OC-Module-1stQuarter-Week2.pdf

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE...

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE IN ORAL COMMUNICATION (GRADE 11) QUARTER 1 - WEEK 2 (AUGUST 12-16, 2024) LESSON 2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Overview Every day, we communicate with one another. We all know how to do it, right? Actually, not always. It is not easy to determine where a conversation begins and ends, because communication is a complex process. To understand the ways we communicate, communication theorists have developed models that illustrate how communication takes place. That is why we have models of communication — to simplify the process of understanding communication. Some models are more detailed than others, but even the most elaborate ones cannot perfectly represent what goes on in a communication encounter. In this module, we will introduce you to the models of communication that are most frequently encountered. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 1  Course Learning Outcome: By the end of the course, the students will be able to effectively articulate ideas and information in a clearer and more coherent manner across various speech situations that would require them to do so. Objectives At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Differentiate the various models of communication; 2. Appreciate the relevance and applicability of different communication models in understanding and improving real-life communication processes; and 3. Demonstrate the ability to apply communication models by creating detailed analyses of communication scenarios. Essential Question How do diverse theoretical models of communication illuminate the complexities and dynamics of human interaction, influencing our perceptions, strategies, and outcomes in communication? Test Yourself DIRECTIONS: Match Column A with the correct answer on Column B. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. Column A Column B _____ 1. An example of this element is the phone or airwaves A. Feedback _____ 2. An example of this element is disruption in the surroundings B. Encoding _____ 3. The process of converting the message into words C. Channel _____ 4. The recipient’s response to the origin of the message D. Decoding _____ 5. The process of interpreting the coded message into words. E. Noise Study these terms In this module, you will encounter these important terms: An information source is a person, thing, or place from which the information comes, arises, or is obtained. This source might then inform a person about something or provide knowledge about it. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 2  Transmitter a set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, especially those of telephone, radio or television. Helix is an object having a three-dimensional shape like that of a wire wound uniformly in a single layer around a cylinder or cone, as in a corkscrew or spiral staircase. Lesson Proper As human beings, we always communicate. In fact, we spend a large percentage of our waking hours in communicating and even if we are in silence, we still convey message to the people around us. Thus, knowing and understanding how human communication works is important. Familiarizing ourselves with the communication models will help us know about the various aspects of communication. Moreover, essential elements of communication process are presented through the communication models and such models help us to measure the effectiveness of communication. Our messages can get lost (miscommunication) in the mind of our receiver (audience) because of barriers. However, here are three characteristics that can help to make your message more effective. Characteristics of An Effective Message 1) Your message must be appropriate – according to the audience, subject, needs of the receiver and environment. 2) Your message must be useful – ask yourself “Is my information needed by my audience? How much do they know? How much might they want to know?” 3) Your message must be persuasive – Use the psychology and tactics of appeals to make your message more effective to the audience. First, know your objective for communicating; then, analyze the audience according to what we know about them as individuals or as a group; and then choose the proper organization of your information according to the type of audience they are (or the majority of the audience will be) either hostile, friendly, or indifferent. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 3  Understanding both formal and informal communication is essential for effectively navigating various communication contexts. By analyzing both types through different communication models, one can gain a comprehensive view of how messages are crafted, conveyed, and received in diverse settings. Formal vs. Informal Communication Formal Communication - Typically follows a structured format with a specific purpose, often documented. It adheres to prescribed rules of language and etiquette. Examples include official letters, reports, presentations in formal settings. Informal Communication - More spontaneous and casual, lacking prescribed structure. It often occurs between individuals who have a close relationship or within small groups. Examples include chats, personal emails, casual conversations. Both verbal and non-verbal communication are integral to the models of communication, each playing a distinct yet interconnected role in the exchange of messages. By examining how these forms of communication interact within various models, one can gain a deeper understanding of how messages are effectively conveyed and received. