NIET, Greater Noida Design Thinking-1 Past Paper PDF

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Logic and Argumentation Unit: 5 Subject: Design Thinking I BCSE0103/0203 Dr. Vandana Gupta...

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida Logic and Argumentation Unit: 5 Subject: Design Thinking I BCSE0103/0203 Dr. Vandana Gupta Department of Course Details Chemistry B Tech I/II Sem Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Syllabus 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Syllabus 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Syllabus 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Syllabus Links: Unit I https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://nptel.ac.in/courses/109/104/109104109/ https://designthinking.ideo.com/ https://blog.hypeinnovation.com/an-introduction-to-design-thinking-for-innovation- managers https://www.creativityatwork.com/design-thinking-strategy-for-innovation/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFffb2H-gK0 Unit II https://aktu.ac.in/hvpe/ http://aktu.uhv.org.in/ https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_mg60/preview Unit III https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_mg60/preview https://www.udemy.com/course/design-thinking-for-beginners/ https://www.designthinking-methods.com/en/ https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/personas-why-and-how-you- should-use-them Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 9/25/2024 Unit-5  Syllabus Links: Unit IV https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2016/08/25/innovation-with-design-thinking-demands-critical- thinking/#340511486908 https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 Unit V https://www.udemy.com/course/critical-thinker-academy/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd2_aic19_ma06/preview 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Content The argument, claim, and statement Identifying premises and conclusion Truth and logic conditions Valid/invalid arguments strong/weak arguments Deductive argument Argument diagrams Logical reasoning Scientific reasoning Logical fallacies Propositional logic Probability and judgement Obstacles to critical thinking Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Course Objective The objective of this course is to familiarize students with design thinking process as a tool for breakthrough innovation. It aims to equip students with design thinking skills and ignite the minds to create innovative ideas, develop solutions for real- time problems. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Course Outcome After completion of this course, students will be able to- CO1: Develop a strong understanding of the design process and apply it in a variety of business settings CO2: Analyze self, culture, teamwork to work in a multidisciplinary environment and exhibit empathetic behavior CO3: Formulate specific problem statements of real time issues and generate innovative ideas using design tools CO4: Apply critical thinking skills in order to arrive at the root cause from a set of likely causes CO5: Demonstrate an enhanced ability to apply design thinking skills for evaluation of claims and arguments Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  CO-PO and PSO Mapping Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Prerequisite and Recap Prerequisite: Student should have basic understanding of critical thinking, difference between critical and ordinary thinking as well as five pillars of critical thinking. Recap: Revision of topics like fundamentals of critical thinking and critical thinking skills. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Argument, Claim, and Statement [CO5] Topic Objective: Helps in systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards. Recap: Discussion about critical thinking. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Argument, Claim, and Statement [CO5] An argument is often taken to be a somewhat heated dispute between people. But in logic and critical thinking, an argument is a list of statements, one of which is the conclusion, and the others are the premises or assumptions of the argument. The ability to construct, identify, and evaluate arguments is a crucial part of critical thinking. Giving good arguments helps us convince other people, and improve our presentation and debating skills. A claim is an assertion about the truth, existence, or value of something that is either true or false. Claims are also called statements or propositions. When supported by premises, a claim becomes a conclusion. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Argument [CO5] What is an argument? An argument is a set of statements made up, at minimum, of the following parts: A main conclusion: This statement is a claim that expresses what the arguer is trying to persuade us to accept, whether or not it actually is true. Evidence: ▪ Also known as premises or support, the arguer provides these statements in order to show us that the conclusion is true. ▪ Essentially, the evidence answers the question, “Why do you believe [the conclusion] to be true?” ▪ The simplest arguments on the LSAT have just one piece of evidence; more complex arguments will have several. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Argument [CO5] 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Identifying Premises and Conclusion [CO5] Topic Objective: Identify types of argument, and bias within arguments, in order to better evaluate the strength of arguments Recap: Revision of the argument, claim, and statement. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Identifying Premises and Conclusion [CO5] ▪ A premise includes the reasons and evidence behind a conclusion. A conclusion is the statement that the premise supports and is a way of promoting a certain belief or point of view. ▪ An argument is a group of statements including one or more premises and one and only one conclusion. ▪ A statement is a sentence that is either true or false, such as "The cat is on the mat." Many sentences are not statements, such as "Close the door, please" , "How old are you?" ▪ A premise is a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion. There can be one or many premises in a single argument. ▪ A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener. What is the argument trying to prove? There can be only one conclusion in a single argument. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Truth and Logic Conditions [CO5] Topic Objective: Helps in problem solving in critical thinking. Recap: Revision of Identifying premises and conclusion. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Truth and Logic Conditions [CO5] ▪ A truth condition is the condition under which a sentence is true. ▪ Truth conditions of a sentence don't necessarily reflect current reality. ▪ They are merely the conditions under which the statement would be true. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Truth and Logic Conditions [CO5] EXAMPLE Cats with long hair shed all over the house so you should not get a long-haired cat. I have heard that they also have lots of fleas. P¹ Long-haired cats shed all over the house P² Long-haired cats have a lot of fleas C You should not get a long haired cat 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Deductive Arguments [CO5] Topic Objective: Helps to provide statements (premises) that give evidence for the conclusion. Recap: Revision of Truth and Logic Conditions. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Deductive Arguments [CO5] ▪ A deductive argument is either valid or invalid. There is no in-between, no gray area. ▪ The test for validity of a deductive argument is the following: If there is any possible way for an argument to have all true premises and a false conclusion, then the argument is invalid. ▪ Again: to determine validity we are not concerned with whether the premises are actually true, that is a separate step. We will just pretend or assume that they are. ▪ This is an important but sometimes difficult point to grasp. The most difficult task at this stage is to understand that an argument form can be valid, even if it has false premises and/or a false conclusion. ▪ If a deductive argument is valid, then we go ahead and check the factual claim, because only then is it possible that the argument might be sound. ▪ An invalid argument is always unsound. An argument is sound if it is valid and the premises are all actually true. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Deductive Arguments [CO5] ▪ A deductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be deductively valid, that is, to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion provided that the argument’s premises are true. ▪ This point can be expressed also by saying that, in a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide such strong support for the conclusion that, if the premises are true, then it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false. ▪ An argument in which the premises do succeed in guaranteeing the conclusion is called a (deductively) valid argument. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Deductive Arguments [CO5] ▪ An argument is a set of statements that consists of a conclusion and the statements said by the arguer to lead to that conclusion. ▪ Premises are the statements that lead to the conclusion. ▪ A deductive argument is an argument in which the arguer is maintaining that the premises show that the conclusion is necessarily true. ▪ A deductive argument is said to be valid if the premises logically lead to the conclusion. ▪ A deductive argument is said to be sound if it is valid and has true premises. The conclusion of a sound deductive argument is necessarily true. ▪ A syllogism is a deductive argument with two premises. Here is one example of a syllogism that is valid and sound: All human beings are mortal. Socrates is a human being. Thus, Socrates is mortal. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Deductive Arguments [CO5] ▪ Now consider this syllogism: All dogs are cats. All cats are birds. Thus, all dogs are birds. ▪ This argument is valid, because the conclusions follows from the premises, but it is clearly not sound since the premises are false. ▪ Of course, more complex deductive arguments may have more than two premises. ▪ In many cases arguments are linked together. The conclusion of one argument becomes a premise for the next argument. In analyzing complex arguments, it is often important to break the argument down into its component parts. ▪ In many cases parts of deductive arguments are missing. In order to critique an argument, it may be important to uncover the missing premises. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Inductive Argument [CO5] Topic Objective: The goal of inductive reasoning is to predict a likely outcome. Recap: Revision of deductive arguments. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Inductive Argument [CO5] ▪ On the inductive side of things, we classify arguments as strong and weak. ▪ This classification correlates loosely with the terms valid and invalid for deductive arguments, except that with inductive arguments there is gray area; there is an in- between. An inductive argument can be more or less strong, more or less weak. ▪ Generally, if there is more than a 50-50 chance that the conclusion will follow from the (presumed) truth of the premises, then it is strong; otherwise, it is weak. ▪ In judging some types of inductive arguments, you will be looking at sample size as scientists do when they are examining results of experiments. After all, they are engaged in exactly the same project that you are: "is the 'proof' strong enough to warrant a particular inference?"