Obligations-and-Contracts (1).pdf

Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Module 1 Article 1156 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, - New Civil Code of the Philippines - mga batas na nagsasaad kung pano makitungo sa bawat isa - took effect on August 30,1950 An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do or not to do. - juridical necessity: maari kang i-demanda sa korte kung hindi mo na-comply yung naipangako mong gagawin mo sa ibang tao A civil obligation is enforceable by court action unlike natural obligations. Natural obligations are civil obligations but because of the long passage of time, your rights about that subject matter “expire” or be prescribed. Example of prescriptive period: - obligations arising from a written contract Under the Law, 10 years lang bago mag prescribed yung rights mo. ex: ikaw ay nagpautang, at yung utang na yon ay nasa written contract, sabi sa batas sa loob ng 10 years you need to do things and exert effort such as give a demand letter for you to collect yung mga utang sayo. After 10 years nag-eexpire or nag-prescribe na ang karapatan mong makakolekta May civil obligation ka at yung nangutang sayo sa loob ng 10 years After 10 years kung wala kang ginawang paniningil ng utang, yung civil obligation mo magiging natural obligation na lang ○ May obligation pa rin siyang magbayad sayo pero hindi mo na siya pwedeng kasuhan ○ Voluntarily na lang yung pagbabayad niya sayo since nagprescribed na yung katapatan mo, hindi mo na siya pwedeng takutin na dadalhin sa korte Question: Yung mga utang ba na nag prescribed na pwede pa rin bayaran? ○ YES especially if the payor is voluntarily paying even after the prescriptive period Question: What if after ng bayaran bigla siyang nagipit and kailangan na niya ulit yung pera? Pwede niya ba bang bawiin sayo yung binayad niya na sayo dati para sa isang nagprescribed na utang? ○ NO hindi na pwedeng bawiin. The amount paid sa isang natural obligation na lamang ay hindi na pwede ma-recover kasi it’s considered a valid payment. ○ The manner of paying is an admission on the part of the debtor na may kailangan pa siyang bayaran na utang. Kahit nagprescribed or nag-expire na, in-acknowledge pa rin niya na may utang pa siya and bawal na bawiin yung binayad nya. Requisites/ Elements of an obligation: a. Active subject (creditor or obligee) - the party who has the right to demand performance of the obligation ○ Sa oras ng singilan, siya yung mas may gustong may push through yung event kaya active subject b. Passive Subject (debtor or obligor) - the party who is required to perform the obligation Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Ang mga may utang usually tahimik lang hangga’t hindi ka pa sinisingil or hindi agad mag-volunteer kasi ikaw yung mawawalan ng pera. Tahimik: passive c. Prestation (object or subject matter) - it may consist of giving, doing, or not doing something. ○ ito yung kailangang gawin d. Efficient cause (vinculum juris or juridical tie) - that which binds the parties of an obligation ○ Reason why need gawin ni passive subject yung obligation niya kay active subject Illustration: Through a contract of loan, Diego borrowed P1,000,000 from Cardo a year ago. On the maturity date, who/what is the active subject, passive subjective, prestation and the efficient cause? Active subject: Cardo Passive subject: Diego Prestation: the giving of P1,000,000 Efficient cause: contract of loan Forms of an obligation: a. Oral b. In writing c. Partly oral and partly in writing Kinds of obligation according to the subject matter a. Real Obligations ○ latin word “res”- object ○ Real obligations is the giving of an object ○ represents to give ○ Example: magbigay ka, magdeliver ka ng cellphone b. Personal Obligations 1. Positive personal obligation represents to do Gumawa ng bahay, kumanta sa concert 2. Negative personal obligation represents not to do Huwag mong gawin yung bagay na yon Huwag mong harangan yung daanan ng kapitbahay (right of way) Sources of Obligation: Article 1157. Obligations arise from: 1. Law ○ It is a rule of conduct, just and obligatory, laid down by legitimate authority for common observance and benefit. ○ Article 1158 - Obligations derived from law are not presumed. Only those expressly determined in this Code or in special laws are demandable, and shall be regulated by the Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 precepts of the law which established them; and as to what has not been foreseen, by the provisions of this Book. - not presumed: dapat may actual or specific law bago mo masabi na may obligation ang tao - Example: Tax Laws or Train Law - obligation to pay taxes - Family Code of the Philippines: obligations of family members to each other - Obligation ng mga magulang na alagaan ang mga anak lalo na ang mga menor de edad kasama na dito ang pagbigay ng sustento - Civil obligation and criminal liability ang hindi pagbibigay ng sustento 2. Contracts ○ It is the meeting of the minds between two or more persons or more persons whereby one binds himself with respect to the other to give something or to render some service. ○ At any time that there is a meeting of the minds or si buyer at seller magkapareho sila ng pananaw or they came into an agreement, meron na silang contract ○ Article 1159 - Obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and should be compiled with in good faith. - Once may contract, such as contract of sale, may force of law. Para sa inyo (buyer and seller), yon ang batas and anoman ang nailagay sa contract as long as it is not contrary to law, public morals, policy and good customs pwede, mag-stipulate (demand or specify) kung ano gusto niyo ilagay na provisions sa contract. 3. Quasi-Contracts ○ They refer to certain lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts giving rise to a juridical relation to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched at the expense of another. ○ “Parang contract” hindi siya full-pledged contract because of “unilateral” - isa lang ang nag decide to push through unlike sa regular contract na bilateral ○ The two most common examples are: Negotiorum gestio - This refers to the voluntary administration of the property, business or affairs of another without his consent or authority. There is now an obligation to reimburse the gestor for the necessary and useful expenses. - Example: nagpunta sa ibang bansa yung kapitbahay mo tapos biglang nagkaroon ng calamity, and nasira yung bubong ng mga hawla ng hayop, so there is a tendency na makatakas sila. Bilang mabuting kapitbahay, on your own initiative, pinaayos mo yung hawla ng hayop - Ikaw lang, unilaterally, ang nagdecide - Upon returning of your neighbor, may obligation na siya to reimburse yung mga ginastos mo even though initially he didn’t give any approval - Question: what if sinabi ng kapitbahay mo na bakit mo pinaayos, sino nagbigay ng consent? ANG BATAS MISMO ANG NAGSABI OR NAGBIGAY NG CONSENT. - Ang point of view ng batas is if yung may-ari ang nasa bahay and nakikita niya na sira na ang hawla, yon din naman ang Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 gagawin niya. And kung may ibang tao na gumawa non para sayo, it is your obligation to reimburse. Solutio indebiti - This refers to the payment by mistake of an obligation, in excess of what should have been paid or payment to a person not due to receive it. - Namali ang bayad or sumobra ang bayad, may obligation tayo na ibalik ito. - Hindi ka pwedeng makinabang at the expense of another person. 4. Delicts - These are acts or omissions punishable by law. This refers to crimes or felonies defined under the law to be punishable as such. - Revised Penal Code: laws about crimes, special penal laws - Pinagmumulan ng obligation ang crimes kasi may criminal liability na makukulong ka at meron ding civil liability na kailangan may babayaran ka - A person that is criminally liable is also civilly liable. - Example: crime of arson (panunuyog ng bagay na pagmamay-ari ng ibang tao) makukulong ka na at kailangan mo pa i-reimburse yung halaga ng nasunog mo 5. Quasi-Delicts - tort or culpa aquiliana - There are acts or omissions that cause damage to another. There being fault or negligence but without any existing contractual relation between the parties. There is now an obligation to pay for damages. - “Parang crime” - Intent: meron sa crime wala sa quasi-delict - Sa crime, nandon yung intention mo na makasakit - Sa quasi-delict walang intention na makasakit pero nakasakit ka pa rin due to negligence - Example: nagmamaneho ka ng sasakyan pero dahil sa pagmamadali ka, nakasagasa ka (wala kang intent pero dahil sa negligence mo nakaasksidente ka) so you have to pay for the damages such as bill sa hospital Nature and Effect of Obligations Article 1163 - Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another standard of care. - tulad ng isang pag-aalaga ng isang ama sa isang pamilya: gagawin mo ang lahat para hindi mapahamak ang iyong mag-ina - Example: nagtitinda ka ng pets at may bumili sayo ng aso tapos iddeliver mo sa buyer next week. Hindi porket bayad na, pababayaan mo na lang yung aso. Proper diligence of a good father of a family implies na kailangan alagaan mo pa rin siya. - Unless nanghihingi pa ng higher standard of care - Example: everytime sumasakay tayo sa jeep and other public transportation, we enter a contract of carriage. Under the law, it requires the kind of care na extraordinary Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 diligence, ibig sabihin na ganon ka dapat alagaan ng mga transportation vehicles. Pinapangako ng drivers na safe ka makakarating ka sa pupuntahan mo and if naaksidente kayo, that is a breach of contract dahil hindi nasunod ng driver yung extraordinary diligence - Pagsasakay ka ng jeep at hindi ka pa nakakaupo at nasubsob ka, liable pa rin yung driver dahil hindi niya in-exercise yung extraordinary diligence. It is a violation to take good care of the passengers. Determinate/specific thing vs. Generic thing A thing is considered to be determinate if it is particularly designated and physically segregated from all other objects of the same class. Example: 1. I will give you a Toyota vios with plate number ABC123. - Naging mas specific with the plate number kasi bawat kotse ay may plate number but sya lang yung may number na ganon. 