OPTOM 105 - Midterm 1 LOs.docx

**Define the microbiome** **PART 1** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microbiome:** All microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) and their genomes that inhabit the human body (in/on surface) - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 2. **Alterations of Microbiome lead to disease:** -...

**Define the microbiome** **PART 1** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microbiome:** All microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) and their genomes that inhabit the human body (in/on surface) - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 2. **Alterations of Microbiome lead to disease:** - - 3. **Sterilization =** physical procedure that kills ALL microbial forms, including spores **Disinfection =** physical procedure or chemical agent that kills most microbial forms, except spores and other resistant organisms **Antisepsis =** chemical agent that is used to eliminate microbes on the skin or other living tissue 4. **Levels of Disinfection** - - - - - - - - - 5. **Sterilization** (instruments that access the bloodstream) - - - - - - - - - - - - **Antisepsis:** (reduce microbes on skin) - - - - - - - - - - - **PART 2** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Microscope techniques** - - - - - 2. **Culture media:** - - **Types of cultures:** - - - 3. **Protein detection:** enable detection of antibodies or antigens - - **Nucleic acid detection:** provide definitive evidence for presence of organisms - - - **Antibody/antigen detection:** (serological tests, highly specific for a particular organism) - - - **PART 3** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Barriers of the innate response:** Skin and mucous - **Soluble components of the innate response:** - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. - **Cellular components of immunity:** - - - - - - - 2. **Chemotaxis =** cellular migration in response to a chemical stimulus - - - **Phagocytosis:** phagocytes ingest other cells or particles - - 3. **MHC I** = *self-determination* - - - - **MHC II** = *foreign antigen determination* - - - 4. T cell responses are determined by *cytokines* **TH1:** activates cellular and antibody response - - - - - - **TH2:** mediates antibody response - - - - - - - T-cell help determines the nature of the immune response. Receptor-ligand interactions between T cells and B cells and cytokines associated with THI or TH2 determine the subsequent response. THI responses are initiated by interleukin (IL)-12 and delivered by interferon-y (IFN-V) and IL-2 to promote cell-mediated and immunoglobulin (lg)G production (solid blue lines) and inhibit TH2 responses (dotted blue lines). IL-4 and IL-5 from TH2 cells promote humoral responses (solid red lines), and IL-4 and IL-IO inhibit THI responses (dotted red lines). Mucosal epithelium promotes secretory lgA production. Colored boxes denote end results. t, Increase; W, decrease; ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; APC, antigen-presenting cell; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DCs, dendritic cells; DTH, delayed type hypersensitivity; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. Class IL. 12 Antigen Class g OCS. 0 00 000 00 Mast Tori ns 5. **Functions of antibodies: (antimicrobial action)** - - - - - **Immunoglobulin classes:** (produced by B cells with T cell help) - - - - -  **PART 4** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Interferons =** first line of defense against viral infection - - - - - - - 2. **Immune responses** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. **Evading immune response:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **PART 5** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **ANSWERS** 1. **Passive immunization:** involves injection of antibodies from a person who has immunity - - **Active immunization:** involves antigen challenge (exposure) and vaccines - - 2. **Inactivated vaccines:** use large amounts of antigens to produce protective antibody response without risk of infection - - - - - - - - - **Live vaccines:** prepared with microbes that have limited ability to cause disease (avirulent) - - - - - - - 3. **Wild-type viruses are attenuated by:** - - - 4. **Capuslar agents require conjugation:** - - - - Diphtheria toxoid Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Capsular polysaccharides are poor immunogens, do not elicit T-cell help, and only elicit immunoglobulin (lg)M without memory. Capsule polysaccharide conjugated to a protein (e.g., diphtheria toxoid) binds to surface antipolysaccharide lgM on the B cell, the complex is internalized and processed, and then a peptide is presented on major histocompatibility complex Il (MHC Il) to CD4 T cells. The T cells become activated, produce cytokines, and promote immunoglobulin class switching for the polysaccharide-specific B cell. The B cell can become activated and make lgG, and memory cells will develop. TCR, T-cell receptor. T CELL Capsular polysaccharide CYTOKINES CD28 : B7 TCR : MHC Il B CELL CD4 CD40L : CD40 T-cell epitope capsule antibody 5. **Properties of a microbe ideal for vaccine development:** - - - - - - **PART 6** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. - - - 2. **Exotoxins:** - - - **Endotoxins:** - - - - **Superantigens:** - - - 3. **Mechanisms bacteria use to escape host defences:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **PART 7** 1. 2. 3. **ANSWERS** 1. **Mechanism of action:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2. **Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance:** - - - - - - 3. **Antimicrobial susceptibility testing:** detects for drug-resistant organisms and guides drug choice for infection treatment. - - - - - - - - - **KNOWLEDGE CHECKS** **PART 1:** 1. a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. e. f. 5. g. h. 6. i. j. 7. k. l. m. 8. n. 9. o. p. 10. q. **PART 2** 1. a. b. c. d. e. 2. f. g. h. 3. i. j. 4. k. l. m. 5. n. o. **PART 3** 6. p. 7. q. r. s. 8. t. u. 9. v. w. x. y. z. 10. a. b. c. 11. d. e. 12. f. g. h. 13. i. j. 14. k. l. 15. m. i. n. ii. 16. o. p. q. r. s. 17. t. 18. u. 19. v. **PART 4** 20. w. iii. iv. x. v. vi. vii. 21. y. viii. ix. z. 22. a. **PART 5** 1. a. i. b. ii. 2. c. d. 3. e. f. 4. g. h. i. j. 5. k. l. m. 6. n. o. 7. p. q. r. 8. s. t. **PART 6** 1. a. 2. b. 3. c. d. 4. e. i. ii. iii. iv. f. v. vi. vii. 5. g. h. i. viii. 6. j. k. l. m. **PART 7** 1. a. b. c. d. e. f.