--They are judging inductive arguments too, albeit more complicated ones than yours. ▪ Strong inductive argument with true premises is termed cogent. To say an argument is cogent is to say it is good, believable; there is good evidence that the conclusion is true. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Inductive Argument [CO5] There are several key types of inductive reasoning: Generalized — Draws a conclusion from a generalization. For example, “All the swans I have seen are white; therefore, all swans are probably white.” Statistical — Draws a conclusion based on statistics. For example, “95 percent of swans are white” (an arbitrary figure, of course); “therefore, a randomly selected swan will probably be white.” Sample — Draws a conclusion about one group based on a different, sample group. For example, “There are ten swans in this pond and all are white; therefore, the swans in my neighbour's pond are probably also white.” Analogous — Draws a conclusion based on shared properties of two groups. For example, “All Aylesbury ducks are white. Swans are similar to Aylesbury ducks. Therefore, all swans are probably white.” Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Inductive Argument [CO5] Predictive — Draws a conclusion based on a prediction made using a past sample. For example, “I visited this pond last year and all the swans were white. Therefore, when I visit again, all the swans will probably be white.” Causal inference — Draws a conclusion based on a causal connection. For example, “All the swans in this pond are white. I just saw a white bird in the pond. The bird was probably a swan.” Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Inductive vs Deductive Arguments [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Inductive vs Deductive Arguments [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  REVISION: WEEK 13 Argument, Claim, and Statement Identifying Premises Truth and Logic Conditions Deductive Arguments Inductive Argument Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Logic Reasoning [CO5] Topic Objective: Predictions from each algorithm can be used to compare solutions and decide on the best one. Recap: Revision of deductive and inductive arguments. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Logic Reasoning [CO5] Logical reasoning is the umbrella term for at least three different types of reasoning. These are known as deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning and are based on deduction, induction and abduction respectively. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Logic Reasoning [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Logic Reasoning [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Scientific Reasoning [CO5] Topic Objective: Skill to develop throughout medical education due to the recent emphasis on evidence-based medicine. Recap: Revision of logical reasoning. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Scientific Reasoning [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Scientific Reasoning [CO5] Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5 9/25/2024  Logical fallacies [CO5] Topic Objective: A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning or a flawed structure that undermines the validity of an argument. A fallacious argument can make productive conversation impossible. Recap: Revision of scientific reasoning. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Logical fallacies [CO5] What is fallacy? ▪ Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments. ▪ First, fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasive, at least to the causal reader or listener. You can find dozens of examples of fallacious reasoning in newspapers, advertisements, and other sources. ▪ Second, it is sometimes hard to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious. ▪ An argument might be very weak, somewhat weak, somewhat strong, or very strong. An argument that has several stages or parts might have some strong sections and some weak ones. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Logical fallacies [CO5] 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Logical fallacies [CO5] What is logical fallacy? ▪ A fallacy is an error of reasoning. These are flawed statements that often sound true. ▪ Logical fallacies are often used to strengthen an argument, but if the reader detects them the argument can backfire, and damage the writer’s credibility. ▪ A logical fallacy is a flaw in reasoning or a flawed structure that undermines the validity of an argument. A fallacious argument can make productive conversation impossible 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Types of Logical fallacies [CO5] Circular Reasoning – When argument is restated rather than proven. – Ex: Opium is sleep inducing, because opium has a sleep inducing qualities. – The wind is invisible because I can’t see it, and I can’t see it because it is invisible. Logical Fallacies – Extensive statement without considering all of the facts. – Ex: a person visit a city and see few pick-pocketer in the city and state that all citizen of city are thief Slippery Slope – A conclusion based on the premise that one small step lead to a chain of events resulting in some significant event. – Ex: If A is happen Z is (unwanted) happen, so we wish that A should not happen – If you