2. I will give you a house located at 54B Scout Tuazon, Quezon City. (Specific because of the location) 3. I will give you the pen that I am holding right now. - Kahit hindi mo pangalanan, but you are pertaining to a specific object. A generic thing is identified only by its species. The debtor can give anything of the same class as long as it is of the same kind. Example: I will give you a car. - Generic object kasi maraming uri ng kotse. You need to identify kung ano ang determinate or specific kasi yun yung kailangan mo alagaan sa obligation mo. Correlating sa example in the pet shop: hindi lang basta aso yung aalagaan mo, kundi si Casper na binili mo. And if hindi i-specify like: I will give you a dog; pwedeng hindi mo alagaan ng todo yung aso kasi kung mamatay man, matutupad mo pa rin yung pangako or obligation mo na magbigay ng aso. - Genus nungram perit: genus never perishes, na kahit mamatay yung aso may iba pa namang aso sa ibang lugar What are the obligations of a debtor obliged to give a determinate thing? 1. To take good care of the thing with the diligence of a good father of a family unless the law or agreement of the parties requires another standard of care. 2. To deliver the thing. - Ang delivery ng subject matter ang nakapagpapalit ng ownership - Pag nadeliver na ni seller kay buyer yung subject matter, that’s the only time na nalilipat yung ownership. 3. To deliver the fruits of the thing. a. Natural fruits: they are the spontaneous products of the soul and the young and other products of animals. - tumubo na lang nang hindi na kailangan ng tulong ng tao - anak ng hayop (puppy, cattle) - hayop na ipinanganak na may tulong ng veterinary - Under the law, ang mga hayop ay natural fruits Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 b. Industrial fruits: they refer to those produced by land of any kind through cultivation or labor. - kailangan ng tulong ng magsasaka bago tumubo (palay, mais, tobacco) c. Civil fruits: refer to fruits that are the result of a juridical relation. - Interest income, fruit from the loan - Rent income, from your property Article 1164 - The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been delivered to him. - In this instance, the creditor is considered a buyer or the active object - Illustration: On August 1, Mr. A promised to give a specific dog to Mr. B. Based on their agreement, the dog should be delivered to Mr. B on August 15. Unfortunately, the dog was delivered on August 31. Unknown to Mr. B, the dog gave birth to 3 puppies on August 21. Who should be entitled to the three puppies? - Under the law, lahat ng fruits of the right kay creditor dapat from the time the obligation to deliver it arises. So on August 15, lahat ng fruits (natural fruits) ng dog are entitled to Mr. B kahit na nanganak sa bahay ni Mr. A. - What if the dog gave birth on August 10? The puppies are entitled to Mr. A kasi hindi pa dumarating yung time para i-deliver yung dog. - If hindi napag-usapan yung date of delivery sa isang contract of sale, dapat itong madeliver immediately. Example: if the dog gave birth the night before your supposed delivery, the puppies are entitled na sa buyer. (Kasi immediately demandable yung delivery kung walang napag-usapan.) Personal right VS Real right Personal right is the right to demand from another, the fulfillment of the latter’s obligation to give, to do or not to do. Real right is the right or interest of a person over a specific thing without a definite passive subject against whom the right may be personally enforced. It is binding against the whole world. Example: Si seller may ibinentang specific dog, hanggang hindi pa naiddeliver ni seller yung specific dog kay buyer, ang tanging meron lang si buyer mula kay seller dahil may perfected contract naman is personal right. Hanggang wala pa sa kanya yung aso, wala pa siyang karapatan don sa aso. Since personal right lang meron siya, pwede niya kulitin si seller na ideliver na yung dog, pwede siya magdemand or ilaban against that person. Ang real right naman, magkakaroon ka nito pag na-deliver na yung mismong aso sayo. Yung karapatan niya sa aso pwede niya na ilaban against the world world. Ikaw na yung mismong owner since na tanggap mo na upon delivery, kaya hindi na pwedeng kunin sayo. If ever may kumuha nung aso sayo, pwede mo na kasuhan. Yung personal right mo magiging real right pag na-delivery na sayo. Pag wala pang delivery, ang pwede mo lang habulin ay yung nagtitinda. - Ownership over properties are acquired and transmitted by delivery. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Accessions VS Accessories Article 1166 - The obligations to give a determinate thing includes that of delivering all its accessions and accessories, even though they may not have been mentioned. Accessions: they are everything that is incorporated or attached to a thing, either naturally or artificially. ○ Example: bumili ka ng lupa and may nakatanim na puno ng mangga. Kahit hindi sinabi sa contract kung kasama yung puno sa pagmamay-ari mo o delivery, kasama ito dahil ito ay considered na accession kasi naka-incorporate ito sa lupa. But kung explicitly sinabi sa contract na hindi kasama yung puno ng mangga, hindi ito kasama sa delivery. Accessories: those joined to or included with the principal thing for the latter’s better use, perfection or enjoyment. ○ Example: wristwatch. The principal thing is the watch itself and the strap is considered an accessory kasi hindi mo ito magagamit ng matino without the strap. ○ Cellphone. Yung battery considered as an accessory kasi pag tinanggal mo yung battery hindi na gagana yung cellphone. Yung accession kahit tanggalin mo, kaya pa mag-function nung principal object but yung accessory if tinanggal mo, (may effect sa principal object) hindi mo na magagamit or ma-eenjoy nang maayos yung principal object. ○ Jelly case of a cell phone: accession Remedies of the creditor If the debtor fails to perform his obligations to deliver a determinate thing: ○ To compel the debtor to make the delivery ○ To demand damages from the debtor Yan lang option mo because it is a determinate thing, hindi pwedeng bumili sa iba kasi specific yon If the debtor fails to perform his obligation to deliver a generic thing: ○ To ask that the obligation be complied with at the expense of the debtor. Sa iba na bibili, pero si seller na ang magsshoulder ng expenses ○ To demand damages from the debtor. Pwede mong hanapin sa ibang seller yung bagay, kasi meron pang same kind sa iba. If the debtor fails to perform his obligation in obligations to do: ○ If the debtor fails to perform the obligation or performs it but contravenes the tenor thereof, the creditor may have the obligation executed at the expense of the debtor or he may also demand damages from the debtor. Nag-usap kayo ng karpintero na magpapagawa ka ng bahay, pero biglang ayaw nya na. As a customer pwedeng sa ibang karpintero mo na ipagawa pero yung charges shoulder na nung unang karpintero. Pero kung hindi ka makahanap ng iba, pwede mong singilin sa damages. Hindi mo siya pwedeng pilitin gawin yung bahay kung labag na sa loob niy dahil it is a violation of his right against involuntary servitude. ○ If the debtor performs the obligations but does it poorly, the creditor may have the same be undone at the debtor’s expense or he may also demand damages from the debtor. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 If the debtor does what has been forbidden him: ○ The creditor may demand that what has been done be undone but at his expense. ○ He may also demand damages from the debtor. Grounds for liability to pay for damages: Article 1170 - Those who in the performance of their obligation are guilty of fraud, negligence or delay, and those who in any manner contravene the tenor, thereof, are liable for damages. Damages VS Injury Damages: refer to the harm done or the sum of money that may be recovered in reparation for the harm done. - sum of money na makukuha mo sa perwisyong napala - harm done: may isang criminal na sumunog ng bahay mo/ na-damage bahay mo, ang damage ay tumutukoy sa naging pinsala sa iyong ari-arian dahil sa ginawa ng ibang tao Injury: refers to the wrongful, unlawful or tortious act which causes loss or harm to another. It is the legal wrong to be redressed. - focused sa karapatan mong na-violate DAMNUM ABSQUE INJURIA - Damage without injury - Normal scenario: nasira yung property mo, na-violate karapatan mo - Example: sinunog yung kotse mo: na-damage yung kotse mo kasi sinunog, na-injure kasi na-violate yung karapatan mo bilang may-ari - But hindi sa lahat ng pagkakataon, sa damage may injury - Example: ikaw ay isang squatter, kapag pinapaalis na kayo ng may-ari dahil gagamitin na niya yung lupa and hindi kayo sumunod, magpapadala sila ng demolition team. Pag inararo yung barong-barong niyo, may damage pero legally wala kang karapatan masaktan, walang injury dahil una pa lang alam mo nang ganon yung mangayayari dahil hindi naman talaga sa inyo yung lupa. Kinds of damages: 1. Actual/ Compensatory Damages - These refer to the pecuniary loss that was actually incurred by the plaintiff. It includes the actual value of the loss suffered and profits not realized. - Example: ikaw ay nakaaksidente ng dumadaan, pag siya ay naospital, yung gastos niya sa ospital ay actual damages. - Sa Actual/ Compensatory Damages, bago siya makahingi ng danyos need niya ng proof of actual damages or resibo ng gastos 2. Moral Damages - They include physical suffering, mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock and social humiliation - Example: mga pinagsamantalahan, may karapatan silang humingi ng moral damages - As an accountancy student kahit naramdaman mo na yan, hindi mo pwedeng kasuhan ang school mo dahil sa damnum absque injuria, damage without injury, hindi na-violate yung karapatan mo Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 dahil expected mo na dapat yon na mahihirapan ka sa accountancy and dahil wala namang namilit sayo hindi ka entitled sa moral damages 3. Nominal Damages - Damages awarded to a party whose right has been violated - Hindi ganon kalaki yung damages to the point na hindi kailangan malaman yung actual damages - Example: nagkabanggan kayo and maliit lang naman gasgas, inaareglo na lang nila, tinatansya na lang and nag aagree sa amount. Such as 2k na lang yung ibabayad sa gasgas, yon yung nominal damages, hindi na kailangan ng resibo 4. Temperate or moderate Damages - they are more than nominal but less than actual damages. The court may award temperate damages if the court finds some pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with certainty. 