Ore Minerals to Water Resources PDF

Welcome back! Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use & Gold ore Iron ore Copper ore a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted  : Overall chemic...

Welcome back! Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use & Gold ore Iron ore Copper ore a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted  : Overall chemical composition Percentage of extractable resource with respect to its total volume Market value of the resource  the most common type of ore mineral deposition process Hydrothermal fluids form when groundwater or seawater is heated by magma or when hot, aqueous solutions are expelled from a cooling plutonic body. This produces veins that host metals like gold, silver, and copper. leads to the alteration and recrystallization of minerals and aids the formation and localization of economically – important materials like graphite, marble, and asbestos  create ore minerals which are concentrated due to their premature recrystallization and separation from magma form evaporates deposits from the precipitation of saltwater minerals (halite, gypsum, limestone) and evaporation of lake water (anhydrite) If the wave action and strength is constant, it causes a selective sifting effect that removes sediments and leaves behind those that are heavier in what are called placer deposits. Heavy minerals, such as gold, platinum, zircon, and diamonds are concentrated in this manner placer deposits  Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942) extraction processing - The process of extracting the valuable materials from the Earth Open pit mining Strip mining Placer mining Quarrying process used to extract metals in their pure form Flux substance added to remove gangue impurities  process of reducing the ores’ size turning it to particles or fragments Act of creating concentrates of minerals as it is separated from gangue  Heavy Media Separation Involves separation of products with different densities  Magnetic Separation using magnetic force to remove metallic or ferrous materials from a mixture  Flotation Involves the separation of hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic materials  Cyanide Heap Leaching Method of extraction in which a solvent is passed through a mixture to remove some desired substances from it Thank you! Quote of the Day Teachers open Welcome back! the door, but you must enter by yourself. Chinese Proverb Describe how fossil fuels are formed energy sources that originated from biological materials  composed of hydrocarbons remnants of living organisms fossil fuels  A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock  normally occurs in rock strata as layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams Anthracite Coal Seams in Cretaceous sandstone layers in Central Utah, USA The process of coal formation is called coalification Most favorable condition for coal formation was during “coal-bearing” → Carboniferous Period (290-360 mya)  Oil is liquid fossil fuels while natural gas is gaseous. Similar formation but different amount of carbon At a desire depth and temperature, kerogen starts to release oil. Further increase in temperature will turn oil kerogen into gas. A hydrocarbon deposit can only form in reservoir rock. Hydrocarbon molecules may accumulate in large quantities in this porous, permeable rock.  Fractional distillation the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions different liquids evaporate and boil at various different temperatures Explain how heat from inside the Earth (geothermal) and from flowing water (hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of energy for human use. An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move objects, or produce electricity. LESSON 1: Source: Department of Energy, Philippines This heat comes from the decay of RADIOGENIC HEAT radioactive elements and the residual heat produced when the planet formed. RESIDUAL HEAT  Covers all techniques used to recover the heat in the Earth’s subsurface, particularly in aquifers Rock reservoirs that contain groundwater Aquifer Geothermal Reservoir  Geothermal Gradient The heat tends to increase as you go deeper to the ground.  Geothermal Powerplant Binary Cycle use heat from deep inside the Earth to Dry Steam generate steam that drives a heat engine Flash Steam and generate electric power Makiling–Banahaw (Mak–Ban) Geothermal Power Plant a 458-MW geothermal power station complex in Laguna and Batangas LESSON 2: Source: Department of Energy, Philippines The use of water to produce electricity. Ambuklao Dam, Bokod, Benguet  Hydropower plants are the world’s leading renewable energy source, producing 83% of renewable power.  Components of Hydropower plant A dam that creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all times.  