don’t study on Saturday = your grades will suffer = if your grades suffer = won’t graduate with honors =not get good job=have to live on street 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Types of Logical fallacies [CO5] Straw Man – Someone distorts an opponent’s claim so that it is easier to disprove, or where someone tries to contradict a point someone made by giving a denial to a point – Ex: if someone says: “schools should be more lenient with standardized testing” than straw man will say “if we stop giving tests in school we are going to raise an ignorant generation that won’t have skills to live in real world. Ad Hominem – An attack on a person’s character or personal attributes in order to discredit their argument – Ex: A person reject the recommendation of a MALE pediatrician because he was never been mother False Dichotomy – When an argument presents two points while disregarding or ignoring others in order to narrow the argument in one person’s favor – Ex: “You are either for us or against us” and “I thought you were a good person, but you didn’t donate to charity last year” 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Types of Logical fallacies [CO5] Appeal to emotion – When a writer or speaker uses emotion-based language to try to persuade the reader or listener of a certain belief or position – Ex: X is true: think of how sad you will be if it’s not true / how happy you will be that it is true – I need extra chance to submit assignment, because I was busy in other subject work/assignments Equivocation – When an argument is presented in an ambiguous, double-sided way, making the argument misleading. – Ex: “Hot dogs are better than nothing. Nothing is better than hamburgers. Therefore hot dogs are better than hamburgers.” Here nothing is used to refer to both “not anything” and “all things” Bandwagon Appeal – An appeal that presents the thoughts of a group of people in order to persuade someone to think the same way. – Ex: “Many people buy extended warranties, therefore, it is wise to buy them” 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Types of Logical fallacies [CO5] False Analogy – When two things that are unalike are being compared based on a trivial similarity in order to prove a point – Ex. “Peoples are like dogs. They respond best to discipline.” Appeal to Ignorance: Assuming a claim is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa. Example: "No one has ever proved that aliens exist, so they must not exist.“ Appeal to Authority: Arguing that something must be true because an authority figure said it is true, even if the authority is not an expert on the subject. Example: "The president said it, so it must be true." 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Types of Logical fallacies [CO5] Hasty Generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size rather than a comprehensive one. Example: "My friend from New York is rude, so all New Yorkers must be rude.“ Red Herring: Introducing irrelevant information to divert attention from the main issue. Example: "Why worry about the environment when we have homeless people to help. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (False Cause): Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second. Example: "I wore my lucky socks, and we won the game, so my socks must be the reason we won." 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Logical fallacies [CO5] 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Propositional logic [CO5] Topic Objective: To understand the concept of propositional logic where proposition is a declarative statement which is either true or false, but not both. Recap: Revision of Logical fallacies. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Propositional logic [CO5] What is a Proposition? ▪ Propositions are the meanings of statements. ▪ I have no money ▪ I want to play football. ▪ We want to study. ▪ Meanings are the thoughts, concepts, ideas we are trying to convey through speech and writing. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Propositional logic [CO5] Simple Propositions ▪ Fast foods tend to be unhealthy. ▪ Parakeets are colourful birds. ▪ Simple propositions are grammatically independent expressions of information. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Propositional logic [CO5] Compound Propositions ▪ If fast foods tend to be unhealthy, then you shouldn't eat them. ▪ Parakeets are colourful birds, and colourful birds are good to have at home. ▪ People are free, if and only if they can choose their actions and there are no forces compelling those actions. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Propositional logic [CO5] Types of relations between propositions ▪ One proposition is offered in support of another (simple argument). ▪ First proposition expressed the condition under which a second proposition is true (conditional statement). ▪ First sentence offers two proposed alternatives, and a second proposition negates one of these alternatives (disjunctive syllogism). 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Probability and judgement [CO5] Topic Objective: To understand the concept of probability and judgement. The probability estimate is computed using mathematical equations that manipulate the data to determine the likelihood of an independent event occurring. Recap: Revision of propositional logic. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Probability and judgement [CO5] 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Probability and judgement [CO5] Absolute probability judgement ▪ Absolute probability judgement is a technique used in the field of human reliability assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. ▪ From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. ▪ There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Obstacles to critical thinking [CO5] Topic Objective: To understand the different barriers or obstacles that hampers the concept of critical thinking. Recap: Revision of probability and judgement. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Obstacles to critical thinking [CO5] 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Obstacles to critical thinking [CO5] Barriers to critical thinking ▪ An over-reliance on feelings or emotions. ▪ Self-centred or societal/cultural-centred thinking (conformism, dogma and peer-pressure). ▪ Unconscious bias, or selective perception. ▪ An inability to be receptive to an idea or point of view that differs from your own (close-mindedness). ▪ Unwarranted assumptions or lack of relevant information. ▪ Fear of being wrong (anxious about being taken out of your ‘comfort zone’). ▪ Poor communication skills or apathy. ▪ Lack of personal honesty. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  REVISION: WEEK 14 Logic Reasoning Logical fallacies Scientific Reasoning Probability and judgement Obstacles to critical thinking Propositional logic Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Case study: Applying Design Thinking to the Success of Chandrayaan-3 Introduction: Chandrayaan-3 is a hypothetical mission following India's successful Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission. In this case study, we will explore how the principles of design thinking could have contributed to the success of Chandrayaan-3. 1. Empathize: The first phase of design thinking involves understanding the needs and perspectives of stakeholders. In the case of Chandrayaan- 3, this would involve engaging with scientists, engineers, ISRO officials, and the public to gather insights into their expectations, concerns, and desires for the mission. By actively listening to their inputs, ISRO can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced during Chandrayaan-2 and identify potential areas for improvement. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Case study: Applying Design Thinking to the Success of Chandrayaan-3 2. Define: Based on the insights gathered during the empathize phase, the focus shifts to defining the problem statement. For Chandrayaan-3, this could involve clearly outlining the objectives, scope, and success criteria of the mission. Defining the problem in a precise manner helps in aligning the team's efforts towards a common goal. 3. Ideate: The ideation phase encourages brainstorming and generating innovative solutions. ISRO could organize workshops and collaborative sessions where scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines can propose ideas to address the challenges faced during Chandrayaan-2. This could lead to creative solutions, such as improved communication systems, enhanced landing mechanisms, and more advanced scientific instruments. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Case study: Applying Design Thinking to the Success of Chandrayaan-3 4. Prototype: In this phase, tangible representations of the proposed solutions are created. For Chandrayaan3, ISRO could develop prototypes of critical components or subsystems, such as the lander's navigation system, the rover's mobility mechanism, or the communication system. Prototyping allows for early testing and validation of ideas, helping to identify potential flaws and refine designs. 5. Test: The testing phase involves rigorous evaluation of the prototypes. ISRO could conduct simulations, controlled experiments, and even collaborate with international space agencies for joint testing. This iterative process would help in identifying weaknesses, optimizing designs, and ensuring that the mission components function as intended. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Case study: Applying Design Thinking to the Success of Chandrayaan-3 6. Implement: Once the prototypes are refined and proven to be effective, the implementation phase involves integrating all components and preparing for the mission launch. Thorough testing at this stage is crucial to prevent any last-minute issues that might compromise the mission's success. 7. Iterate: Design thinking promotes an iterative approach, which means that lessons learned from Chandrayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 should be fed back into the design process for continuous improvement. Post-mission reviews, data analysis, and stakeholder feedback should be systematically collected and utilized to enhance future missions. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Case study: Applying Design Thinking to the Success of Chandrayaan-3 Conclusion: By applying design thinking principles to the conceptualization, design, and execution of Chandrayaan-3, ISRO can increase the likelihood of its success. This approach encourages collaboration, innovation, and a deep understanding of stakeholder needs, leading to a more robust and effective lunar exploration mission 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Faculty Video Links, YouTube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details You tube/other Video Links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaiF9cn5I2s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6CSCuxrheE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM-OgBxfbi4 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2021-2022, MCQ Statements backed by good reasons are: (CO5) 1 Mark (a) Worthy of strong acceptance (b) To be believed with certainty (c) Never false (d) Beyond all possible doubt Scientific inquiry begins with: (CO5) 1 Mark (a) A