5. Liquidated Damages - Damages agreed upon by the parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach. - Sa simula pa lang ng contract, pinag-uusapan na nila na kung may hindi sumunod sa contract, magbabayad ng damages - Hindi na kailangan i-prove na yung effect or abala sayo ay nagkakahalaga ng *200,000 kasi sa simula pa lang, napag-usapan niyo na kapag may hindi sumunod or gumawa ng obligasyon niya ganong amount ang babayaran niya 6. Exemplary or corrective Damages - These are imposed by way of example or correction for public good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory damages. - Example: gumagawa ng mga karumal dumal na krimen katulad ng massacre bukod sa pagbabayad sa moral damages at compensatory damages, nagdadagdag din ang korte ng exemplary damages upang magsilbing warning ito sa publiko upang huwag tularan o pamarisan Fraud - Is the deliberate or intentional evasion by the debtor of the normal compliance of his obligation. Art. 1170 - refers to the fraud committed by the debtor at the time of the performance of the obligation. Art. 1338-1344 - refers to fraud employed in obtaining consent Kinds of Fraud: A. Fraud in obtaining consent: - niloko ka para makuha yung consent mo 1. Causal Fraud or Dolo Causante - fraud of a serious kind, without which, consent would not have been given. It renders the contract voidable for it is a defect in one of the essential elements of a contract, “consent”. - fraud ang naging dahilan para makuha mo consent niya - Example: gusto mo maglasing, pagpunta mo sa tindahan ubos na yung alak nila pero sa kagustuhan niyang makabenta ang inabot niya sayo ay suka - Ito ay panloloko at para makuha yung consent mo (agree na bumili), pinaniwala ka niyang alak yung binebenta niya. Kung sa simula pa lang sinabi niya nang hindi ito alak, Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 suka ito, kung hindi ka niya niloko, hindi niya makukuha consent mo, wala rin siyang benta. 2. Incidental Fraud or Dolo Incidente - This refers to fraud without which consent would have still been given but the person giving such consent would have agreed on different terms. It would not render the contract void but the party committing the fraud shall be liable for damages. - Ito yung klase ng pangloloko na kahit niloko mo siya, may consent pa rin pero different terms yung maibibigay niya - Example: “Ate pabili ng alak” pag tingin ng tindera sa shelf may alak naman talaga. Pero nung tinanong mo kung magkano, sabi niya “sir 10,000 yung isang bote ng alak” so nagtaka ka bakit ang mahal, sagot niya naman “kasi po 20 years old na yung alak.” Dahil inom na inom ka na, pumayag ka naman pero in reality 2 month old pa lang yung alak. - May panloloko, pero kahit may panloloko makukuha pa rin sana ang consent mo. Sinabi mong ate pabili ng alak, kung sinabi nung tindera yung totoo, matutuloy pa rin yung transaction, bibili ka pa rin ng alak pero hindi sa halagang 10,000. B. Fraud in the performance of the obligation - This is the deliberate act of evading fulfillment of an obligation in a normal manner. The party committing fraud shall be liable for damages - after makuha yung consent mo, nung i-perform na yung obligation doon nagloko - Example: “Ate pabili ng alak.” This time totoong alak na yung binigay sayo and siningil ka ng tama. Walang fraud sa pagkuha ng consent mo para pumayag ka sa contract of sale. Bago umuwi, naki-cr ka and tumikim si ateng tindera sa alak. So nabawasan, para hindi ka magalit dahil nabawasan, tinubigan niya. - Ang pagbebenta ng isang alak na natubigan niya ay isang panloloko. Pag napatunayan ng buyer na tinubigan ng seller, the seller should be liable for damages. Rules in waiver of Fraud: Past Fraud or fraud committed in the past can be waived. Such an act is considered as liberality on the part of the creditor. - naganap na yung panloloko, pwede mo patawarin or i-waive yung kaso Future Fraud or fraud still to be committed cannot be waived even if there is an agreement to that effect. Such stipulation is void for being contrary to public policy. Example: - nanloko yung jowa mo last week (past fraud) so pag humingi ng tawad pwede mo pa patawarin - “Tutal pinatawad mo na ako sa ginawa kong panloloko, baka pwedeng patawarin mo na ulit ako kasi gagawin ko ulit.” Hindi mo pwedeng hingan ng waiver yung gagawin mong future fraud. Delikadong i-allow ng batas na pwedeng i-wave ang future fraud dahil magiging prone to abuse. Negligence - is the omission of that diligence which is required by the nature of the obligation and corresponds with the circumstance of the person, of the time, and of the place. It is the failure to observe the required degree of care, precaution and vigilance that the circumstances justly demand. - depende sa tao, oras o lugar Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 - Examples: - circumstance of the person: pagtulog (normal thing to do), pagpapabaya ang pagtulog kung ikaw ay isang security guard habang nakaduty - circumstance of the time: okay lang kung nasira ang mga ilaw ng jeep mo habang namamasada ka ng umaga ngunit pumapasada ka pa rin ng gabi at sira pa rin ang headlights mo, negligence na yon - circumstance of the place: ang pagpapatakbo ng 80-100 kph ay normal lang kung nasa TPLEX, pero considered as negligence kung nagpatakbo ka nang ganon kabilis sa labas ng isang eskwelahan o simbahan. - Diligence to be observed - If the law or contract does not state the diligence which is to be observed in the performance of that obligation, the debtor must observe the diligence of a good father of a family, as required by the nature of the obligation and which corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of the time or of the place. Kinds of Negligence: Culpa Contractual: negligence in the performance of a contract. It supposes a pre-existing contractual relationship between the parties. This is negligence in the performance of the obligation arising from a contract resulting in damages. ○ violation of contract of carriage, pag naaksidente kayo habang nakasakay ka sa jeep Culpa Aquiliana (civil negligence, or tort or quasi-delict or culpa extra contractual): this is quasi-delict where the negligence itself is the independent source of the obligation. ○ may nasagasaan na dumaraan, therefor an obligation arises to pay the damages Culpa Criminal (Criminal Negligence): this is negligence that results in commission of a crime. ○ naging pabaya ka dahil may masama kang intensyon, nanunog or nanira ng gamit ng iba Kahit isa lang yung event or aksidente pwedeng magresult sa dalawang kind ng negligence, depende sa kung sino ang nabiktima. Halimbawa, taxi driver ka tapos may nasagasaan kang dumaraan yung obligation mo to pay for the damages arises sa negligence mo (culpa aquiliana dahil wala naman kayong pre-existing contract) tapos nasugatan pa yung mga pasahero mo, dahil may contract na kayo which is contract of carriage and naviolate mo yon babayaran mo siya ng damages (culpa contractual). Delay or Default or Mora Delay is the non-fulfillment of an obligation with respect to time or delay in the fulfillment of an obligation, contrary to what was agreed upon. ○ hindi natupad ang usapan niyo kung kailan dapat mangyari Kinds: ○ Mora Solvendi - delay on the part of the debtor Ex.: usapan niyo is magbabayad ng December 31, pero lumagpas na hindi pa rin nagbabayad yung debtor ○ Mora Accipiendi - delay on the part of the creditor. It exists when the creditor unjustly refuses to accept the thing. Ex.: ayaw pa tumanggap ng creditor ng bayad dahil gusto pa nila tumakbo yung interest (kahit bawal din ito). Pag due date na at gusto na magbayad ng debtor, required mong tanggapin. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Compensatio Morae - delay in reciprocal obligations, both parties are in default. It is as if there is no delay. Ex.: si buyer hindi pa nakapagbayad and si seller hindi pa maibibigay yung product When is there delay? (Legal delay) ○ As a rule, the debtor incurs delay from the time the creditor demands fulfillment of the obligation (either juridically or extra-juridically) and the debtor fails to comply with such demand. Hence, no demand, no delay. Due date is December 31 and January 1 na naghihintay ka lang hindi pa siya nagbabayad, that person is on ordinary delay Legal delay: liable ka na for damages and interest. If January 5 na, tinext mo sya and hindi pa rin siya nagbayad, that person is on legal delay. Pag mag-compute for damages and interest, mag-start sa January 5 kung kelan ka nag-demand na bayaran ka na niya. Exceptions to the no demand, no delay rule: ○ When the law or the obligation so provides - When there is an express provision of the law or stipulation by the parties that there is no need for a demand for the performance of the obligation - Example 1: In paying taxes, the due date is April 15. Hindi ka na kailangan pang paalalahanan ng gobyerno na magbayad ng buwis mo. In April 16, mag-start na agad yung computation mo for damages and interest. - Example 2: On December 31, bayaran mo yung utang mo na 2,000, without need of demand. Ibig sabihin pag January 1 na, hindi ka na kailangan pang paalalahanan, automatic magiging liable ka na for damages and interest. When the time is of the essence of the contract - When the designation of the time for the performance of the obligation is the controlling motive for the establishment of the obligation. - Example: Nagpagawa ka ng gown for your debut at August 21. Then, at August 21 na wala pa rin yung gown. Hindi mo na kailangan mag-demand sa tailoring shop kasi alam naman nilang Aug. 21 yung debut mo and dapat na-deliver na nila yon. When demand would be useless as when the obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform. - In reciprocal obligations, from the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other begins notwithstanding the absence of a demand. - Example: yung seller na bibilhan mo ng specific na aso, binenta na pala yung aso sa iba. So wala nang sense na mag-demand ka pa don sa seller kasi hindi niya na kayang i-perform yung obligation niya, magstart na agad yung delay niya. Effects of Delay: ○ On the part of the debtor: The debtor shall be liable for the payment of damages. If the obligation consists in the delivery of a determinate thing, he shall be liable even if the thing is lost due to a fortuitous event. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 - Ex. On September 1, tinawag mo yung seller na dapat madeliver na yung aso sayo. But on September 3, tinamaan ng kidlat ang aso (kahit fortuitous event), liable na yung seller dahil in legal delay na sya. ○ On the part of the creditor: He shall bear the risk of loss and shall shoulder the expenses for the preservation of the thing. The debtor may resort to the consignation of the thing due. - Ex. Usapan natin na Sept. 1, idedeliver ko yung aso sayo, pero ikaw yung humihindi, pag may nangyaring masama sa aso, ikaw yung mawawalan and ikaw yung liable sa expenses habang inaalagaan ko yung aso dahil ayaw mo pang tanggapin. Fortuitous Events Article 1174 - Except in cases expressly specified by law, or which it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen (ex. lindol), or which, though foreseen, were inevitable (ex. bagyo). - These are events that could not be foreseen or which, though foreseen are inevitable. It is not enough that the event should not be foreseen or anticipated, but it must be one impossible to foresee or avoid. Requisites of fortuitous event to be accepted as a justification for the non-performance of an obligation to deliver a determinate thing: The cause must be independent of the debtor’s will There must be impossibility of foreseeing the event or if it can be foreseen, it must be impossible to avoid The occurrence must be of such magnitude as to render it impossible for the debtor to perform his obligation. The debtor must be free from participation in the non-performance, damage or loss of the property brought about by the fortuitous event. ex. Ikaw yung seller at natamaan yung specific na aso na iddeliver mo ng kidlat, pag lahat ito present, hindi na liable yung seller/ debtor, wala na siyang obligation sa buyer dahil yung obligation niya na-extinguish na because of the fortuitous event. General Rule: If the foregoing requisites are present in a case, then the debtor shall not be liable for non-performance of the obligation due to a fortuitous event. His obligation is extinguished. Exceptions: When the debtor is in delay When the debtor promised the same thing to two or more persons who don't have the same interest When the parties stipulate or agree that the debtor will not be exempted from liability even if non-performance of the obligation is due to a fortuitous event Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 When the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk (ex. Insurance company) When the thing to be delivered is generic Article 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by special laws Usury is contracting for or receiving interest in excess of the amount allowed by law for the loan or use of money, goods, chattels or credits. Usury is now legally non-existent. Parties are now free to stipulate any amount of interest. This is due to Central Bank Circular No. 905 that took effect on January 1, 1983. It does not, however, give absolute right to the creditor to charge the debtor interest that is “iniquitous or unconscionable.” (wala nang limit sa interest ngayon pero wag naman yung masyadong abusado) Presumptions on receipts of principal and installment payments (Art. 1176) The receipt of the principal without reservation as to interest, shall give rise to the presumption that the interest has been paid - ex. Pinautang kita 1,000 ang usapan natin after one year ay 100 so ang total na utang mo sakin is 1,100. Nung bayaran na 1,000 lang yung inaabot mo. Ang tamang pag resibo ay yung 100 ay bayad don sa interest at yung 900 ay bayad sa principal. Hindi mo pwedeng resibo na yung 1,000 lang (yung principal lang) dahil may nag-aarise na isang presumption: na dahil ini-indicate mo na ang payment, yung 1,000 ay para sa buong payment ng principal, iniimply mo na bayad na yung interest, which in reality hindi pa bayad interest. Logic states na una mo dapat bayaran yung interest bago yung principal. - Kung magresibo ka ng 1,000 na for principal lang, ilagay mong “Received 1,000 for the payment of principal but the interest is not yet paid.” , para hindi mag-arise yung presumption The receipt of a later installment without reservation as to prior installments, shall give rise to the presumption that prior installments have been paid. - ex. I have a boarding house, per room is 5,000 per month. Yung isang nagdorm, tatlong buwan na hindi nakapagbayad, January-March. Then nung nakasalubong mo siya, nagbayad siya ng 5,000. Under the law, ang pinaka tamang buwan para sa resibo ng 5,000 ay para sa buwan ng January. Kasi kung ang nilagay mo na ang bayad niya ay para sa February or March, it gives rise to the presumption: na dahil nagreresibo ka na para sa March, bayad na siya ng January at February. - Kung gagawin mong for March yung bayad sa resibo idagdag mo na January and February has not yet been paid. Para hindi mag give rise sa assumption na bayad na yung ibang buwan. The foregoing are mere disputable presumptions (not conclusive) and the creditor may rebut such with clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Different remedies of the creditor to enforce payment of his claims against the debtor (Art. 1177): a. Specific performance - Exact fulfillment of the obligation by specific or substitute performance with a right to damages in either case - if may utang sayo yung isang tao, pwede ka mag-file ng collection case at yung judge ang mag-uutos sa debtor na magbayad ng utang niya sayo Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 b. Attachment - Pursue the property in the possession of the debtor, except those exempt by law - Hihilain ng korte ang mga ari-arian ng debtor, ibebenta para ikaw ay mabayaran - Properties exempt by law: Family home unless ito yung nakasangla, gamit sa paghahanapbuhay, clothing and kailangan mag-iwan ng provision for at least 3 months. c. Accion subrogatoria - To be subrogated to all the rights and actions of the debtor save those which are inherent in his person - Si A may utang sayo, si B naman may utang kay A. Pwedeng utusan na lang ng korte si B na direktang magbayad sayo, this process is called process of garnishment d. Accion pauliana - Asking the court to rescind or to impugn all the acts which the debtor may done to defraud the creditors - minsan may loko-lokong debtors na, pinapasok sa sa deed of sale yung properties nila para hindi mo ma-attach or mahila. Pwede mo i-request sa korte na i-impugn or i-cancel yung mga kontrata na pinasok nung loko-lokong debtors sa ibang tao, para bumalik yung ownership sa debtor at pwede mo na ma-attach. Before using the remedy of accion pauliana, you need to exhaust the three remedies first, making it your last resort, because in accion pauliana, there is a third party affected. Relativity of Contracts - A contract can only bind the parties who have entered into it or their successors who have assumed their personality or their juridical position and that, as a consequence, such contract can neither favor nor prejudice a third person. - Ang pwede lang maapektuhan ng isang kontrata ay kung sino lang mismo ang pumasok doon at yung successors nila. Ang hahabulin lang nung kontrata ay kung sino ang nakapirma. - Hindi mo pwedeng manahin ang utang ng ibang tao. Under the relativity of contracts, hindi mo dapat utang yon. Lumalabas lang na utang ang minana mo dahil konti na lang ang matitira sa assets niya pagkabayad sa mga utang ng lolo mo. - Bago makuha ng successors ang mana sa assets ng lolo nila, kailangan bayaran muna yung utang ng lolo noong buhay pa siya. Lahat ng hindi mababayaran na liabilities ng lolo niya, kailangan i-write off na ito ng creditors. Hindi ka dapat habulin o hindi dapat maapektuhan yung personal assets mo para pambayad sa utang ng lolo mo. - Yung ibang tao na binabayaran yung utang ng kamag-anak nila, it is not a civil obligation but more of a moral obligation. Exceptions are intransmissible rights and obligations : By their nature as when the special or personal qualification of the obligor constitutes one of the principal motives for the establishment of the contract By stipulation of the parties, as when the contract expressly provides that the obligor shall perform an act by himself and not through another By provision of law, as in the case of those arising from a contract of partnership or of agency ○ A, B and C ay partners sa isang partnership. Namatay si A, hindi pwedeng successor yung anak niya. Hindi transmissible ang karapatan maging miyembro sa isang partnership dahil ang isang partnership ay dapat may mutual trust at confidence. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Module 2 Kinds of Obligations: 1. Pure Obligation - is one without a term or condition and is demandable immediately. ○ Article 1179. Every obligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain event, or upon a past event unknown to the parties, is demandable at once. ○ Ex. Sabi ko sayo, “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000.” Ito ay isang pure obligation, walang kasunod na condition, walang hinihintay na period of time na dumaan muna. Kailan mo ko pwedeng hingan ng ₱20,000? IMMEDIATELY DEMANDABLE 2. Conditional Obligation - an obligation where its demadability or creation depends on the fulfillment of a condition Classifications of Conditions: A condition must be both a future and uncertain event. (If it is a future but certain event, it is not a condition but is called a period) Suspensive - a condition where the happening of which will give rise to the obligation, also known as condition antecedent or c ondition precedent. ○ Condition na kapag nangyari na yung bagay na yon (yung condition na yon), doon pa lang magkakaroon ng obligation yung nangako ○ Ex.: “I will give you ₱20,000 kapag pumasa ka sa paparating na CPA na Board Exam.” Ang tawag sa condition ay suspensive condition dahil yung obligation sayo na bibigyan ng ₱20,000 ay nakadepende pa kung matutupad mo yung condition. ○ Kailan lang ako magkaroon ng obligation na magbigay ng ₱20,000? KAPAG NAPASA MO NA YUNG PAPARATING NA BOARD EXAM. pag hindi ka pumasa, walang obligation na magbigay ng ₱20,000 ○ Kapag nangyari o natupad yung condition, doon pa lang magkaroon ng obligation Resolutory - a condition where the happening of which extinguishes the obligation, also known as condition subsequent. The obligation is demandable immediately but shall be extinguished upon the happening of the Resolutory condition. ○ Kabaliktaran ng suspensive condition ○ Kapag natupad na yung Resolutory condition, titigil na yung obligation ko sayo ○ Ex.: “Anak, bibigyan kita ng sustento every month hangga’t hindi ka pa nakapagtatapos ng college.” Tawag dito ay Resolutory condition dahil nakadepende na kung titigil yung obligation ko sayo kung ikaw ay makakatapos ng college. Kung hindi man makakatapos ng college, hindi titigil yung obligation ko na magbigay ng allowance every month. ○ Kailan mo ko pwede kulitin tungkol don sa allowance? AGAD-AGAD. (Demandable immediately) ○ Pag nangyari na yung condition, titigil na yung obligation. Potestative - a condition that depends upon the will of one of the contracting parties ○ Either will ng debtor or will ng creditor ○ Article 1182. When the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will of the debtor, the conditional obligation shall be void. Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag gusto ko na.” Ako yung magbibigay/ debtor, ikaw yung tatanggap/creditor, pero yung condition ay nakadepende sa will ko. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 This is called a Purely Potestative Condition, dahil nakadepende sa will ng debtor, which is considered void. Void dahil possible na hindi magkatotoo ang condition, dahil puwedeng gumawa ng paraan si debtor na hindi magkatotoo yung condition para hindi magkaroon ng obligation. May risk na pwedeng hindi mag-arise yung obligation dahil nakadepende sa debtor. ○ Allowed pag yung condition nakadepende sa will ng creditor Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag gusto mo na.” Kapag sinabi mong gusto mo na, mag aarise na yung obligation ng debtor. Casual - a condition that depends upon chance or upon the will of a third person ○ Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag nag-champion sa NBA ang Los Angeles Lakers.” Nakadepende upon chance, walang assurance na sila ang magiging champion. ○ Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag sinagot ka ng nililigawan mo.” Nakadepende sa will ng nililigawan mo, kapag sinagot ka na, mag aarise na yung obligation na bigyan ka ng ₱20,000. Mixed - a condition that depends partly upon the will of one of the parties and partly upon the will of a third person. ○ Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag nag-apply ka sa SGV at natanggap ka.” Dalawa yung condition, nakadepende sayo kung mag-apply ka at nakadepende sa HR ng SGV kung tatangapin ka. Possible - one that is capable of fulfillment by nature or law ○ Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag natapos mong basahin yung libro ni Atty. De Leon na Oblicon.” Possible mo makuha kapag natapos mo na, medyo mahirap pero possible. Impossible - one that is not capable of fulfillment in its nature, or impossible in law; the effect would be to nullify both the condition and the obligation. ○ Imposibleng gawin o bawal sa batas ○ impossible by nature: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag nakapag-dunk ka mula sa half court line.” Walang bisa ang ganitong condition dahil parang sinabi mo na rin na hindi ka makakapagbigay dahil hindi naman talaga kakayanin. ○ impossible by law: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kung papatayin mo yung kaaway ko.” Possible pero sa mata ng batas impossible o mali kaya considered na null o void. Positive - a condition that is supposed to happen or occur or something that must be done ○ Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag nilinis mo ang kwarto mo.” Kailangan mong gawin Negative - a condition characterized by an event not supposed to happen or something that must not be done. ○ Ex.”Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag hindi ka muna lalabas ng bahay ngayong weekend.” Something negative: hindi mo dapat gawin. Hindi ka dapat lumabas ng bahay, pag natupad mo yung condition, mag-arise na yung obligation ko na magbigay Article 1186. The condition shall be deemed fulfilled when the obligor voluntarily prevents its fulfillment. Ex.: “Bibigyan kita ng ₱20,000 kapag sinagot ka na ng nililigawan mo na si Maria.” Ngunit di mo alam, kinakausap ko si Maria at sinisiraan kita para hindi ako mawalan ng ₱20,000. Kapag nalaman mo na ganoon pala nangyayari, the condition shall be deemed fulfillment. The Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 debtor/obligor shall be liable na para sa ₱20,000 dahil voluntarily ako yung nag-prevent para hindi matupad yung condition na ako rin naman ang nag-establish. Rules in case of loss, deterioration or improvement of determinate thing before the fulfillment of a Suspensive condition. (Art. 1189) Ex. “Ibibigay ko sayo ang aking kotse na may plate number na ABC123 kapag nakapasa ka sa October 2021 CPA Board Exam.” (500,000 yung worth ng kotse, 13 months pagitan from the time na nangako ako sayo to the time na pwede mong matupad yung condition) Article 1189. When the conditions have been imposed with the intention of suspending the efficacy of an obligation to give, the following rules shall be observed in case of the improvement, loss or deterioration of the thing during the pendency of the condition: 1. If the thing is lost without the fault of the debtor; the obligation shall be extinguished; ○ Ex.: “Habang hindi ka pa pumapasa, nasa akin pa rin yung kotse. Habang naka-park yung kotse ko sa labas, tinamaan ng kidlat yung kotse at sumabog.” ○ Question: Pagdating October 2021 at pumasa ka sa board exam, may obligation pa ba ang debtor sayo na magbigay ng kotse? WALA NA kasi yung pinangakong kotse na may number na ABC123 (determinate thing) ay nasira nang walang kasalanan si debtor. 2. If the thing is lost through the fault of the debtor, he shall be obliged to pay damages; it is understood that the thing is lost when it perishes, or goes out of commerce, or disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered; ○ Ex. “Bibigyan kita ng kotse kapag pumasa ka sa Board Exam.” Ngunit habang hinihintay na matupad yung condition, ginagamit siya at nabangga ang kotse at nasira. Dumating yung October 2021, at pumasa ka. Question: Obligado pa rin ba ako sayo na magbigay ng kotse? YES, but hindi na yung mismong kotse dahil sa negligence ni debtor. Obliged na si debtor na magpay ng damages. Kinds of losses: ○ Physical loss - when a thing perishes as when a house is burned. Ex. nasira yung bahay, sumabog yung kotse ○ Legal loss - there was a time na hindi naman bawal ang marijuana, naging bawal lang siya nung may batas nang nagsasabi na kasama siya sa prohibited drugs. Kaya nung pinagbawal na, it goes out of commerce, bawal na ibenta sa market. ○ Civil loss - blue diamond sa Titanic ay inihagis sa dagat. Hindi siya physical loss dahil hindi naman nasira o nadurog. Civil loss siya dahil nawala at wala nang pwedeng makinabang because its existence is unknown or it cannot be recovered. Alam naman nating nasa ilalim na ng dagat pero hindi na ganun kadaling i-recover. 3. When the thing deteriorates without the fault of the debtor, the impairment is to be borne by the creditor; Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Kapag ang PPE (kotse) ay ginagamit over a certain period of time, mag-depreciate siya. Habang naghihintay sa October 2021, ginagamit yung kotse. From ₱500,000 naging ₱400,000 na lang yung value ng kotse dahil nag-depreciate. Question: Pumasa ka sa October 2021 Board Exam, may obligation pa rin ba si debtor sayo? YES. Required ba ako mag-abono dahil nag-depreciate yung kotse or hayaan na lang na tig-400,000 na lang yung value nung kotse, sino ang parang ng nawalan ng ₱100,000 na nag-depreciate? The impairment is to be borne by the creditor. Dahil wala namang kasalanan si debtor sa pagbaba ng value ng pinangako niyang bagay, wala nang magagawa si creditor. Hindi pwedeng mag-abono si debtor, dahil kasama ang pag-deteriorate sa risk na matagal ma-comply yung condition. 4. If it deteriorates through the fault of the debtor, the creditor may choose between the recission of the obligation and its fulfillment, with indemnity for damages in either case; ○ Yung kotse may mga gasgas na dahil nabangga ni debtor, may choice si creditor kung hindi niya na kukunin yung kotse (recission/ i-cancel na yung usapan pero magbabayadsi debtor ng damages) o kukunin niya yung kotse na may mga gasgas pero liable pa rin si debtor for damages. 5. If the thing is improved by its nature, or by time, the improvement shall inure to the benefit of the creditor; ○ Habang hinihintay na matupad yung condition, biglang naging in demand yung kotse (ex.naging collector’s item). From ₱500,000 bigla naging ₱2,000,000 yung value. Walang ginawa si creditor at debtor pero tumaas yung value in time. Question: Sino dapat ang makinabang sa increase na ₱1,500,000? It shall inure to the benefit of the creditor. Si creditor na ang makikinabang sa pagtaas, hindi pwedeng magbigay ng pera si creditor kay debtor dahil sa pagtaas ng value. 6. If it is improved at the expense of the debtor, he shall have no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. ○ Usufruct - it is the right to use a certain property. Hindi lang basta gamit, sayo pa mapupunta yung fruits of the thing. ○ Ex.: Pinahiram mo sakin yung bahay niyo. (called commodatum/ pagpapahiram) Pero pagpinahiram mo yung bahay mo at pwede ko pa iparenta sa iba para kumita ako ay tawag doon ay usufruct. Pinagamit mo na yung bahay at yung fruits ay ako pa rin makikinabang. ○ Ang tawag doon sa pinahiram mo ay usufructuary. Habang hindi ko pa binabalik yung bahay, pwede ko i-improve katulad ng pagpipintura at pagpapalagay ng divider. Sa dulo, kailan niyo iconsider kung mababawi niya pa yung improvements na inilagay niya. ○ Under the rule, yung mga improvements ay mapupunta na sa may-ari, the only time na pwede kong tanggalin yung improvements ay kung yung mga idinagdag ay pwede matagal nang hindi nasisira yung subject matter. Any improvements na dinagdag o ako yung nagpagaw ay pwede ma off-set. ○ Yung pintura, hindi na mababawi dahil masisira yung walls. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Ganon din ang karapatan ng debtor, same sa karapatan ng usufruct sa isang usufructuary. ○ Ex.: “Ibibigay ko yung kotse kong ABC123, kapag pumasa ka.” Habang hinihintay yung condition, pinapinturahan at pinalagyan ko ng bagong seat cover. Kapag pumasa ka na sa Board Exam (na-comply mo na yung suspensive condition), anong karapatan ni debtor sa mga bago niyang idinagdag? Kapag may improvement na idinagdag ang isang usufructuary, pwede niyang mauwi kung in the process of pagtanggal nito ay hindi masisira yung subject matter. Ang pwede ko lang iuwi yung seat cover dahil pwede naman kalasin. Ang benefit na lang ni debtor sa pagpintura sa kotse, kunyari nagasgasan niya yung kotse habang ginagamit niya, pwedeng pang offset yon. Hindi niya na kailangan bayaran nang buo yung damages sa pagkakagasgas, i-offset na lang sa gastos dahil may bago namang pintura. Article 1191. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones, in case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon him. The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of the obligation, with the payment of damages in either case. He may also seek rescission, even after he has chosen fulfillment, if the latter should become impossible. Ex. reciprocal obligations: contract of sale, buyer- obligation magbayad, seller-kailangan magbigay ng product Pwedeng i-cancel yung obligations pag reciprocal, just in case yung isang party ay hindi na makapag-comply sa kanyang ipinangako. The injured party may choose kung i-fulfill o i-cancel yung obligation, with the payment of damages. Article 1192. In case both parties have committed a breach of the obligation, the liability of the first infractor shall be equitably tempered by the courts. If it cannot be determined which of the parties first violated the contract, the same shall be deemed extinguished, and each shall bear his own damages. Ex.: contract of sale, yung seller na-delay sa pag-deliver. Pero nung na-deliver na, na-delay naman si buyer sa pagbabayad. May injury silang na-cause sa isa’t isa kaya liable sila for damages. Kung ano man ang liability ng first infractor (seller), dahil na-delay yung pag-deliver, shall be equitably tempered by the courts. Babawasan yung magiging damages niya kay buyer dahil si buyer din ay may pagkukulang. Kung hindi malaman kung sino unang nag-violate, i-ooffset na lang yung atraso niyo sa isa’t isa and each shall bear his own damages. Obligations with a period An obligation with a period is one whose demandability or extinguishment depends on the arrival of a period that is certain to come. If a condition is a future and uncertain event, a period is a future and certain event. parehas na future pero sa condition, walang assurance na mangyayari ang bagay na yon. Sa period sure na mangyayari yon or darating yon. Ex.: sure na darating ang December 1,2020 Ex.: kamatayan ng isang tao Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 “Bibigyan kita ng ₱120,000 pag namatay na ang kapitbahay nyo.” obligation with a period, hindi mo lang alam kelan ngunit mangyayari yon Hindi mo kailangan ma-pinpoint kung kailan mangyayari in the future, ang kailangan lang ay sigurado na mangyayari yon. Article 1180. When the debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so, the obligation shall be deemed to be one with a period, subject to the provisions of article 1197. pag sinabi ng debtor na magbabayad siya ng kanyang utang when his means permit him to do so, hindi ito considered a condition, but a period Terms for when his means permit him to do so: Little by little, as soon as possible, from time to time, at any time I have the money Ex.: “I will pay you ₱5,000 when my means permit me to do so.” Babayaran kita kapag kaya ko na ○ one with a period kasi isa siyang future and certain event ○ magkaiba yung kapag gusto ko na (purely potestative - void because it depends on the will of the debtor) sa kapag kaya ko na (hindi pwedeng never niya kakayanin ng debtor, hindi physically possible na mangyari na never niyang kayanin kasi ang isang tao hanggang siya ay nabubuhay, meron siyang pag-asa na kayanin mabayaran ang utang) Article 1193. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed, shall be demandable only when that day comes. Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate upon arrival of the day certain. “Babayaran ko yung utang ko ₱20,000 pagdating ng December 31,2020.” Kailangan dumating muna yung period para magbayad ako. A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come, although it may not be known when. If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the obligation is conditional, and it shall be regulated by the rules of the preceding Section. Kamatayan ng tao (one with a period) Kinds of Period, Suspensive or Ex die - a period with a suspensive effect or the obligation becomes demandable upon the arrival of the period ○ “Babayaran ko yung utang ko ₱20,000 pagdating ng December 31,2020.” Kailan lang ako magkakaroon ng obligation magbigay ng ₱20,000? Pagdumating na ang December 31,2020 ○ Pag dumating na yung period, magkakaroon ng obligation Resolutory or In diem - a period with a resolutory effect. Here the obligation is demandable upon perfection but is extinguished upon the lapse of the period. ○ “Bibigyan kita ng allowance buwan-buwan hanggang ikaw ay mag 18 years old.” Pag naging 18 years old ka na, doon na titigil ang obligation sayo na magbigay ng allowance sayo. ○ Pag dumating na yung period, mawawala o titigil yung obligation Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Article 1194. In case of loss, deterioration or improvement of the thing before the arrival of the day certain, the rules in article 1189 shall be observed. Habang hinihintay na dumating yung period, maraming pwedeng mangyari doon sa ipinangakong subject matter. (Same rules sa condition) Article 1195. Anything paid or delivered before the arrival of the period, the obligor being unaware of the period or believing that the obligation has become due and demandable, may be recovered, with the fruits and interests. Pag akala nung nagbabayad na dapat na siyang magbayad, pero hindi pa pala - Concept of solutio indebiti, pwede mo pang mabawi yung ibinayad mo including fruits and interests. Pag napaaga ng bayad pero due date na ng obligation, hindi mo na pwedeng mabawi yung principal mo pero yung fruits and interest pwede pang mabawi. Article 1196. Whenever in an obligation, a period is designated, it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both the creditor and the debtor, unless from the tenor of the same or other circumstances it should appear that the period has been established in favor of one or of the other. Pag nagset ng period yung creditor and debtor, pag generic ang pagkakasabi ng period, it is presumed to have been established for the benefit of both the creditor and the debtor Ex.: pag pinautang mo ako ng ₱20,000 “The ₱20,000 is to be paid on December 31,2020” liability is payable on Dec. 31,2020 ○ Yung date na Dec 31,2020 ay na-establish para sa benefit nating dalawa ○ Ako yung umutang sayo, hindi mo ako pwedeng pilitin na magbayad nang mas maaga sa December 31,2020. Hindi rin kita pwedeng pilitin na tanggapin yung bayad ko nang mas maaga. ○ Question: Pwede ba natin pilitin ang isa’t isa (creditor & debtor) na gawin ang mga dapat natin obligation kahit hindi pa dumarating yung usapang period? NO, dahil nung sinet-up yung December 31,2020, the presumption is that gagamitin ko (ako na umutang) yung pera hanggang December 31,2020. Kaya ikaw na nagpautang sakin, hindi mo pwedeng pilitin nang mas maaga na magbayad ako. unless from the tenor of the same or other circumstances it should appear that the period has been established in favor of one or of the other ○ Ex. “Uutang ako sayo ng ₱20,000 payable on or before December 31,2020” - Pag ganito yung wordings, ang presumption is that the period has been established in favor of the debtor. Pag payable on or before, ang presumption ay ikaw na umuutang, pwede akong magbayad ng Dec. 31,2020 sasagarin ko, pero ikaw pwede kitang pilitin na tumanggap ng bayad nang mas maaga kasi ang sasabihin ko covered iyon ng “on or before” Hindi pwede silingin ng creditor na magbayad nang mas maaga, unless gusto rin ng debtor. Pag siningil mo ako nang mas maaga at ayaw ko, ang sasabihin ko sayong option ay yung magbabayad ako ON December 31,2020. ○ Ex.: “collectible on or before December 31,2020” - the period was established for the benefit of the creditor Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Pwedeng sagarin ng creditor on December 31,2020 para ma-maximize yung kita niya. Pero hindi mo siyang pwedeng awayin pag nangolekta siya before December 31 dahil sa “before Dec.31” kaya ang presumption is the period has been established in favor of the creditor Instances when the court may fix a period 1. If the obligation does not fix a period but from its nature and circumstances, it can be inferred but a period was intended. 2. When the duration of the period depends upon the will of the debtor. ○ Obligation na babayaran when my means permit me to do so (kapag kaya na ng debtor) ○ May period talaga sadyang hindi lang talaga alam kung kailan yung kaya niya na, ang korte na ang nag-ddecide kung kaya na ba talaga ni debtor, korte na yung mag-set ng period. Article 1198. The debtor shall lose every right to make use of the period: 1. When after the obligation has been contracted, he becomes insolvent, unless he gives a guaranty or security for the debt; ○ Pag nabalitaan mo na yung debtor ay naging insolvent - personal liability niya ay mas marami na sa kanyang assets, nawawala yung binibigay mo sakin na period. Hindi ko na pwedeng i-stretch out yung aking utang hanggang Dec. 31,2020, bigla-bigla yung liability ko sayo magiging due and demandable immediately. (Desisyon ng batas para sa protection ng creditor) kung hihintayin pa ang Dec. 31,2020 baka wala nang natira sa assets ng debtor. ○ Unless the debtor gives a guaranty or security for the debt: additional collateral that would give him the benefit to make use of the given period 2. When he does not furnish to the creditor the guaranties or securities which he has promised; ○ Uutang ka babayaran mo Dec. 31,2020 sasangla mo raw yung lupa o kotse mo, pero hindi mo naman iniwan. Hindi ka tumutupad sa ipinangako mo, wala na yung period na binigay sayo, magiging due and demandable agad yung utang. 3. When by his own acts he has impaired said guaranties or securities after their establishment, and when through a fortuitous event they disappear, unless he immediately gives new ones equally satisfactory; ○ Nangako si debtor na isasangla kotse tapos porket nakasangla na yung kotse hindi na niya inaalagaan. Pag nalaman ito ng creditor, pwede niyang gamitin na valid reason ito para baliwalain niya na yung period and kolektahin yung utang. 