Components of Hydropower plant A penstock channels water from the reservoir to the turbines  Components of Hydropower plant A powerhouse that houses the turbines driven by the waterfall and the generator driven by the turbines  Types of Powerplant Impoundment facility Diversion or Run-of-river Plants Pumped Storage Facility  Impoundment Facility Uses a dam to store water then releases water to generate electricity. Magat Dam, Isabela Diversion /Run-of- river Facility Works by redirecting river water through a little dam into pipes towards a penstock and feeding it downhill to the power station  Pumped Storage Powerplant combines a small storage reservoir with a system for cycling water back into the reservoir after it has been released through the turbine Welcome back! Prayer  Energy from decay of radioactive elements and residual heat produced when the planet formed Geothermal energy  A rock reservoir that contain groundwater and can produce geothermal energy aquifer  A 458-MW geothermal power station complex in Laguna and Batangas Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant A type of geothermal power plant that utilizes two liquids to produce steam and make the turbine rotate Binary cycle power plant  The most modern type of hydropower plant that pumps water back into the upper reservoir for stable water supply Pumped Storage Facility  A component of the hydropower plant that creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all times. dam Activity Charades You have to "act out" a phrase without speaking, while the other members of the class team try to guess what the phrase is. Leaning Objectives Identify the various water resources on Earth; Explain how different activities affect the quality and availability of water for human use; and Appreciate the importance of water by suggesting ways to protect and conserve it. Why should we care about water? Tokyo, Japan New York City, USA Shanghai, China Manila, Philippines Water is our world’s major resource. It has been used as a means of transport, source of food, necessary for economic production, and other ecological The major cities of the benefits. world are always near water. Why? Food from water resources Easy access to food Means of transportation Not easily attacked by an enemy The amount of water in our planet is fairly constant. Water makes up 70% of the Earth’s surface. 1 Saltwater Reservoir Salinity is the measure saltiness of saltwater Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) Evaporation removes water (concentrated); precipitation adds water (diluted) Inflow from river and groundwater also makes the sea less salty. As sea water freezes, salt is excluded because of its structure, making the unfrozen seawater saltier.  vast body of saline water covers 71% of earth food source, transportation, recreation and regulation of climate Ocean  The five major oceans listed by size from largest to smallest are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Ocean. Zones in the Ocean Home of most marine plants and animals Temperature decreases with increasing depth Sunlight cannot penetrate; uniformly low temperature 2 Freshwater Reservoir Most of the freshwater on Earth is stored in glaciers situated inaccessible area such as the Polar Regions and high mountains. The readily available freshwater sources are the surface water reservoir and groundwater reservoir. Glaciers permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow cover 15 million 2 km of the Earth’s land surface  LAMBERT GLACIER is the world’s largest glacier found in East Antarctica; 4200 m. thick BERING GLACIER is the world’s longest glacier found in Alaska; 204 km. long Ice Sheet Continental glaciers mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000km2 that cover large amounts of land in the Earth’s polar regions. The freshwater stored in glaciers and ice sheets are estimated to exceed 24 million km3. Almost 90% is concentrated in Antarctica while the rest is found in Greenland and in mountain glaciers. Permafrost combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice any ground that remains completely frozen (32°F or colder) for at least two years straight 3 Surface water Reservoir any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks participates in the hydrologic (water) cycle Precipitation feeds surface water while evaporation and infiltration cause bodies to lose water 3 Surface water Reservoir Stream moving body of surface water that flows Cagayan River downslope toward sea level because of gravity has clearly-defined passageways called channels where particles and dissolved substances are transported Lake body of fresh or saline water that is Laguna de bay surrounded by land small lakes (ponds) big lakes (seas) 67% of the total surface and atmospheric water Lake Caspian Sea Lake Baikal world’s largest lake (370,000 km2) world’s deepest lake (2 km below)  an area where water Wetland covers the surface for Ligawasan Marsh significant periods biologically