NURS 3210 Exam 4 Medications PDF

Misoprostol Drug Class: Prostaglandin analog Mechanism of Action: Increases the production of protective mucus in the stomach lining and decreases gastric acid secretion. It also induces uterine contractions. Indications: Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, induction of labor, and treatment...

Misoprostol Drug Class: Prostaglandin analog Mechanism of Action: Increases the production of protective mucus in the stomach lining and decreases gastric acid secretion. It also induces uterine contractions. Indications: Prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, induction of labor, and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, headache. Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, severe bleeding, allergic reactions. Dinoprostone Drug Class: Prostaglandin E2 Mechanism of Action: Softens and dilates the cervix and induces uterine contractions. Indications: Cervical ripening for labor induction, evacuation of the uterus in case of missed abortion. Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever. Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, amniotic fluid embolism, hypersensitivity reactions. Atropine Drug Class: Anticholinergic Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, leading to decreased secretions and increased heart rate. Indications: Bradycardia, preoperative reduction of secretions, organophosphate poisoning. Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, photophobia, constipation. Serious Side Effects: Tachycardia, urinary retention, increased intraocular pressure, confusion. Senna Drug Class: Stimulant laxative Mechanism of Action: Stimulates intestinal motility and increases the secretion of water into the bowel. Indications: Treatment of constipation, bowel preparation for diagnostic procedures. Common Side Effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance. Serious Side Effects: Dependence with prolonged use, severe electrolyte imbalance. Bismuth Subsalicylate Drug Class: Antidiarrheal Mechanism of Action: Antimicrobial effects, anti-inflammatory, and reduces the secretion of fluid into the intestines. Indications: Diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, nausea. Common Side Effects: Black stools, darkened tongue, constipation. Serious Side Effects: Reye's syndrome in children and teenagers with viral infections, allergic reactions. Ondansetron Drug Class: Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist Mechanism of Action: Blocks serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and gastrointestinal tract. Indications: Prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and postoperative status. Common Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, constipation. Serious Side Effects: QT prolongation, serotonin syndrome, severe allergic reactions. Diphenoxylate Drug Class: Antidiarrheal Mechanism of Action: Slows gastrointestinal motility through the action on the smooth muscle of the intestinal tract. Indications: Diarrhea. Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth. Serious Side Effects: Respiratory depression, pancreatitis, paralytic ileus. Belladonna Alkaloids Drug Class: Anticholinergic Mechanism of Action: Inhibits muscarinic actions of acetylcholine at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites. Indications: Irritable bowel syndrome, acute enterocolitis, adjunctive therapy for peptic ulcer. Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention. Serious Side Effects: Tachycardia, anaphylaxis, hallucinations. Lactulose Drug Class: Osmotic laxative Mechanism of Action: Draws water into the bowel to soften stools and promotes the excretion of ammonia. Indications: Constipation, hepatic encephalopathy. Common Side Effects: Flatulence, abdominal cramping, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Severe electrolyte imbalance with overuse, dehydration. Sucralfate Drug Class: Gastrointestinal agent Mechanism of Action: Forms a protective barrier on the ulcer site against gastric acids, bile salts, and enzymes. Indications: Treatment of active duodenal ulcers. Common Side Effects: Constipation, dry mouth, nausea. Serious Side Effects: Hypophosphatemia with prolonged use. Prochlorperazine Drug Class: Antiemetic, antipsychotic (phenothiazine) Mechanism of Action: Blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps to reduce nausea and vomiting. Indications: Nausea and vomiting, schizophrenia, anxiety. Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, dry mouth. Serious Side Effects: Tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, agranulocytosis. Docusate Drug Class: Stool softener Mechanism of Action: Promotes incorporation of water into stools, resulting in softer fecal mass. Indications: Constipation, prevention of straining during defecation. Common Side Effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Electrolyte imbalance with excessive use. Dronabinol Drug Class: Antiemetic, appetite stimulant (cannabinoid) Mechanism of Action: Synthetic form of THC; exact mechanism unknown, but thought to work on cannabinoid receptors in the brain. Indications: Nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in AIDS patients. Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, euphoria, dry mouth. Serious Side Effects: Seizures, paranoia, hypotension. Metoclopramide Drug Class: Prokinetic, antiemetic Mechanism of Action: Blocks dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, increases gastrointestinal motility. Indications: Nausea and vomiting, gastroparesis, GERD. Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, fatigue, restlessness. Serious Side Effects: Tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Meclizine Drug Class: Antihistamine, antiemetic Mechanism of Action: Blocks histamine receptors in the brain, reducing symptoms of motion sickness and vertigo. Indications: Motion sickness, vertigo. Common Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision. Serious Side Effects: Severe allergic reactions. Scopolamine Drug Class: Anticholinergic Mechanism of Action: Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, reducing nausea and motion sickness. Indications: Motion sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting. Common Side Effects: Dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision. Serious Side Effects: Urinary retention, confusion, hallucinations. Famotidine Drug Class: H2 receptor antagonist Mechanism of Action: Inhibits histamine at H2 receptors in the gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion. Indications: GERD, peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Common Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, constipation, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Arrhythmias, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia. Magnesium Citrate (Mg++ Salts) Drug Class: Saline laxative Mechanism of Action: Increases fluid in the small intestine, leading to bowel movement. Indications: Constipation, bowel preparation for diagnostic procedures. Common Side Effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance. Serious Side Effects: Magnesium toxicity, dehydration. Aluminum Salts Drug Class: Antacid Mechanism of Action: Neutralizes gastric acid and inactivates pepsin. Indications: GERD, peptic ulcer disease. Common Side Effects: Constipation, hypophosphatemia. Serious Side Effects: Aluminum toxicity with prolonged use, osteomalacia. Mineral Oil Drug Class: Lubricant laxative Mechanism of Action: Coats the bowel and stool with a waterproof film, allowing the stool to retain moisture and pass more easily. Indications: Constipation. Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal cramping. Serious Side Effects: Lipid pneumonia if aspirated, impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Omeprazole Drug Class: Proton pump inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in the gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid secretion. Indications: GERD, peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Common Side Effects: Headache, diarrhea, nausea. Serious Side Effects: Osteoporosis-related fractures, Clostridium difficile infection, hypomagnesemia. Loperamide Drug Class: Antidiarrheal Mechanism of Action: Inhibits peristalsis and prolongs transit time by acting on the nerve endings in the intestinal wall. Indications: Diarrhea. Common Side Effects: Constipation, abdominal cramping, nausea. Serious Side Effects: Paralytic ileus, toxic megacolon, cardiac arrhythmias at high doses. Glycerin Drug Class: Hyperosmotic laxative Mechanism of Action: Draws water into the bowel to soften stool and promote bowel movement. Indications: Constipation. Common Side Effects: Rectal discomfort, cramping. Serious Side Effects: Electrolyte imbalance with prolonged use. Psyllium Drug Class: Bulk-forming laxative Mechanism of Action: Absorbs water in the intestine to form a viscous liquid that promotes peristalsis and reduces transit time. Indications: Constipation, management of chronic watery diarrhea. Common Side Effects: Bloating, gas. Serious Side Effects: Esophageal or intestinal obstruction if not taken with adequate water. Alendronate Drug Class: Bisphosphonate Mechanism of Action: Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, leading to an increase in bone mineral density. Indications: Osteoporosis, Paget's disease. Common Side Effects: Abdominal pain, acid reflux, musculoskeletal pain. Serious Side Effects: Esophageal ulceration, osteonecrosis of the jaw. Calcium Salts Drug Class: Mineral supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for bone formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Indications: Calcium deficiency, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis. Common Side Effects: Constipation, hypercalcemia. Serious Side Effects: Kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias. Epoetin Alfa Drug Class: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent Mechanism of Action: Stimulates erythropoiesis by the same mechanism as endogenous erythropoietin. Indications: Anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy-induced anemia. Common Side Effects: Hypertension, headache, joint pain. Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, pure red cell aplasia. PEG 3350 Drug Class: Osmotic laxative Mechanism of Action: Holds water in the stool to soften stool and increase the number of bowel movements. Indications: Constipation, bowel preparation for diagnostic procedures. Common Side Effects: Bloating, cramping, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Electrolyte imbalance with prolonged use. Calcium Drug Class: Mineral supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for bone formation, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Indications: Calcium deficiency, hypocalcemia, osteoporosis. Common Side Effects: Constipation, hypercalcemia. Serious Side Effects: Kidney stones, cardiac arrhythmias. Iron Drug Class: Mineral supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes; necessary for effective erythropoiesis. Indications: Iron-deficiency anemia. Common Side Effects: Nausea, constipation, dark stools. Serious Side Effects: Iron toxicity, particularly in children. Vitamin D Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism, promoting bone formation and mineralization. Indications: Vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis, rickets. Common Side Effects: Hypercalcemia, headache, nausea. Serious Side Effects: Hypercalcemia-related issues, kidney stones. Vitamin A Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Indications: Vitamin A deficiency. Common Side Effects: Nausea, headache, fatigue. Serious Side Effects: Hypervitaminosis A, liver toxicity. Vitamin C Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for collagen synthesis, antioxidant function, and immune support. Indications: Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy). Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps. Serious Side Effects: Oxalate kidney stones with high doses. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for energy production, cellular function, and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. Indications: Riboflavin deficiency. Common Side Effects: Bright yellow urine, increased urine output. Serious Side Effects: Rare; usually well-tolerated. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for energy production, cellular function, and DNA repair. Indications: Niacin deficiency (pellagra), hyperlipidemia. Common Side Effects: Flushing, itching, gastrointestinal upset. Serious Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity, hyperglycemia. