ORAL-COMM-LESSON-11-13 Notes PDF

**LESSON 11** **Types of Communicative Strategy** 1. Nomination 3. Turn-taking 2. Restriction 4. Topic Control **Communicative Strategies** Communicative Strategies These are plans, ways or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological...

**LESSON 11** **Types of Communicative Strategy** 1. Nomination 3. Turn-taking 2. Restriction 4. Topic Control **Communicative Strategies** Communicative Strategies These are plans, ways or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. 1. **Nomination**- This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation. The speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to. One must present a particular topic clearly and truthfully. 2. **Restriction-** This is used in constraining the reaction or response within a define set of categories. This is useful when narrowing down a listener's response to an expected set of answers. This prevents the conversation from going off topic. **Example:** We will have 30 minutes of online discussion regarding the topic on Pandemic and Mental Health. An additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions and related concerns. 3. **Turn-taking**- This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and how to speak when it is one's turn. This requires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking. This strategy can be used to avoid participants talking over one another that may cause conflicts. Participants must watch out for the verbal and non-verbal cues that signal the next speaker that the previous speaker has finished talking. One may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back. **Example:** (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add something to the discussion? 4. **Topic control-** This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that requires a response from the listener. Topic control also allows the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the conversation. **Example:** That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class? You may put your responses on the jamboard link found on the chat box, or you may simply click the raise hand button and share your thoughts. **LESSON 12** Types of Communicative Strategy 5\. Topic Shifting 7. Termination 6\. Repair 5. **Topic shifting**- This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy that works best when there is a follow through so that a new topic continues to be discussed. One may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift. **Examples**: By the way, In addition to what I have already mentioned, It is dangerous to go out, especially that the Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we practice physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with our friends and family members via phone calls or social media applications. 6. **Repair**- This communicative strategy refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. Repair Communicative Strategy includes: 1. **Requesting clarification** -- One may ask questions or use non-verbal communication such as eyebrows, eyes, head, hands, or shoulders to show that the message could not be understood. 2. **Not acknowledging the new situation** -- The situation already in progress will continue. 3. **Topic shifting** -- This can help direct the discussion to another topic or divert the attention of the listener from the topic that has become problematic. 4. **Repeating** -- This is a good way of correcting oneself. 5. **Recasting** -- This refers to changing the form of the message that could not be understood. **Example**: We should practice social distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the difference between these two terms? 7. **Termination** - This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that the participants send to one another. Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking out. **Example**: Thank you.... Okay, all done... See you later on our following online meeting schedule. LESSON 13 1. **Informative Speech** - **A definition speech explains the meaning, theory, or philosophy of a specific topic** - **A demonstration speech explains how to do something. If you have ever sat through a lecture where a teacher explained how to create a bibliography, then you have heard a demonstration speech. Like most informative speeches, a how to speech will likely use visual examples that show the audience how to move from step to step through a particular activity. Visualizations help the audience retain what each step looks like, increasing the likelihood that they will retain the overall information of the speech.** - **An explanatory speech might give a description of the state of a given topic. As an example, consider the types of speeches that are given at industry conferences. The goal of these speeches is for the speaker to inform the audience on a particular part of an industry. Commonly, these will also utilize visualizations that give the audience a visual representation of the particular data or statistics contained in the speech. This is one way to condense highly complex information into an easily retainable package for the audience.** - **A descriptive speech creates a vivid picture in a person\'s mind regarding an object, person, animal, or place. An archaeologist who has discovered a new temple in South America or a paleontologist who believes they have found a new dinosaur may use a descriptive speech to inform an interested audience about their recent discoveries.** **As all of these types make clear, there are many ways that a given set of information can be communicated in a speech. When deciding what type of informative speech you want to write and deliver, consider what you want the audience to know about your topic.** **Examples:** **1. College professor lecturing on a specific topic during a class** **2. Guest speaker presenting information to a group of students about how to apply for college** **3. Company president presenting information about last quarter\'s sales to a group of board members** ***Excerpt:* 100 days of COVID-19 in the Philippines: How WHO supported the Philippine response** A close-up of a document Description automatically generated **Source: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/100- days-of-covid-19-in-the-philippines-how-who-supported-the-philippine-response** 2. **Persuasive Speech** **A persuasive speech is given for the purpose of persuading the audience to feel a** **certain way, to take a certain action, or to support a specific view or cause. To write** **a persuasive speech, you choose a topic about which people disagree or can have** **differing opinions. Your persuasive argument will be made stronger if you can** **demonstrate that you are passionate about the topic and have a strong opinion one** **way or the other. Then, you outline and draft your persuasive speech by taking a** **position on the topic and outlining your support for your position. It is often helpful** **to also discuss why the \"other side\" is incorrect in their beliefs about the topic. Make** **sure, you catch your audience\'s attention and that you summarize key points and** **\"take-aways\" as you go.** **Examples:** **1. A teenager attempting to convince her parents that she needs to be able to stay** **out until 11pm instead of 10pm** **2. A student council president trying to convince school administrators to allow the** **students to have a dance after the final football game of the season** **3. A lawyer giving a closing argument in court, arguing about whether the defendant** **is innocent or guilty of the crime.** **Here is an excerpt from a speech entitled "Poverty in the Philippines".**  **Source: ** 3. **Inspirational Speech is a kind of speech that convinces people they can succeed in life. This speech includes uplifting stories that the speaker thinks the people listening to it will be moved and inspired to do greater and better things in their life.** **Here is an excerpt from Inspirational Speech delivered by Steve Jobs in 2005** **at Stanford University.** **Source: 13 Inspiring Graduation Speeches and How to Write One \| Fairygodboss** A close-up of a text Description automatically generated 4. **Entertainment Speech** **The primary purpose of the speech is to entertain, to have the audience relax, smile** **and enjoy the occasion. The speech should have a central theme or a focus The** **sole purpose is to have the audience enjoy the presentation. There are many ways to entertain the audience. You can tell jokes, tell funny stories, dramatize an anecdote tell a scary story** **Common Forms of Entertainment Topics** **There are three basic types of entertaining speeches: the after-dinner speech, the ceremonial speech, and the inspirational speech.** - **The after-dinner speech is a form of speaking where a speaker takes a serious speech topic (either informative or persuasive) and injects a level of humor into the speech to make it entertaining.** - **A ceremonial speech is a type of entertaining speech where the specific context of the speech is the driving force of the speech. Common types of ceremonial speeches include introductions, toasts, and eulogies.** - **The final type of entertaining speech is one where the speaker\'s primary goal is to inspire her or his audience. Inspirational speeches are based in emotion with the goal to motivate listeners to alter their lives in some significant way. The following is an excerpt from a speech by an undergraduate student named Adam Fink. Notice that the tenor of this speech is persuasive but that it persuades in a more inspiring way than just building and proving an argument.**  **Source: PRDV008: Entertaining Speeches \| Saylor Academy**