4. When the debtor violates any undertaking, in consideration of which the creditor agreed to the period; ○ Pauutangin kita ng ₱20,000 babayaran ng Dec. 31,2020 as long as hindi ka pupunta ng casino para ipangsugal yung pera. Ngunit biglang napabalita na nagsusugal ka na sa casino, yung creditor hindi niya na hihintayin yung period, kokolektahin niya na yung perang inutang mo dahil baka mas lalong hindi siya makasingil. 5. When the debtor attempts to abscond. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Abscond - pagtakas (pupunta ng ibang lugar para hindi na masingil) magiging due and demandable na agad yung utang mo dahil nag-try ka nang takbuhin yung utang mo. Kinds of Obligation according to object: Simple obligation - where one prestation is due Compound obligation - where two or more prestations are due ○ Conjunctive - don sa maraming kailangan ibigay, kailangan mo ibigay lahat (all of them are due) ○ Distributive - one where two or more of the prestations is due, hindi lahat kailangan mong ibigay Alternative obligations - one where several prestations are due but the performance of one of them is sufficient Facultative obligations - one where one prestation is due but the debtor can render another as substitute. Alternative Obligations - It is one wherein various prestations are due but the performance of one of them is sufficient. Article 1199. A person alternatively bound by different prestations shall completely perform one of them. The creditor cannot be compelled to receive part of one and part of the other undertaking. - isa lang sa mga pinangako mo ang kailangan mong ibigay Article 1200. The right of choice belongs to the debtor, unless it has been expressly granted to the creditor. The debtor shall have no right to choose those prestations which are impossible, unlawful or which could not have been the object of obligation. - sino ang dapat mamili kung anong bagay ang dapat na maibigay kay creditor? The right of choice belongs to the debtor, kung sino ang nangakong magbigay, siya ang may right of choice, siya ang dapat mamili. Unless napag-usapan nila na yung tatanggap (creditor) ang siyang mamimili kung ano ang dapat matanggap niya. - The debtor shall have no right to choose those prestations which are impossible, unlawful or which could not have been the object of obligation. - Ex. Bibigyan kita ng shabu or marijuana or chocolate. Pag ganon ang mga ipinangako sayo bilang debtor, hindi pwedeng pillin ko ang shabu o marijuana dahil unlawful iyon. Article 1201. The choice shall produce no effect except from the time it has been communicated. - Bago sabihin ni debtor kay creditor na itong bagay na ito ang napipili niyang ibigay, yung obligation ay isa pang alternative obligation kasi may choice pa si debtor, may pwede pa siyang pagpilian. Ngunit, at the moment na sabihin ni debtor, ang bibigay ko sayo ay object A (nakapili na). Hindi na ito isang alternative obligation, ito ay isang simple obligation na (isa na lang ang bibigay mo). Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Article 1202. The debtor shall lose the right of choice when among the prestations whereby he is alternatively bound, only one is practicable. - debtor shall lose the right of choice kapag may nangyari sa mga ipinapangako niya such as namatay, nasira at yung isa na lang ang practicable. - It will cease to be an alternative obligation, magiging simple obligation na lang sya. Article 1203. If through the creditor’s acts the debtor cannot make a choice, according to the terms of the obligation, the latter may rescind the contract with damages. - dahil sa mga kagagawan ni creditor, hindi na makapili si debtor, pwedeng i-cancel na lang ni debtor yung kanilang contract Article 1204. The creditor shall have a right to indemnity for damages when, through the fault of the debtor, all the things which are alternatively the object of the obligation have been lost, or the compliance of the obligation has become impossible. - may karapatan makatanggap si creditor ng damages kung sa kapabayaan ni debtor yung mga bagay na dapat sana ay maibibigay sa kanya ay hindi na mangyayari dahil naubos na o nawala dahil sa kasalanan ni debtor. - Pag wala nang maibigay kay creditor, magiging liable si debtor for damages The indemnity shall be fixed taking as a basis the value of the last thing which disappeared, of that of the service which last became impossible. Damages other than the value of the last thing or service may also be rendered. - when the choice of the object belongs to the debtor at naubos yung mga bagay dahil sa pagpapabaya ni debtor, ang halaga na dapat ibigay kay creditor is the value of the last thing which disappeared, of that of the service which last became impossible. Maliban sa halaga nung huling bagay na nawala, damages can also be awarded. Article 1205. When the choice has been expressly given to the creditor, the obligation shall cease to be alternative from the day when the selection has been communicated to the debtor. - kapag creditor ang mamimili, hindi na alternative obligation from the moment na sabihin ni creditor yung choice niya kay debtor. Nagiging simple obligation pagtapos sabihin yung choice. Until then the responsibility of the debtor shall be governed by the following rules: 1. If one of the things is lost through a fortuitous event, he shall perform the obligation by delivering that which the creditor should choose from among the remainder, or that which remains if only one subsists; 2. If the loss of one of the things occur through the fault of the debtor, the creditor may claim, any of those subsisting, or the price of that which through the fault of the former, has disappeared, with a right to damages; ○ Dahil sa kasalanan ni debtor may isang nawala sa mga choices, si creditor pwedeng mamili sa kung ano ang mga natira o kaya piliin ni creditor yung halaga ng nawala with a right to damages. 3. If all the things are lost through the fault of the debtor, the choice by the creditor shall fall upon the price of any one of them, also with indemnity for damages. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ Pag lahat ng mga bagay na ipinangakong ibigay ay nawala dahil sa kasalanan ni debtor, si creditor ay pwedeng mamili ng kahit na ano sa halaga nung mga nawala at pwedeng manghingi ng damages. The same rules shall be applied to obligations to do or not to do in case one, some or all of the prestations should become possible. Choice belongs to the debtor “I promise to give you a specific dog (P 5,000) or a specific cow (P 10,000) or a specific cat (P 2,000).” - hindi pa nakakapili si debtor kung ano yung ibibigay niya (alternative obligation pa rin) - specific thing kasi kung generic pag namatay pwede mo pang palitan ng kapareho 1. Dog (FE) >> Cow (FE) >> Cat (FE) Namatay yung specific na aso dahil sa fortuitous event, may obligation pa rin si debtor na magbigay ng isang specific na hayop kay creditor? ○ YES kasi kahit patay na yung specific dog, pwede pa rin siya makapagcomply sa kanyang pangako dahil nandon pa naman yung cow and cat Bago pa ulit makapili si debtor ng choice niya, namatay naman dahil sa fortuitous event yung cow, meron pa bang obligation si debtor kay creditor ○ YES kasi sa tatlong ipinangako niya, may isa pang natitira. Dahil sa pagkamatay nung dalawang choices, ang effect nito ay yung dating alternative obligation ay naging isang simple obligation na lamang dahil cat na lang ang natitira. Bago ma-deliver yung cat kay creditor, namatay din sa fortuitous event. May obligation pa ba si debtor na magbigay ng isang specific na hayop kay creditor? ○ NONE dahil ang ikinamatay nung pinakahuling object na pwede niyang ibigay ay isang fortuitous event. Pag simple obligation na at yung bagay na ipinangako mo ay namatay o nawala dahil sa isang fortuitous event that obligation is extinguished. 2. Dog (N) >> Cow (N) >> Cat (N) Hindi pa nakakapili si debtor, pinabayaan (negligence) ni debtor yung aso at namatay. May obligation pa rin si debtor na magbigay ng isang specific na hayop kay creditor? ○ YES, dahil kaya pa rin niya magbigay ng isang hayop, mayroon pang dalawang choices. Walang problema kahit namatay yung dog dahil sa negligence, dahil may iba pa siyang pinangako. Sa isang alternative obligation at namatay yung specific thing dahil sa negligence, magiging liable ba si debtor for damages? ○ NO, the debtor is not liable for damages. Dahil ang pangako lang ni debtor ay bibigyan ng specific dog, specific cow or specific cat. Kahit pabayaan ni debtor yung aso, hindi pwedeng mag file for damages si creditor dahil lang nag-eexpect ka na aso yung ibibigay sayo dahil the choice belongs to the debtor. Bago ma-communicate yung choice, namatay naman yung cow dahil sa negligence. May obligation pa rin si debtor na magbigay ng isang hayop kay creditor? ○ YES,kaya niya pa makapag-comply sa pangako niya dahil buhay pa naman yung specific na pusa. Dalawang hayop na yung namatay dahil sa negligence ni debtor, liable na ba siya for damages? ○ NO, the debtor is not liable for damages. The choice belongs to the debtor. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Bago ma-deliver yung pusa, napabayaan ulit ni debtor at namatay. Makakapag-comply pa ba si debtor? ○ NO, wala nang natira sa pangako niyang hayop. Liable na ba si debtor sa damages? ○ YES, dahil hindi na makakapag-comply si debtor ○ Magkano ang lumalabas na utang ni debtor? Halaga nung huling bagay na nawala. The value of the cat which is P 2,000 plus damages. 3. Dog (FE) >> Cow (FE) >> Cat (N) Namatay yung specific na aso dahil sa fortuitous event, may obligation pa rin si debtor na magbigay ng isang specific na hayop kay creditor? ○ YES Namatay ulit dahil sa fortuitous event yung cow, meron pa bang obligation si debtor kay creditor? ○ YES kasi sa tatlong ipinangako niya, may tatlo pang natitira. Namatay naman yung pusa dahil sa kapabayaan ni debtor. ○ Debtor ay magiging liable para sa halaga ng pinakahuling bagay na nawala plus damages. 