problem to solve or a question to answer (b) Observation (c) Laboratory tests (d) A checklist of procedures Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2021-2022 QUESTIONS Differentiate between valid and invalid arguments. (CO5) 2 Marks Discuss the significance of argument and statement in design thinking. (CO5) 6 Marks Define propositional logic and identify the role that logic plays in critical thinking with example. (CO5) 10 Marks Define logical reasoning and explain its various types with suitable examples. (CO5) 10 Marks Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2022-2023, MCQ Propositional logic uses symbols to stand for statement and-- - (1 mark) a. Non statement b. The relationship between subject and predicate c. Truth values d. The relationship between statements Deductive logic existing choices--- (1 mark) a. Broaden b. Narrow down c. Disqualifies d. Differentiates Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2022-2023 QUESTIONS Discuss the methods to know whether an argument is valid or invalid. (2 marks) Differentiate between an argument and an explanation. (6 marks) Describe the concept of logical reasoning. Explain its various types. (10 marks) Elaborate the role of critical thinking in scientific reasoning. Also enlist five components of scientific reasoning. (10 marks) Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2023-2024 QUESTIONS Just because a significant population of people believe a proposition is true, doesn't automatically make it true. Which fallacy does it refer? (CO5) 1 marks (a) The Hasty Generalization Fallacy (b) The Middle Ground Fallacy (c) The Bandwagon Fallacy (d) The False Dilemma Fallacy What is a premise and conclusion? (CO5) 2 marks Explain the concept of inductive argument. (CO5) 5 marks What do you understand by logical fallacies and enlist any ten logical fallacies? (CO5) 4 Marks Differentiate between deductive argument and an inductive argument. (CO5) 4 Marks Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Daily Quiz 1. If you are attempting to put your plan into action, what part of the problem-solving process are you working on? a). Define b). Prepare c). Try d). Reflect 2. The "Try" step means: Look at the results of your work and think about what you should do to improve it. a). True b). False 3. During which step do you see the problem from another person's perspective? a). Prototype b). Ideate c). Empathize d). Define 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Daily Quiz 5. Which statement about the Prototype step is true? a). A prototype needs to be perfect b). You shouldn't worry about how someone might use it c). The point is to make something that people can test. d). You shouldn't make it online 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Weekly Assignment 1. What are the problems that are associated in designing the user interface? 2. Explain strong and weak arguments. 3. Discuss the term logical fallacies in context of design thinking. 4. Explain the benefits of good design. 5. Write down the various obstacles to critical thinking. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  MCQ s 1. Which statement about the Prototype step is true? a). A prototype needs to be perfect b). You shouldn't worry about how someone might use it c). The point is to make something that people can test. d). You shouldn't make it online 2. During which step do you see the problem from another person's perspective? a). Prototype b). Ideate c). Empathize d). Define 3. Which is NOT something you do during the Define step of design thinking? a). Make sure there is only ONE problem b). Come up with lots of ideas c). State the problem from the user's point of view d). Come up with "How might we" questions 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  MCQ s 4. During which step do you create an interactive representation or model of your idea or solution? a). Prototype b). Ideate c). Test d). Define 5. Which is NOT true about the Test step? a). It is an opportunity to make your idea better. b). You should come up with new ideas during the Test step c). You should assume that you will make mistakes. d). You only want positive or "good job" feedback 6. During which stage would you: Want to try to "think outside of the box". a). Prototype b). Define c). Ideate d). Empathize 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  MCQ s 7. Which stage would you consider to be an experimental phase where you are trying out solutions you previously brainstormed? a). Prototype b). Define c). Ideate d). Test 8. Which is NOT something you do for the ideate step of design thinking? a). Decide if the idea is good or not before sharing it b). Look at your "How might we" question a lot c). Come up with as many ideas as possible d). Share any idea that matches the problem 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  IMPORTANT SHORT QUESTIONS 1. Which points should be taken into consideration while choosing a strong argument? 2. Can a proposition be both true and false? 3. What are the real-life applications of propositional logic? 4. Discuss the methods to know whether an argument is valid or invalid. 5. Discuss the term logical fallacies in context of design thinking. 6. Explain the concept of propositional logic. 7. What do you understand by the term deductive argument? 8. Write down the various obstacles to critical thinking 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  IMPORTANT LONG QUESTIONS 1. Differentiates between strong and weak argument. 2. What is Statement and Argument Reasoning? 3. What is logical reasoning? Explain verbal and non-verbal reasoning. 4. What is the difference between a statement and a proposition? 5. Differentiate between valid and invalid arguments. 