diverse environments filled with species that rely on both the land and water for survival 8.5% of the total land surface and Philippines’ largest wetland (2200 km2) atmospheric water Wetland Marsh Swamp Estuary Groundwater subsurface water freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface constitutes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet Groundwater volume is 40 times larger than surface water Aquifer – where water accumulates Groundwater Layer of soil moisture Zone or aeration Water table Porous rock saturated with groundwater Impermeable rock Freshwater is not distributed equally across the globe. Canada: 0.5 of the world’s population has 20 liquid freshwater China: 19 of the world’s population has 7 liquid freshwater Asia: 60 of the world’s population has 30 liquid freshwater Freshwater withdrawals It is the amount of water taken from the natural environment to be used for human activity. Agriculture: growing of crops and maintaining livestock Industry: creating manufactured goods Domestic: everyday activities (shower, drinking, etc.)  Global Water Scarcity Thermal Desalination a process to extract freshwater from saltwater, removing the unwanted salt content Thanks! Welcome back! Prayer  Energy from decay of radioactive elements and residual heat produced when the planet formed Geothermal energy  A rock reservoir that contain groundwater and can produce geothermal energy aquifer  A 458-MW geothermal power station complex in Laguna and Batangas Mak-Ban Geothermal Power Plant A type of geothermal power plant that utilizes two liquids to produce steam and make the turbine rotate Binary cycle power plant  The most modern type of hydropower plant that pumps water back into the upper reservoir for stable water supply Pumped Storage Facility  A component of the hydropower plant that creates a large waterfall and stores enough water to supply the plant at all times. dam Activity Charades You have to "act out" a phrase without speaking, while the other members of the class team try to guess what the phrase is. Leaning Objectives Identify the various water resources on Earth; Explain how different activities affect the quality and availability of water for human use; and Appreciate the importance of water by suggesting ways to protect and conserve it. Why should we care about water? Tokyo, Japan New York City, USA Shanghai, China Manila, Philippines Water is our world’s major resource. It has been used as a means of transport, source of food, necessary for economic production, and other ecological The major cities of the benefits. world are always near water. Why? Food from water resources Easy access to food Means of transportation Not easily attacked by an enemy The amount of water in our planet is fairly constant. Water makes up 70% of the Earth’s surface. 1 Saltwater Reservoir Salinity is the measure saltiness of saltwater Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) Evaporation removes water (concentrated); precipitation adds water (diluted) Inflow from river and groundwater also makes the sea less salty. As sea water freezes, salt is excluded because of its structure, making the unfrozen seawater saltier.  vast body of saline water covers 71% of earth food source, transportation, recreation and regulation of climate Ocean  The five major oceans listed by size from largest to smallest are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Ocean. Zones in the Ocean Home of most marine plants and animals Temperature decreases with increasing depth Sunlight cannot penetrate; uniformly low temperature 2 Freshwater Reservoir Most of the freshwater on Earth is stored in glaciers situated inaccessible area such as the Polar Regions and high mountains. The readily available freshwater sources are the surface water reservoir and groundwater reservoir. Glaciers permanent body of ice, which consists largely of recrystallized snow cover 15 million 2 km of the Earth’s land surface  LAMBERT GLACIER is the world’s largest glacier found in East Antarctica; 4200 m. thick BERING GLACIER is the world’s longest glacier found in Alaska; 204 km. long Ice Sheet Continental glaciers mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000km2 that cover large amounts of land in the Earth’s polar regions. The freshwater stored in glaciers and ice sheets are estimated to exceed 24 million km3. Almost 90% is concentrated in Antarctica while the rest is found in Greenland and in mountain glaciers. Permafrost combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice any ground that remains completely frozen (32°F or colder) for at least two years straight 3 Surface water Reservoir any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks participates in the hydrologic (water) cycle Precipitation feeds surface water while evaporation and infiltration cause bodies to lose water 3 Surface water Reservoir Stream moving body of surface water that