4. Dog (N) >> Cow (N) >> Cat (FE) Hindi mahalaga kung ano ang ikinamatay nung una at pangalawa, dahil kung ano man mangyari don, may natitira pang isa. Ang titignan mo ay yung ikinamatay ng pangatlo. Kung ang ikinamatay niya ay dahil sa negligence, ang magiging liability ng debtor ay yung value of the last thing that was lost plus damages. Pagkatapos mamatay nung dalawa dahil sa negligence, yung specific cat namatay dahil sa fortuitous event. May liability pa ba si debtor kay creditor? ○ NONE, pag ang isang specific thing ay nawala dahil sa fortuitous event, the obligation will be extinguished. Creditor belongs to the creditor “I promise to give you a specific dog (P 5,000) or a specific cow (P 10,000) or a specific cat (P 2,000).” 1. Dog (FE) >> Cow (FE) >> Cat (FE) Bago makapili si creditor, namatay yung aso dahil sa fortuitous event. May effect ba to sa liability ni debtor na magbigay ng isang specific na hayop kay creditor? ○ NONE, may specific cow and specific cat pa. ○ Liable ba si debtor for damages? NO, dahil fortuitous event ang dahilan. Namatay ulit yung cow dahil sa fortuitous event, ano effect nito sa liability ni debtor? ○ NONE, may specific cat pa. ○ Liable ba si debtor for damages? NO, dahil fortuitous event ang ikinamatay. Namatay yung pusa naman dahil sa fortuitous event, anong effect nito sa obligation ni debtor kay creditor? ○ The obligation will be extinguished. 2. Dog (N) >> Cow (N) >> Cat (N) Bago makapili si creditor, napabayaan yung aso ni debtor at namatay. May obligation pa rin ba si debtor kay creditor? Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 ○ YES Kung ang ikinamatay o ikinasira nung unang bagay ay negligence, ano ang natitirang options ni creditor na pwede niyang pagpilian? ○ Select the cow or select the cat or select the value of the dog plus damages. (Article 1205) Bago ulit makapili si creditor, napabayaan yung cow at namatay. Ano options ni creditor? ○ Select the cat or the value of the dog or the value of the cow plus damages in either case. Pag lahat namatay dahil sa kapabayaan ni debtor, creditor can choose the value of the any of the three things that were lost plus damages. Facultative Obligation Article 1206. When only one prestation has been agreed upon, but the obligor may render another in substitution, the obligation is called facultative . The loss or deterioration of the thing intended as a substitute, through the negligence of the obligor, does not render him liable. But once the substitution has been made, the obligor is liable for the loss of the substitute on account of his delay, negligence or fraud. “I promise to give you a laptop, but I may give you a cellphone as a substitute.” - si debtor ang mag-decide kung laptop o cellphone ang ibibigay niya - Hangga’t walang nagaganap na substitution, hanggang hindi pa sinasabi ni debtor na i-substitute niya na ang cellphone sa laptop, huwag papansinin yung substitute. Kung tinamaan ng kidlat yung laptop (fortuitous event), the obligation is extinguished. ○ Pag ang ikinasira ng ipinangakong bagay ay fortuitous event, the obligation is extinguished. ○ Sa isang facultative obligation, hanggang walang substitution walang pakialam sa substitute. ○ Pagnasira yung laptop, ibibigay na lang yung cellphone. Kung ganto yung obligation, it is an alternative obligation. (I promise to give you a laptop or a cellphone.) ○ Sa facultative, ipapalit niya yung cellphone dahil ayaw niya na ibigay yung laptop, hindi dahil nasira na yung laptop. Kapag nasira yung laptop dahil sa negligence, the debtor is liable for damages with the value of the laptop. Nung hindi pa nabibigay yung laptop, nasira yung substitute. May effect ba ang pagkakasira ng substitute sa obligation to give a laptop? ○ NO EFFECT. But bago may mangyari, sinabi ni debtor, “Ayoko na pala ibigay yung laptop, cellphone na lang.” Bago maibigay yung cellphone nasira dahil sa fortuitous event. Ano effect non sa obligation ni debtor? ○ The obligation is extinguished. The principal object now is the cellphone. If nasira yung cellphone dahil sa negligence, the debtor is liable for damages. (Once mag switch, wala nang pake sa prior principal object.) Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Joint and Solidary Obligation A joint or solidary obligation is characterized by a concurrence of two or more debtors and/or two or more creditors in one and the same obligation. Collective obligation - wherein there are two or more debtors and two or more creditors ○ Maaaring may isang umuutang at dalawang taong magkasama yung inuutangan ○ Maari din na may dalawang sabay na uutang sa isang tao Nakadepende sa kanilang agreement kung magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ng isang creditor at kung magkano ang pwedeng utangin ng isang debtor Joint Obligation This is an obligation where each debtor is liable only for a proportionate portion of the debt and each creditor is entitled only to a proportionate part of the credit; debt shall be divided into as many debtors and creditors. Other terms for joint obligation are proportionately, pro rata, mancomunada or mancomunada simple. Solidary Obligation This is an obligation where each is liable for the whole obligation and each creditor is entitled to demand payment of the entire obligation. Other terms are jointly and severally, individually and collectively, in solidum, mancomunada solidaria and juntos o separadamente. - Pag kayo ay mga solidary debtor, kayo ay liable sa buong utang niyo - Pag kayo naman ay solidary creditor, maari niyong kolektahin yung buong pautang niyo. Kinds of Solidary Obligation: 1. Passive Solidarity - this is solidarity on the part of the debtors 2. Active Solidarity - Solidarity on the part of the creditors 3. Mixed Solidarity - on the part of both the debtors and creditor Article 1207. The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the same obligation does not imply that each of the former has a right to demand, or that each one of the latter is bound to render, entire compliance with the prestation. There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states, or when the law or the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. - if the problem is silent, kung hindi napag usapan ng mga parties kung joint or solidary ang relationship ng isa’t isa, the relationship of the debtor and creditor is joint. Kasi pag solidary need mag-impose ng mas mabigat na obligation. Article 1208. If from the law, or the nature or the wording of the obligations to which the preceding article refers the contrary does not appear, the credit or debt shall be presumed to be divided into as many shares as there are creditors or debtors, the credits or debts being considered distinct from one another, subject to the Rules of the Court governing the multiplicity of suits. - ang isang utang ay pinaghahati-hatian ng mga creditor or debtors, the relationship is joint Illustrative Examples: If the problem is silent, the presumption is that their share in the loan is equal. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 1. Mr. X borrowed P 10,000 from Mr. A and Mr. B, joint creditors Kung ang relationship ni A and B ay joint creditors, pag nakasalubong ni A si X on the due date, magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ni A kay X? ○ P 5,000 Pano kung si B naman ang nakasalubong ni X on the due date, magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ni B kay X? ○ P 5,000 dahil sila ay joint creditors 2. Mr. X borrowed P 10,000 from Mr. A and Mr. B, solidary creditors. Pag si Mr. A na isang solidary creditor at nakasalubong niya si Mr. X? Magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ni A kay X? ○ Pwede siyang makakolekta nung buong P 10,000. Hindi pwedeng tumanggi si Mr. X dahil kaya ni Mr. A kolektahin yung buo bilang isang solidary creditor, siya ay nag-aact bilang representative nilang dalawa. (Taken as one si A and B) Ngunit hindi pwedeng solohin ni Mr. A yung bayad dahil equal sila ni B sa pinautang. Bilang isang solidary creditor, may kaparatan kang makakolekta ng buo yung pautang pero obligation mong ibigay yung kalahati kay Mr. B. 3. Mr. X and Mr. Y, joint debtors, borrowed P 30,000 from Mr. A. Magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ni Mr. A kay Mr. X? ○ P 15,000. Hindi obligado ang isang debtor na bayaran yung share ng kasama niya. 4. Mr. X and Mr. Y, solidary debtors, borrowed P 30,000 from Mr. A. Magkano ang pwedeng kolektahin ni Mr. A kay Mr. X? ○ P 30,000 dahil ang relationship ni X and Y ay solidary. But he is subjected to reimbursement kay Y, kailangan magbayad ng 15,000 kay X dahil ang nangyari ay nag-abono si X ng share ni Y sa utang. 1. X, Y, and Z (solidary debtors) borrowed P12,000 from A & B (solidary creditors). 2. X, Y, and Z (joint debtors) borrowed P12,000 from A & B (solidary creditors). 3. X, Y, and Z (solidary debtors) borrowed P12,000 from A & B (joint creditors). 4. X, Y, and Z (joint debtors) borrowed P12,000 from A & B (joint creditors). A & B creditors X & Y Debtors Magkano ang pwedeng masingil ni A sa mga Magkano ang required bayaran ni X don sa debtors? maniningil sa kanya? 1. S - 12,000 (buong amount) S - 12,000 2. S - 12,000 J - 4,000 Kung 4,000 ang nakolekta ni A kay X, required ba siyang mag remit/ mag share ng nakolekta niya kay B, kahit na kulang pa talaga yon sa share nilang tig 6,000? ○ YES, required siyang i-remit yung kalahati ng 4,000 kay B. Tig-2,000 lang silang doon. Kapag solidary creditor, nangongolekta ka in behalf of the whole group (creditors). Kung 4,000 lang ang natanggap mo kailangan mong hatiin sa B dahil solidary creditor ang relationship niyong dalawa. Mariel Enriquez Obligations and Contracts: Modules 1-5 Si X naman na nagbayad ng 4,000, required ba siyang manghingi ng reimbursement sa kapwa debtor niya? ○ NO, yung 4,000 na binayaran ni X ay yung share niya talaga sa inutang nila. Hindi niya kailangan manghingi ng reimbursement dahil yung binayaran niya ay yung share niya pero pagkatapos non ay hindi na siya masisingil ulit. 3. J - 6,000 S - 6,000 yung buong 6,000 na share ni A ay pwede niyang makolekta kay X. After makakolekta si A kay X, required bang magshare si A ng kalahati kay B. ○ NO, no need magremit ng 3,000 si A kay B dahil yung 6,000 na nakolekta kay X ay yung share talaga ni A sa pinautang nila. Sa 6,000 na binayaran ni X, magkano ang pwede niyang ipareimburse kay Y and Z? ○ Tig 2,000 pesos si Y and Z. Dahil solidary sila ang share lang talaga ni X sa binayaran niyang 6,000 ay 2,000 lang. At pag nakasalubong niya naman si Mr. B, required na naman siyang magbayad ng 6,000 at pagkatapos ay manghingi ulit ng reimbursement kay Y and Z na tig 2,000 pesos. 4. J - 6,000

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