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication In effective communication, speakers do not only communicate using their words but also with their actions. Communication using words is called verbal communication while communication without words such as facial expression and hand gestures is called non-verbal communication. Communication can take among people with or without words. There are two types of communication: verbal and non-verbal Verbal Communication Verbal communication is the use of words in sharing information with other people. It can include both spoken and written communication. Spoken communication is mostly face-to-face, but nowadays, technology such as phone and internet allow people to communicate with others without being at the same place at the same time. The verbal element of communication is all about the words one chooses and how the receiver interprets it. The purpose of communication is to convey information to others. Through the choice of written and spoken words, ideas are exchanged. Unfortunately, miscommunication is common, many times that participants in a communication process fail to understand what are said or written. Non-Verbal Communication Transmitting messages without using words is called non-verbal communication. It is conveyed as visual cues. Gestures, facial expressions, giving flowers, choosing a color of what to wear, or putting a forefinger in front of lips are just some examples of non-verbal communication. Although no word is used, non-verbal communication can effectively communicate many human feelings Non-verbal communication includes the following: 1. Language of gestures Gestures are the most often used type of non-verbal communication. To be more understandable and interesting to a listener, the speaker must accompany his/her speech with gestures but one has to Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 4  consider the culture of the receiver because gestures have different meanings in other places. In the Philippines and other countries, nodding means yes but it is the opposite in the Middle East. The following are other examples of gesture: a. Emblems – clenched fist upraised b. Emphasizing – “YES” clenched both fists in front of breast c. Illustrating – “this large” (open hands set apart) d. Regulating – “shh” forefinger in front of lips 2. Facial Expression The face plays a very important role in communication. It expresses various types of emotions or feelings such as joy, sorrow, anger, annoyance, confusion, fear, hatred or surprise. Within the facial area, eyes are especially effective for indicating attention and interest. However, interpretations of facial expressions differ from culture to culture. 3. Language of colors People choose colors based on the meaning of each. Colors have certain meanings based on the dictates of culture and gender. In the Philippines, most parents prepare everything in blue for baby boys and pink for baby girls. People wear black when they grieve while others wear white. 4. Language of flowers Flowers are also used to say what we cannot expressed in words. These meanings are also influenced by culture and gender. In the Philippines, men send flowers to women. When men give flowers, it reflects their reference to women as delicate and feminine. It indicates special treatment. When a man gives a woman flowers, it's a sure sign that she is someone very dear to him. 5. Language of space Language of space or proxemics is the use of space based on importance. This type of non-verbal communication is similarly used as chronemics by people who want to show who they are. In some companies, the one who holds the highest position usually has the biggest office and in the best location such as on the top floor or penthouse of the building. Distance can express the degree of intimacy and individual acceptance. 6. Language of time Language of time or chronemics is the use of time based on position and power. In the Philippines, time is most often used to convey how powerful a person is. Someone in authority may show that his/her time is more important than that of the visitors by making them wait. 7. Language of touch Language of touch also known as Haptics can also be used to expressed what cannot be said. It is also one of the most powerful of the types of non-verbal communication. Unlike the other types, in Haptics, there is contact between the sender and the receiver of the message. Touch can comfort, encourage, dissuade, or aggravate. 8. Posture and Body Orientation Posture and body orientation are also a type of non-verbal communication. How one stands or sits tells the people around how one sees oneself as a speaker, how he/she sees the listeners, and his attitude toward the message. Communication Models Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 5  Models describe what is necessary for an act of communication to take place to represent the major features and eliminate the unnecessary details of communication. Functions of Communication Models A closer look at the different communication models will lead: To illuminate the scope of human interaction showing it to be a circular, complex, continuous, dynamic or a coding process; To opine on conditions to analyze different responses; To demonstrate the variables in human communication; and To utilize it as a framework for researchers. Here are the different models of communication that will help us understand the process of human communication. LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION — The linear model sees communication as a one-way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. 1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc. While exploring human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a linear model of communication for oral communication known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication. This is considered as the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the most widely accepted among all communication models. Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into five primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect. Speaker is the sender or the origin of the message. Speech is the message being sent. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 6  Occasion is the event or the context where the communication takes place. This element makes this model different from other known models. Audience refers to the receivers. Effect means the effect of the speech or message to the audience. This effect affects the audience based on how they are moved by the speaker’s speech. They may be informed, entertained, persuaded or inspired. Examples: a. For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion). The civilians only vote if they are influenced (effect) by the things the politician says in his speech so the content must be very impressive to influence the mass and the speaker must design the message very carefully. b. Another example, Hermione (speaker), the summa cum laude of A.Y. 2019-2020, delivers her valedictory address (speech) to her batch mates (audience) during their graduation (occasion). Her batch mates may be inspired (effect) depending on how she will motivate her audience to face the challenges they will fear outside school – reality. Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker-centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the audience will be persuaded or influenced. The speech must be clear and the speaker must have an excellent non-verbal communication with the audience like eye contact, facial expressions, gestures and body movements. Even if the model is speaker-oriented and focuses on audience interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks. Critical Elements of a Good Communicator Aristotle has given three elements that must be present in a good communicator or public speaker. These elements are related to each other and they reinforce the other elements. ✔ Ethos Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the audience. If there is no credibility, the audience will not believe in you and will not be persuaded by you. Expertise and positions also give credibility to a person. For instance, the mass will not listen to the promises of a corrupt politician, but if a politician is known for his good deeds, there’s a high change his speech will be heard. ✔ Pathos If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they will be more interested and they will think you are more credible. Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated and they feel the speaker is one of their own people. For instance, if people of a village needs water and the politician tells them that he will help in building roads, the people will not get influenced but might be more influenced if he says he’ll build a dam for drinking water and irrigation. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 7  ✔ Logos Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand what you are trying to say. People find logic in everything. If there is no logic behind the speaker’s work or time, they do not want to get involved. Everybody has a sense of reason. You must present facts to the audience for them to believe in you. For example, a presenter using factual data in an awareness program will attract the audience’s attention and will make them believe in the need of awareness in the particular matter. 2. LASSWELL’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Lasswell’s communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (1902- 1978) in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also known as action model or linear model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one the most influential communication models. Lasswell’s communication model has five components which is used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and components. The components are the questions to be asked to get the answers and keep the communication going. COMPONENTS MEANING ANALYSIS Who the communicator or sender or source of message Control Analysis Explanation of Says what the content of the message Content Analysis different components In which channel the medium or media Media Analysis of 0’s Model To whom the receiver of the message or an audience Audience Analysis With what effect the effect of the content to the receivers Effect Analysis Control analysis helps the sender to have all the power. Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and representation of different groups politically. It is also related to the purpose or the ulterior motives of the message. Media analysis represents which medium should be used to exercise maximum power against the receivers. Audience analysis shows who are the target population to be manipulated or brain-washed. Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It is used to predict the effect of message over the target population to be exploited. Examples: Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 8  a. A reporter informs the viewers about the weather forecast happening tomorrow. The audience may be pleased or unhappy depending on the report whether the climate is in good or bad condition. Who – reporter Says what – weather forecast In which channel – television To whom – audience or televiewers With what effect – audience may be pleased or down with the news b. A DJ reading a love story to the listeners. The listeners may feel loved or envious depending on how touching or upsetting the confession is. Who – DJ Says what – love confession In which channel – radio To whom – listeners With what effect – listeners may be touched or upset with the confession Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication. This model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and businesses at that time. Only rich people used to have communication mediums such as televisions and radios. It was made to show the mass media culture. This model is same with Aristotle’s Model in a way that they are both linear models. They don’t require feedback from their receivers through words. Since this model is commonly used for media, the effect varies on how the receivers are affected based on what they’d watched or listened from different media. INTERACTIVE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION — The interactive model sees the receiver or listener giving feedback to the sender or speaker. The speaker and listener take turns to speak and listen to one another. SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Schramm’s Model of Communication was postulated by Wilbur Schramm in 1954, where he suggested that communication is a two-way process where both sender and receiver take turns to send and receive a message. Wilbur Schramm, a well-known communication theorist, developed a straightforward communications model in his book “The Process and Effects of Mass Communications“. In the model, Schramm shown that communication always requires three elements – the source, the message and the destination. Ideally, the source encodes a message and transmits it to its destination via some channels, where the message is received and decoded. Elements of Schramm’s Model Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 9  Encoder (Sender) is termed as the source of the message since he’s the one who composes and sends the message to the receiver. The sender has to ensure that the information or the message that he is sending to the receiver is relevant, essential, and precise. The message is usually encoded so that the recipient can decode and understand the message later. The source of the message is the originating element from which the communication begins, but in the case of this model, it is the same place where communication ends. That is, the sender becomes the receiver and vice versa. Decoder (Receiver) is the one to whom the sender’s messages are sent. It is crucial that the receiver understands the source correctly, and both of them have common factors such as language, culture, understanding, etc. Because if the sender is unable to communicate in the receiver’s language, then the whole purpose of the messages is defeated. Message is the core content of the communication, and it can be a text, audio, video, or a combination of all. The message is the communication that is passed from the sender to the receiver. It can also be verbal or non-verbal, depending on the sender and the receiver. However, the message plays a crucial role in every communication model because it is the communication itself that is to be transferred from the sender to the receiver. An interpreter may be present to ensure that the respective receiver or the sender correctly understands the message. The interpreter analyses and interprets the message for the sender as well as the receiver. If the interpreter misunderstands the message, then the wrong information will be sent to the receiver, which will fail the communication model. Feedback can also be seen as a message because it satisfies all the criteria of being a message. It originates on one side and ends on the other side. Feedback is when the receiver starts transmitting information based on the input which he has received from the sender. This information is transmitted back to the sender. Therefore the sender in the earlier process becomes the receiver. Semantic noise is an interruption that is caused in the process of communication. The noise disrupts the message, failing the message, and the communication process. The intended meaning with which the sender sends the messages may or may not be understood by the receiver because of the presence of noise. Noise is responsible for diluting the message and may also result in an alteration of the meaning of the message. For instance, a Japanese person and a Portuguese person are trying to have a conversation when both do not understand each other. There is not a lot that will pass between them unless they have a translator or an interpreter. Another example, the sender sent the message, which says that “Buy one, get one free. Offer for a limited time.” But the receiver only hears the first part of the message, which is “Buy one get one free.” Therefore, he understands that the offer is for an indefinite time, although this was not the sender’s intention. Schramm’s diagram shows a cycle of communication between the encoder and decoder who shift roles as the messages are exchanged. The decoder provides feedback as soon as the message is understood and a response is formed. In giving feedback, he/she becomes the sender, and the original sender becomes the receiver. In this model, since the message is being decoded and understood by both communicators, they are both marked as interpreters. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 10  TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION — They illustrate two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses. Everyone in the communication act is mutually a speaker and a listener, and can be at the same time, sending, and receiving messages. There are three insinuations in the transactional model: 1. “Transactional” implies that communication is a continuing and constantly changing procedure. You are changing as well as the people with whom you are communicating. In addition, your surroundings are also constantly changing. 