OE Decoding the Share Market PDF

**[OE Decoding the Share Market]** **[Savings vs. Investing]** --------------------------------------- **[Saving]** ------------------------ - - - - - ### **[Investing]**  - - - - - **[Types of Investments]** -------------------------------------- #...

**[OE Decoding the Share Market]** **[Savings vs. Investing]** --------------------------------------- **[Saving]** ------------------------ - - - - - ### **[Investing]**  - - - - - **[Types of Investments]** -------------------------------------- ### **Equity Investments** - - - - - - ### **Debt Investments** - - - - - ### **Real Estate** - - ### **Other Investments** - - ### Key Considerations - - - - **Asset Classes** ----------------- **An asset class is a group of investments with similar characteristics and behavior.** Different asset classes react differently to economic conditions, making them crucial for portfolio diversification. ### **Major Asset Classes** 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - 4. - - 5. - - 6. - - ### **Importance of Diversification** - - - ### **Key Considerations** - - - Asset allocation is the process of dividing your investment portfolio among different asset classes. Regular rebalancing is essential to maintain your desired asset allocation. **Share: Concept and types, Participants in the Share Market** What is a share or stock? A share represents a unit of ownership of the issuing company. There are various factors that may influence which way its price moves. When a company performs well and grows, its stock price tends to go up. In such cases, if you're a shareholder you can sell some of the company's stocks at a profit. **What are the Different Types of Shares?** Broadly, there are two -- equity shares and preference shares. Equity Shares Equity shares are also referred to as ordinary shares. They are one of the most common kinds of shares. These stocks are documents that give investors ownership rights of the company. Equity shareholders bear the highest risk. Owners of these shares have the right to vote on various company matters. Equity shares are also transferable and the dividend paid is a proportion of profit. One thing to note, equity shareholders are not entitled to a fixed dividend. The liability of an equity shareholder is limited to the amount of their investment. However, there are no preferential rights in holding. Equity shares are classified as per the type of share capital. **Types of Ordinary Equity Shares** ----------------------------------- Equity shares are classified as per the type of share capital. **Authorised share capital:** This is the maximum amount of capital a company can issue. It can be increased from time to time. For this, a company needs to conform to some formalities and also pay required fees to legal entities. **Issued share capital:** This is the portion of authorised capital which a company offers to its investors. **Subscribed share capital:** This refers to the portion of issued capital upon which investors accept and agree. **Paid-up capital:** This refers to the portion of the subscribed capital for which the investors pay. Since most companies accept the entire subscription amount at one go, issued, subscribed, and paid capital are the same thing. There are a few other types of shares. **Right share:** These are the kind of shares a company issues to its existing investors. Such stocks are issued to protect the ownership rights of existing shareholders. **Bonus share:** Sometimes, companies may issue shares to their shareholders as a dividend. Such stocks are called bonus shares. **Sweat equity share:** When employees or directors perform their role exceptionally well, sweat equity shares are issued to reward them. **Types of Preference Shares** ------------------------------ **Cumulative and non-cumulative preference shares**: In the case of cumulative preference share, when the company does not declare dividends for a particular year, it is carried forward and accumulated. When the company makes profits in the future, these accumulated dividends are paid first. In case of non-cumulative preference shares, dividends do not get accumulated, which means when there are no future profits, no dividends are paid. **Participating and non-participating preference shares:** Participating shareholders have the right to participate in remaining profits after the dividend has been paid out to equity shareholders. So in years where the company has made more profits, these shareholders are entitled to get dividends over and above the fixed dividend. Holders of non-participating preference shares do not have a right to participate in the profits after the equity shareholders have been paid. So in case a company makes any surplus profit, they will not get any additional dividends. They will only receive their fixed share of dividends every year. **Convertible and non- convertible preference shares**: Here, the shareholders have an option or right to convert these shares into ordinary equity shares. For this, specific terms and conditions need to be met. Non-convertible preference shares do not have a right to be converted into equity shares. **Redeemable and Irredeemable preference shares**: Redeemable preference shares can be claimed or repurchased by the issuing company. This can happen at a predetermined price and at a predetermined time. These do not have a maturity date which means these types of shares are perpetual. So companies are not bound to pay any amount after a fixed period.