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hemoglobin production. Indications: Vitamin B6 deficiency, certain metabolic disorders. Common Side Effects: Nausea, headache, drowsiness. Serious Side Effects: Sensory neuropathy with high doses. Vitamin B9 (Folate) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation; critical during periods of rapid cell division and growth. Indications: Folate deficiency, prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy. Common Side Effects: Generally well-tolerated. Serious Side Effects: Masking of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and neurological function. Indications: Vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia. Common Side Effects: Injection site pain (if given parenterally). Serious Side Effects: Anaphylaxis (rare). Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Drug Class: Vitamin supplement Mechanism of Action: Essential for carbohydrate metabolism and neurological function. Indications: Thiamine deficiency (beriberi), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Common Side Effects: Rare; generally well-tolerated. Serious Side Effects: Anaphylaxis (rare with parenteral administration). Lispro Drug Class: Rapid-acting insulin Mechanism of Action: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Indications: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus for glycemic control. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia. Glucagon Drug Class: Hyperglycemic agent Mechanism of Action: Stimulates hepatic production of glucose from glycogen stores (glycogenolysis). Indications: Severe hypoglycemia. Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting. Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions. Humulin 70/30 Drug Class: Combination insulin (70% NPH, 30% regular) Mechanism of Action: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Indications: Diabetes mellitus for glycemic control. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia. Exenatide Drug Class: GLP-1 receptor agonist Mechanism of Action: Mimics incretin, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion and delaying gastric emptying. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Pancreatitis, renal impairment. Glipizide Drug Class: Sulfonylurea Mechanism of Action: Stimulates insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity. Metformin Drug Class: Biguanide Mechanism of Action: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea. Serious Side Effects: Lactic acidosis. Acarbose Drug Class: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Serious Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity with long-term use. Pioglitazone Drug Class: Thiazolidinedione Mechanism of Action: Increases insulin sensitivity by acting on PPAR-gamma receptors in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Edema, weight gain. Serious Side Effects: Heart failure, bladder cancer. Sitagliptin Drug Class: DPP-4 inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Increases incretin levels, inhibiting glucagon release and increasing insulin secretion. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Upper respiratory tract infection, headache. Serious Side Effects: Pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reactions. Regular Insulin Drug Class: Short-acting insulin Mechanism of Action: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Indications: Diabetes mellitus for glycemic control. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia. NPH Drug Class: Intermediate-acting insulin Mechanism of Action: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Indications: Diabetes mellitus for glycemic control. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia. Glargine Drug Class: Long-acting insulin Mechanism of Action: Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Indications: Diabetes mellitus for glycemic control. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hypokalemia. Repaglinide Drug Class: Meglitinide Mechanism of Action: Stimulates rapid, short-lived release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain. Serious Side Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity.  Canagliflozin Drug Class: SGLT2 inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the proximal renal tubules, reducing glucose reabsorption and increasing urinary glucose excretion. Indications: Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common Side Effects: Genital yeast infections, urinary tract infections. Serious Side Effects: Ketoacidosis, increased risk of amputations. Prazosin Drug Class: Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker Mechanism of Action: Dilates blood vessels by blocking alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Indications: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia. Common Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, drowsiness. Serious Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, syncope. Hydrocortisone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response. Indications: Inflammatory and allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency. Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis. Desmopressin (DDAVP) Drug Class: Antidiuretic hormone analog Mechanism of Action: Mimics vasopressin, increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys and decreasing urine output. Indications: Diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, hemophilia A. Common Side Effects: Headache, nausea, mild abdominal pain. Serious Side Effects: Hyponatremia, water intoxication. Methimazole Drug Class: Antithyroid agent Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Indications: Hyperthyroidism. Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache. Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity. Methylergonovine Drug Class: Ergot alkaloid Mechanism of Action: Increases uterine tone and contractions. Indications: Postpartum hemorrhage. Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache. Serious Side Effects: Hypertension, myocardial infarction. Menotropins Drug Class: Gonadotropins Mechanism of Action: Stimulates ovarian follicular growth in women and spermatogenesis in men. Indications: Infertility treatment. Common Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies. Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolism, severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.  Medroxyprogesterone Drug Class: Progestin Mechanism of Action: Inhibits gonadotropin secretion, preventing follicular maturation and ovulation. Indications: Contraception, amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia prevention. Common Side Effects: Weight gain, headache, mood changes. Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, bone density loss with long-term use. Ethinyl Estradiol with Norethindrone Drug Class: Combined oral contraceptive (estrogen/progestin) Mechanism of Action: Suppresses ovulation, alters cervical mucus, and changes the endometrium to prevent pregnancy. Indications: Contraception, regulation of menstrual cycles, treatment of acne. Common Side Effects: Nausea, breast tenderness, spotting. Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, hypertension. Dexamethasone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response. Indications: Inflammatory and allergic conditions, cerebral edema, adrenal insufficiency. Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis. Indomethacin Drug Class: NSAID Mechanism of Action: Inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), reducing prostaglandin synthesis. Indications: Inflammatory conditions, pain, fever. Common Side Effects: Nausea, dyspepsia, headache. Serious Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular events. Choriogonadotropin-Alfa Drug Class: Gonadotropin Mechanism of Action: Stimulates ovulation and luteinization in women and testosterone production in men. Indications: Infertility treatment. Common Side Effects: Injection site reactions, headache, fatigue. Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies. Finasteride Drug Class: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), reducing prostate size. Indications: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia. Common Side Effects: Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness. Serious Side Effects: Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Oxytocin Drug Class: Uterotonic agent Mechanism of Action: Stimulates uterine contractions by increasing intracellular calcium levels in uterine myofibrils. Indications: Labor induction, postpartum hemorrhage. Common Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, uterine hyperstimulation. Serious Side Effects: Uterine rupture, water intoxication. Levothyroxine Drug Class: Thyroid hormone replacement Mechanism of Action: Synthetic form of thyroxine (T4), which is converted to active T3 in the body, regulating metabolism. Indications: Hypothyroidism. Common Side Effects: Palpitations, weight loss, anxiety. Serious Side Effects: Hyperthyroidism symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias. Propylthiouracil (PTU) Drug Class: Antithyroid agent Mechanism of Action: Inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones and conversion of T4 to T3. Indications: Hyperthyroidism. Common Side Effects: Rash, nausea, headache. Serious Side Effects: Agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity. Clomiphene Drug Class: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Mechanism of Action: Induces ovulation by increasing the release of gonadotropins. Indications: Infertility due to anovulation. Common Side Effects: Hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, bloating. Serious Side Effects: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancies. Sildenafil Drug Class: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor Mechanism of Action: Inhibits PDE5, enhancing the effects of nitric oxide and increasing blood flow to the penis. Indications: Erectile dysfunction. Common Side Effects: Headache, flushing, dyspepsia. Serious Side Effects: Priapism, sudden vision or hearing loss. Fludrocortisone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Mimics aldosterone, increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. Indications: Addison's disease, salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome. Common Side Effects: Hypertension, edema, hypokalemia. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, heart failure. Methylprednisolone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response. Indications: Inflammatory and allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency. Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis. Prednisone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response. Indications: Inflammatory and allergic conditions, adrenal insufficiency. Common Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood changes. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, Cushing's syndrome, osteoporosis. Cosyntropin Drug Class: Synthetic ACTH Mechanism of Action: Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Indications: Diagnostic testing of adrenal function. Common Side Effects: Flushing, headache, rash. Serious Side Effects: Hypersensitivity reactions. Testosterone Drug Class: Androgen Mechanism of Action: Binds to androgen receptors, promoting the development of male sex characteristics and increasing muscle mass and strength. Indications: Hypogonadism, delayed puberty in males. Common Side Effects: Acne, oily skin, increased red blood cell count. Serious Side Effects: Liver toxicity, cardiovascular events, polycythemia. Octreotide Drug Class: Somatostatin analog Mechanism of Action: Mimics somatostatin, inhibiting the release of various hormones, including growth hormone. Indications: Acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, VIPomas. Common Side Effects: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea. Serious Side Effects: Gallstones, hyperglycemia, hypothyroidism. Fluticasone Drug Class: Corticosteroid Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune responses in the respiratory tract. Indications: Asthma, allergic rhinitis. Common Side Effects: Oral thrush, hoarseness, nasal irritation. Serious Side Effects: Adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children. Conjugated Estrogens Drug Class: Estrogen hormone replacement Mechanism of Action: Replaces endogenous estrogen, alleviating menopausal symptoms and preventing bone loss. Indications: Menopausal symptoms, prevention of osteoporosis. Common Side Effects: Nausea, breast tenderness, headache. Serious Side Effects: Thromboembolic events, endometrial cancer. Somatropin Drug Class: Growth hormone Mechanism of Action: Stimulates growth and cell reproduction by mimicking natural growth hormone. Indications: Growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency. Common Side Effects: Injection site reactions, edema, joint pain. Serious Side Effects: Increased intracranial pressure, slipped capital femoral epiphysis.