2. In any transactional process, each element happens in connection with all the other elements. There is this interconnection where there can be no cause or origin without a receiver and no message without a source. 3. Each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, and self-esteem. Summary Models of communication help us understand how messages are sent and received. Effective communication should be clear, concise, relevant, and purposeful. It can be formal, adhering to structured protocols and precision, or informal, characterized by casual, spontaneous interactions. Communication also includes verbal elements, such as spoken or written words, and non-verbal elements like body language and facial expressions, which add depth and context to the message. Understanding these aspects improves the effectiveness of communication in various settings. Communication models provide essential frameworks for understanding how messages are exchanged. The Linear Model views communication as a one-way process where a sender transmits a message to a receiver, lacking feedback. The Interactive Model expands on this by incorporating feedback and context, emphasizing that communication is shaped by both participants' roles and previous interactions. The Transactional Model highlights a dynamic, two-way process where both parties simultaneously send and receive messages, allowing for real-time feedback and interaction. These models illustrate different dimensions of communication, from simple transmission to complex, interactive exchanges, underscoring the importance of feedback, context, and active engagement in effective communication. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 11  Learning Resources Bajracharya, S. (2018, January 6). Aristotle’s Model of Communication. Businesstopia. Retrieved from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-communication Bajracharya, S. (2018, January 11). Helical Model of Communication. Businesstopia. Retrieved from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/helical-model-communication Bajracharya, S. (2018, January 6). Lasswell’s Communication Model. Businesstopia. Retrieved from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/lasswell-communication-model Bernardo, R.B. (2016). Oral Communication. Manila: JFS Publishing Services Bhasin, Hitesh. (2021, October 18). Schramm’s Model of Communication: Elements, Advantages & Limitations. Marketing91. Retrieved from https://www.marketing91.com/schramms-model-of- communication/#:~:text=The%20basis%20for%20this%20model,group%20of%20second%20standard %20students Businesstopia. (2018, January 6). Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication. Businesstopia. Retrieved from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-weaver-model-communication Formal vs informal communication. (2023, June 22). Board Infinity. https://www.boardinfinity.com/blog/formal-vs-informal-communication/ Littlejohn, S. W., & Foss, K. A. (2011). Encyclopedia of communication theory. SAGE Publications. Masong, A., et.al. (2016). Oral Communication for Senior High School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc. Santos-Syjueco, M. (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series: Oral Communication in Context. Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems, Inc. Supplemental Readings and Materials The purpose of these reading materials is to provide a comprehensive understanding of communication theories, models, and perspectives. They aim to equip you with insights into how messages are created, transmitted, and interpreted across different contexts and media. This knowledge is valuable for enhancing interpersonal, organizational, and mass communication skills. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 12  Book: Griffin, E. (2015). A first look at communication theory (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. Focus on understanding basic concepts, terminology, and the significance of clarity, conciseness, and context in effective communication. Article: Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. To understand the Linear Model and its impact on communication theory. Analyze how this model addresses the one-way transmission of messages and its limitations. Journal Article: West, R., & Turner, L. H. (2008). Introducing communication theory: Analysis and application (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. For insights into more interactive and dynamic models, such as the Transactional and Interactive models. Consider how these models incorporate feedback and context in communication processes. Chapter in an Edited Book: Foss, K. A., Foss, S. K., & Griffin, C. L. (1999). Feminist perspectives on communication. In L. A. Baxter & D. O. Braithwaite (Eds.), Engaging theories in interpersonal communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 189-205). Sage Publications. Review on feminist perspectives to understand how gender and power dynamics shape communication. Reflect on how these perspectives influence communication practices and theories. Online Resource: Communication Theory. (n.d.). In Communication Theory.org. Retrieved July 22, 2024, from http://communicationtheory.org/ For additional information, clarifications, and examples of various communication theories. This resource can help deepen your understanding and provide up-to-date information on evolving theories. Prepared by: Checked by: Noted by: Anarna, Arlene R. Jharen G. Macayan Maria Beatriz B. Sico,MM Andamo, Mica E. Subject Lead Teacher- English 11 Principal Baccay, Jolivette E. Balabat, Martina L. Barrera, Shaien Apol Gwen A. Laureles, Charmaine A. Lizano, Jenny M. Macayan, Jharen G. Mendoza, Gladys L. Seluzon, Medelyn S. Subject Teachers Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 13