flows Cagayan River downslope toward sea level because of gravity has clearly-defined passageways called channels where particles and dissolved substances are transported Lake body of fresh or saline water that is Laguna de bay surrounded by land small lakes (ponds) big lakes (seas) 67% of the total surface and atmospheric water Lake Caspian Sea Lake Baikal world’s largest lake (370,000 km2) world’s deepest lake (2 km below)  an area where water Wetland covers the surface for Ligawasan Marsh significant periods biologically diverse environments filled with species that rely on both the land and water for survival 8.5% of the total land surface and Philippines’ largest wetland (2200 km2) atmospheric water Wetland Marsh Swamp Estuary Groundwater subsurface water freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface constitutes about 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet Groundwater volume is 40 times larger than surface water Aquifer – where water accumulates Groundwater Layer of soil moisture Zone or aeration Water table Porous rock saturated with groundwater Impermeable rock Freshwater is not distributed equally across the globe. Canada: 0.5 of the world’s population has 20 liquid freshwater China: 19 of the world’s population has 7 liquid freshwater Asia: 60 of the world’s population has 30 liquid freshwater Freshwater withdrawals It is the amount of water taken from the natural environment to be used for human activity. Agriculture: growing of crops and maintaining livestock Industry: creating manufactured goods Domestic: everyday activities (shower, drinking, etc.)  Global Water Scarcity Thermal Desalination a process to extract freshwater from saltwater, removing the unwanted salt content Review Last man Standing 1 The largest portion of fresh water today is located in _____. A. Clouds B. Groundwater resources C. Glaciers and ice sheets D. The major rivers and lakes of the world 2 Water that accumulates in the surface A. Reservoir B. Groundwater C. Aquifer D. Subsurface water 3 In the water budget,___ is the major receipt and ___ is the major expenditure. A. Evaporation; precipitation B. Condensation; infiltration C. Evaporation; condensation D. Precipitation; evaporation 4 Which of the following BEST describes the distribution of water on Earth? A. Most of Earth’s water is freshwater and is predominantly stored in the many lakes around the world B. Most of the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean comprise the so-called “water hemisphere” C. The Atlantic is the largest ocean basin on earth D. Water is evenly distributed across earth 5 Which of the following is NOT TRUE of wetlands? A. Large wetlands are an important source of freshwater B. Wetlands are an important source of groundwater recharge C. Wetlands help improve water quality D. Wetlands exacerbate flooding due to saturated soil conditions Human activities that affect the quality and availability of water for human use 1. Land conversion 2. Runoff from developed lands 3. Agricultural activities 4. Forestry management practices 5. Flood and erosion hazard mitigation 6. Transportation infrastructure 7. Air emissions 8. Climate change and surface waters Imagine yourself as an Advocate for Water Conservation. Explain how the human activity assigned to the group contributes to the water quality problem. Think of three (3) strategies to avoid the negative effects of human activities on the quality of the water resources. Main Causes of Water Contamination untreated sewage agricultural pesticides and fertilizers leakage of harmful chemicals (gas stations, refineries and industries) pollution  Groundwater mining: If the rate of withdrawal (discharge) of groundwater exceeds the natural recharge, the volume of groundwater will steadily decrease. lowering of water table droughts compaction of aquifer land subsidence Testing water quality Hard water Soft water High mineral content Low mineral content (Ca2+ & Mg2+) (sometimes Na+)  Physical Tests pH temperature turbidity acidic (below 7) cloudiness or haziness can alter the physical of water; used to basic/alkaline (above 7) and chemical determine sanitary drinking water (6.5-8.5) properties of water quality  Chemical Analysis Conductivity - used to assess water suitability for irrigation; used to estimate the total dissolved solids in the water Total dissolved solids - comprise inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water Nitrate - higher levels are often an indicator of contamination by human or livestock wastes, excessive fertilization or seepage from dump sites  Bacteriology Total coliforms - coliforms are useful indicators of the possible presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses Fecal coliforms- presence in water indicates that the water has been contaminated by feces of humans or other animals and the possible presence of intestinal disease- causing bacteria Thanks!