Objective One.pdf

Objective One When you have completed this objective, you will be able to: Explain the stages of development of the internal combustion engine. History and Development of the Internal Combustion Engine Development and construction of the first internal combustion engine started in the late 1700s. In...

Objective One When you have completed this objective, you will be able to: Explain the stages of development of the internal combustion engine. History and Development of the Internal Combustion Engine Development and construction of the first internal combustion engine started in the late 1700s. In 1794, a gentleman named Robert Street constructed a working model. However, over 100 years would pass before a useable engine would be developed and built for use in industry. In the early 1800s, a French engineer (Sadi Carnot) developed the following fundamental ideas for internal combustion engines: compression of air before ignition (early engines ignited an air/fuel mixture at atmospheric pressure), self-ignition of fuel in highly compressed air (this principle relates to diesel engine operation), the need for cylinder wall cooling during continuous operation (many early designs ignored this fact and failed as a result), and utilization of wasted energy in exhaust heat (several ideas are currently used to harness the wasted heat energy that an internal combustion engine produces). It is interesting to note that these fundamentals still apply to all current diesel engine designs. These ideas are discussed in the objectives of this module. In 1860, Lenoir produced the first commercial electric spark ignited internal combustion engine. The engine ran smoothly, but it had very poor thermal efficiency. In 1862, Beau De Rochas suggested several ideas for improving engine efficiency and defined the four-stroke cycle that many current engine designs are based on: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Internal combustion engine development continued through the 1800s, and in 1881 the first engine designed on the two-stroke principle was built. Compression ignition engine development continued through the 1890s, and in 1892 a patent for the design of a compression ignition engine was awarded to Dr. Rudolf Diesel. After several failures, he built a successful four-stroke cycle compression ignition engine in 1895, and he is credited with being the originator of the diesel engine. Many talented and innovative people have since contributed to the refinement of modern diesel engines. If Dr. Rudolf Diesel could be present today, he would be impressed with the evolution of the diesel engine. Major advances in engine technology have influenced the application of operation of the diesel engine (Figure 1). As a result, you must have a thorough understanding of diesel engine operating principles before any diagnostic or repair work can be performed. Figure 1 - Changes in diesel engine design over the years. Highlights of Major Events in the History of Internal Combustion Engine Development: 1794 - Robert Street builds piston engine that runs on turpentine fumes. 1801 - Phillip Lebou builds a spark ignition engine that runs on coal gas and air. 1862 - Beau de Rochas writes detailed pamphlet on theory of gasoline piston engine. 1876 - Dr. N.A. Otto develops and runs the first successful gasoline engine. 1885 - Priestman runs first successful “Heavy Oil” engine. 1889 - Herbert Ackroyd-Stuart develops compression-ignition engine with “modern injection”. 1890 - James Hargraves makes the first “inward-opening” injector. 1893 - Rudolf Diesel “blows up” a compression-ignition engine attempting to run it on low octane gasoline. 1895 - Dr. Rudolf Diesel runs a successful compression-ignition engine and obtains U.S. patents for compression-ignition engine design. 1899 - Rudolf Diesel experiments with a compression ignition engine burning coal dust for fuel. 1900 - Diesel engines in wide practical use in Europe. 1909 - Prosper L’Orange designs first precombustion chamber for diesel engines. 1912 - Diesel patents expire: U.S. diesel industry begins. 1913 - Thomas Gaff tries solenoid-operated diesel fuel injectors. - Vickers Ltd. develops the first common rail fuel system. 1914 - Francois Feyens develops first “distributor” injection pump. 1916 To 1920 - U.S. diesel industry comes into its own with pipeline pumping stations. 1922 - Peugeot tries first diesel engine in a passenger car. 1923 - Marine use of diesel engines begins. 1924 - First diesel-powered ocean liner. 1925 - First diesel-powered bus. 1927 - Robert Bosch Co. begins making fuel injection pumps. 1929 - First diesel-powered truck. 1934 - First diesel-powered railroad locomotive. 1936 - Mercedes-Benz develops first production diesel passenger car. 1986 - Detroit Diesel introduces the world’s first electronically controlled diesel fuel injection system. 1993 - Caterpillar and Navistar develop the first Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injection (HEUI) fuel injection system. Introduction to low sulphur diesel fuel 500 ppm. 1996 - Most on-highway engines must meet Tier 1 emission standards. 2001 Tier 2 emissions regulations begin to be implemented. 2004 - Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) begins, and further reductions in the sulphur content in diesel fuel to meet the imposed Tier 2 emissions regulations. 2007 - EPA Regulations state on-highway engine manufacturers must comply to Tier 3 emissions regulations - Introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and ultra-low sulphur fuel (ULSF) 15 ppm to meet emission regulations. 2010 - EPA Regulations state engine manufacturers must comply to NOx levels being reduced by 90% from 2007 levels. - Interim Tier 4 emissions regulations are implemented. 2013 - DPF use is continued as well as the introduction of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the use of a new exhaust catalyst diesel exhaust fluid (DEF). EPA Regulations for on-highway and off-highway engines are to follow the same Guidelines, Interim Tier 4 emissions regulations. 2014 - Diesel must comply to CO2 emission standards. 2015 - All on-highway and off-highway engines must meet Tier 4 emissions regulations.