm Buccal – cheek Carpal – wrist Cervical – neck Coxal – hip Crural – anterior leg (shin) Cubital – anterior of the elbow  SURFACE REGIONS SURFACE REGIONS (ANTERIOR) Femoral – thigh Fibular (peroneal) – lateral leg Mental – chin Nasal – nose Oral – mouth Orbital – eye Patellar – anterior knee joint Pubic – lower front of the trunk, between thighs Tarsal – ankle Thoracic – chest Umbilical - navel  SURFACE REGIONS SURFACE REGIONS ( POSTERIOR) Calcaneal – heel Cervical – neck Flank – lateral region between the ribs and pelvis Gluteal – buttocks Lumbar – lower back Occipital – Posterior of the head Popliteal – Posterior knee joint Scapular – shoulder blade Sural – calf Thoracic – chest BODY SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Primary organs: Skin Primary function: protection, temperature, regulation, sensation SKELETAL SYSTEM Primary organs: Bones, Ligaments Primary function: Support, protection, movement, mineral/fat storage, blood production MUSCULAR SYSTEM Primary organs: Skeletal muscles, tendons Primary function: Movement, posture, heat production NERVOUS SYSTEM  Primary organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs  Primary function: control or regulation or coordination of other systems, sensation, memory  ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Primary organs: Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, other glands  Primary function: control or regulation of other systems CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Primary organs: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries Primary function: Exchange and transport of materials  LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Primary organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils Primary function: immunity, fluid balance RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Primary organs: lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, nasal cavity Primary function: gas exchange, acid-base balance  DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  Primary organs: stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas  Primary function: breakdown and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste URINARY SYSTEM Primary organs: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra Primary function: excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance  MALE REPRODUCTIVE  Primary organs: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis  Primary function: continuity of genetic information (reproduction) FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Primary organs: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Primary function: reproduction, nurturing of offspring END OF DISCUSSION THANK YOU! LAB EXERCISE #1: Organization of the Body Answer the following: Page 3: Coloring Exercise Page 9-10: Lab Report