Nutrition REVIEW (1).pdf

1 2 Alert expression Apathy Shiny hair Dull, lifeless hair Clear complexion Greasy, blemished complexion Good color Poor color Bright, clear eyes Dull, red-rimmed eyes Pink, firm gums and Red, puffy, receding well-developed...

1 2 Alert expression Apathy Shiny hair Dull, lifeless hair Clear complexion Greasy, blemished complexion Good color Poor color Bright, clear eyes Dull, red-rimmed eyes Pink, firm gums and Red, puffy, receding well-developed gums, and missing or teeth cavity-prone teeth Firm abdomen Swollen abdomen Firm, well-developed Underdeveloped, muscles flabby muscles Well-developed Bowed legs, “pigeon bone structure breast” Normal weight for Overweight or height underweight Erect posture Slumped posture Emotional stability Easily irritated, depressed, poor attention span Good stamina Easily fatigued Seldom ill Frequently ill Healthy appetite Excessive or poor appetite Healthy, normal Insomnia at night, sleep habits fatigued during the day Excesses Deficiencies Normal elimination Constipation or Excess nutrients Nutrients lacking for diarrhea over time extended period Examples: Examples: atherosclerosis, iron deficiency, beriberi, obesity, scurvy, osteomalacia, hypertension, osteoporosis, rickets, diabetes, goiter gallbladder disease, some cancers 3  Goiter Iodine Kwashiorkor Protein Deficiency disease Nutrients lacking Iron-deficiency anemia Iron Marasmus All nutrients Osteomalacia Calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride Osteoporosis Calcium and Beriberi Thiamin vitamin D Pellagra Niacin Night blindness Vitamin A 4 Rickets Calcium and Edema Protein vitamin D Bumpy “gooseflesh” Vitamin A Scurvy Vitamin C Lesions at corner of Riboflavin mouth Xerophthalmia Vitamin A Glossitis Folic acid Numerous “black and Vitamin C blue” spots and tiny, red “pin prick” hemorrhages under the skin Emaciation Carbohydrates, proteins, calories Poorly shaped bones or Vitamin C teeth, or delayed appearance of teeth in Pallor, blue half circles Iron, copper, zinc, B , children 12 beneath eyes Slow clotting time of Vitamin K B , biotin 6 blood Unusual nervousness, Niacin dermatitis, diarrhea in same client 5 Tetany Calcium, potassium, sodium Goiter Iodine Eczema Fat 6 7  Consume milk, milk products and other calcium- rich foods, such as small fish and shellfish, every day for healthy bones and teeth. Consume safe foods and water to prevent diarrhoea and other food and water-borne diseases. Use iodized salt to prevent iodine deficiency disorders. Limit intake of salty, fried, fatty and sugar-rich Food guide foods to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Attain normal body weight through proper diet  The Philippines uses the daily nutritional and moderate physical activity to maintain good guide pyramid and has developed health and help prevent obesity. pyramids for different population groups. Be physically active, make healthy food choices,  The pyramid is divided into levels of manage stress, avoid alcoholic beverages and do recommended consumption. not smoke to help prevent lifestyle-related non-  Messages about exercise and personal communicable diseases. and environmental hygiene serve as support messages for the pyramid. MyPyramid The healthy food plate for Filipino adults (Pinggang Pinoy) completes the messages of the pyramid by showing adequate distribution of nutritious foods in a meal. Messages Eat a variety of foods every day to get the nutrients needed by the body. Breastfeed infants exclusively from birth up to 6 months, then give appropriate complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding for 2 years and beyond for optimum growth and development. Eat more vegetables and fruits every day to get the essential vitamins, minerals and fibre for regulation of body processes. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, eggs, dried beans or nuts daily for growth and repair of body tissues. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 ⚫ 42 43 44 45 46 Calcium Requirements ⚫ 0–6 months 210 mg ⚫ 6–12 months 270 mg ⚫ 1–3 years 500 mg ⚫ 4–8 years 800 mg ⚫ 9–18 years 1,300 mg ⚫ 19–50 years 1,000 mg ⚫ 51–70+ years 1,200 mg ⚫ Pregnant women ⚫ 14–18 years: 1,300 mg ⚫ 19–50 years: 1,000 mg ⚫ Lactating women same as nonlactating women of same age 47  Source: Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences-Institute of Medicine, 1997 Calcium Supplements ⚫ Calcium carbonate, the form found in calcium-based antacid tablets, has the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium. ⚫ Appear to be absorbed most efficiently when consumed in doses of 500 mg ⚫ Check for United States Pharmacopeia (USP)- approved products, which are unlikely to contain lead. Calcium Deficiency ⚫ Rickets results in poorly formed bone structure and causes bowed legs, “pigeon breast,” enlarged wrists or ankles, and stunted growth. ⚫ “Adult rickets” (osteomalacia) causes bones to become soft. ⚫ Osteoporosis causes brittle bones. ⚫ Tetany, characterized by involuntary muscle movement, results from insufficient calcium in the blood. Calcium Excess ⚫ Excessive intake may:  Cause constipation 48   Cause kidney stones ⚫ Symptoms of deficiency include bone  Inhibit the absorption of iron and zinc demineralization (loss of minerals), fatigue, and anorexia. Potassium (K) ⚫ Found primarily in intracellular fluid ⚫ Essential for fluid balance and osmosis ⚫ Maintains fluid level within the cell ⚫ Necessary for transmitting nerve impulses and muscle contractions Potassium Sources Phosphorus (P) ⚫ Constituent of all body cells ⚫ Necessary for the formation of strong, rigid bones and teeth; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins; proper acid-base balance; and effective action of ⚫ Fruits: especially melons, oranges, bananas, several B vitamins and peaches ⚫ Vegetables: mushrooms, Brussel sprouts, Phosphorus Sources potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, and carrots Potassium Deficiency and Excess ⚫ Deficiency = hypokalemia ⚫ Stored in bones; absorption is increased in the presence of vitamin D ⚫ Protein-rich foods such as milk, cheese, meats, poultry, and fish ⚫ Cereals, legumes, nuts, and soft drinks Phosphorus Deficiency ⚫ Deficiency is rare. ⚫ Excessive use of antacids affects absorption. 49   Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, Sodium Sources diabetic acidosis, severe malnutrition, or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics  Symptoms include nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, and heart abnormalities ⚫ Excess = hyperkalemia ⚫ Table salt contains 40% sodium. ⚫ One teaspoon of table salt contains 2,000 mg of sodium. ⚫ Naturally available in animal foods ⚫ DRI for sodium is 1,500 mg. ⚫ Tolerable upper limit is 5,800 mg, which is easily exceeded by the general population. Sodium Deficiency  Caused by dehydration, renal failure, excessive intake  Cardiac failure can result. ⚫ Caused by severe vomiting, diarrhea, and Sodium heavy perspiration ⚫ Can upset the acid-base balance ⚫ Primary function is the control of fluid ⚫ Tetany resulting from alkalosis can balance in the body develop. ⚫ Maintains acid-base balance ⚫ Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses essential for normal muscle function 50 Sodium Excess ⚫ May cause edema and resulting hypertension ⚫ Associated with hypertension and congestive heart failure ⚫ Treatment includes sodium-restricted diets; 3–4 g (no added salt, or NAS) or 1– 2 g sodium-restricted diet. Diets below 1 g are rarely prescribed. Chloride (Cl) 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 "Miss A—" depicted in 1866 and in 1870 after treatment. Her condition was one of the earliest case studies of anorexia, published in medical research papers of William Gull. 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138