6. Define propositional logic and identify the role that logic plays in critical thinking with example. 7. Define logical reasoning and explain its various types with suitable examples. 8. Elaborate the role of critical thinking in scientific reasoning. Also enlist five components of scientific reasoning, 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Expected Questions for University Exam 1. Explain the concept of propositional logic. 2. Explain strong and weak arguments. 3. Discuss the term logical fallacies in context of design thinking. 4. Explain the benefits of good design. 5. Write down the various obstacles to critical thinking. 6. Differentiate between valid and invalid arguments. 7. What do you understand by the term deductive argument? 8. Explain the importance of probability in design thinking. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Important Questions 1. Describe the concept of logical reasoning. Explain its various types. 2. Explain Deductive argument in detail. 3. Differentiate between the following arguments- (i) Strong and Weak Arguments (ii) Valid and Invalid Arguments 4. Explain argument diagram with the help of suitable examples. 5. What is logical fallacy? Discuss any three logical fallacies in detail. 6. Explain Logic argument, premises and conclusion. 7. Differentiate between Explicit and Implicit conclusion. 8. Elaborate the role of critical thinking in scientific reasoning. Also enlist five components of scientific reasoning. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Previous year Question paper Printed Page:- 03 Subject Code:- BCSE0103 / BCSEH0103 Roll. No: NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA (An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to AKTU, Lucknow) B.Tech SEM: I - THEORY EXAMINATION (2023-2024) Subject: Design Thinking-I Time: 2 Hours Max. Marks: 50 General Instructions: IMP: Verify that you have received the question paper with the correct course, code, branch etc. 1. This Question paper comprises of three Sections -A, B, & C. It consists of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ’s) & Subjective type questions. 2. Maximum marks for each question are indicated on right -hand side of each question. 3. Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary. 4. Assume suitable data if necessary. 5. Preferably, write the answers in sequential order. 6. No sheet should be left blank. Any written material after a blank sheet will not be evaluated/checked. Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Previous year Question paper SECTION A 15 1. Attempt all parts:- 1-a. When multiple knowledge clusters converge above the plane is called. (CO1) 1 (a) Alignment (b) Perspective (c) Idea (d) None of the above 1-b. Needs of human body can be fullfilled with physio-chemical substances.(CO2) 1 (a) TRUE (b) FALSE 1-c. The method inspires participants to divide ideas. (CO3) 1 (a) Now Wow How Matrix (b) Post-it Voting or Dot Voting (c) Four Categories method (d) Bingo Selection Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Previous year Question paper 1-d. Common conclusion indicators include therefore, hence, and 1 consequently.(CO4) (a) TRUE (b) FALSE 1-e. Just because a significant population of people believe a proposition is true, doesn't automatically 1 make it true. Which fallacy does it refer? (CO5) (a) The Hasty Generalization Fallacy (b) The Middle Ground Fallacy (c) The Bandwagon Fallacy (d) The False Dilemma Fallacy 2. Attempt all parts:- 2.a. What are the elements of great Design? (CO1) 2 2.b. Differentiate between intention and competence.(CO2) 2 2.c. What does White hat represents? (CO3) 2 2.d. Define rhetoric and its use. (CO4) 2 2.e. What is a premise and conclusion? (CO5) 2 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Previous year Question paper SECTION B 15 3. Answer any three of the following:- 3-a. Discuss the case study of Good Kitchen with respect to design thinking. (CO1) 5 3-b. Discuss the agents of Socialization.(CO2) 5 3.c. Create a journey map for a rural student taken admission into your college. (CO3) 5 3.d. Describe the skills required for critical thinking. (CO4) 5 3.e. Explain the concept of inductive argument. (CO5) 5 SECTION C 20 4. Answer any one of the following:- 4-a. Describe the five forces of growth. (CO1) 4 4-b. Describe the design mindset. Enumerate the characteristics of Design mindset. (CO1) 4 5. Answer any one of the following:- 5-a. Define the relation between body and self(CO2) 4 5-b. Explain the concept of CATWOE Analysis. (CO2) 4 6. Answer any one of the following:- Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Previous year Question paper 6-a. Describe Edward de Bono's six thinking hats and explain their role in problem 4 solving. (CO3) 6-b. Explain the Do's and Don'ts of brainstorming tool. (CO3) 4 7. Answer any one of the following:- 7-a. Elaborate Recency Effect and Zero-risk Bias with example. (CO4) 4 7-b. What is tribalism?What is an example of tribalism? (CO4) 4 8. Answer any one of the following:- 8-a. What do you understand by logical fallacies and enlist any ten logical fallacies? (CO5) 4 8-b. Differentiate between deductive argument and an inductive argument. (CO5) 4 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design 9/25/2024 Thinking-1 Unit-5  Summary After the completion of the unit, students should understand the concepts of various truth and logic conditions, valid and invalid arguments, strong and weak arguments, logical reasoning, scientific reasoning, propositional logic and probability. 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5  Thank You 9/25/2024 Dr. Vandana Gupta BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-5