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14 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OBSTETRIC NURSING Common Explanations Terms Term Period of time at the end...

14 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OBSTETRIC NURSING Common Explanations Terms Term Period of time at the end of a pregnancy when a baby might be expected to be born normally 3) 42WKs - Normal duration of a human pregnancy: 37-42 weeks Abortion Ending of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus Fe - - before it can survive outside the uterus before 24 weeks of gestation Can be spontaneous or induced < 24 weeks E N7 Stillbirth The fetus born without sign of life at or after 24 weeks of gestation, or - EXAb with birth weight over 500 gm when the gestation is uncertain - 7 24 weeks no sign of life Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  16 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OBSTETRIC NURSING Common Terms Explanations Estimated date of Estimated delivery date for a pregnant woman Confinement (EDC) Average 280 days = 40 weeks Also known as expected date of delivery/estimated due A date (EDD) 13 +6 Trimester A period of one third of a pregnancy 6 1st trimester: conception –13weeks6days 14-27+ 2nd trimester: 14wks –27weeks6days - 28 ~ - 3rd trimester: from 28wks till delivery Maturity Age of fetus, same as gestational age - Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  17 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OBSTETRIC NURSING Common Terms Explanations Gravida (G) Gravid -pregnant Gravida (G) – The number of pregnancies of a pregnant woman B Para / Parity (P) Description the number of given birth to an infant, alive or dead, after XI4 BB : & 24weeks or over 500 gm Nullipara (P0): woman who has never given birth to a viable child Primipara(P1): woman who has delivered one viable child 5547 : % 77 BB : Multipara (P2 or above): woman who has delivered more than one viable child Grand multipara (P5): a woman who has delivered five or more viable ~ children Risk factor Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  18 COMMON TERMINOLOGIES USED IN OBSTETRIC NURSING Common Terms Explanations Ist Primigravida T & Woman who is pregnant for the first time Advanced maternal age Pregnant above age 35 (calculated by EDC) T Elderly primigravida Woman who is pregnant for the first time at/above age 35 E* Multigravida Woman who is pregnant for more than once * Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  21 EXERCISE OF DESCRIBING THE PREGNANT HISTORY 1. A woman who is in first time of pregnancy, with no history of abortion Gravida: __I Parity: __8 Write as ______ GlpO 2. Woman who is now the third time of pregnancy, she tells you now - has 1 boy and 1 girl 3 Parity: __ Gravida: __ 2 Write as ______ G3P2 3. A woman just told you she is now pregnant, before she had 4 times - abortions and currently has 1 baby girl - ↑Laboration) + 6 Parity: __I Gravida: __ G6PI Write as ______ - 4. A pregnant woman comes to you for history taking, she had a pair of 5 year old twin babies, and 1 abortion last year - - + / - Laboration) Gravida: __ 3 Parity: __ 2 G302 Write as ______ Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  fundus 27 ↓ UTERUS Pear shape organ JBody [ Contains: Thick muscular wall Mucous membrane lining Rich blood supply Normal bent slightly forward (anteflexion) Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  28 UTERUS STRUCTURE Three sections Three layer Fundus- Upper portion Endometrium – inner layer, contains Corpus- Body rich blood supply Cervix Myometrium – thick muscular wall Perimetrium- the outer layer Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  29 UTERUS FUNCTION Support bladder and bowel Allow fetus development Accept fertilized ovum from fallopian tube Allow ovum implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood (Marshall & Raynor, 2014) Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  30 CERVIX Constitutes the lower third of the uterus, half of the cervix projecting into the vagina Cervical canal : hollow part of the cervix presence of mucus plug-in the cervical canal to prevent ascending infection Consists of external and internal os Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  31 ROLE OF CERVIX OS IN PREGNANCY From the second to third trimester: Remain closed until onset of labour Provide stable support for the baby’s head Allow descend into the uterus in preparation for birth Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  34 VAGINA Functions Passage for menstrual flow Passage for spermatozoa which deposited during sexual intercourse Barrier to prevent ascending infection because of its acid secretion Exit for the fetus during delivery Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  39 FETAL SKULL Frontal bones (left and right) Parietal bones (left and right) Occipital bone Temporal bones (left and right) JaypeeDigital https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  40 SUTURES Areas of membranes which have not been ossified 1. Frontal Suture fused in the early adulthood when ossification of the skull completes 2. Coronal Suture 3. Sagittal Suture 4. Lambdoid Suture Magill-Cuerden, & Macdonald (2012). Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  42 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sutures and fontanelles allow overriding of the fetal skull during labour temporary alter the shape as guiding point in vaginal examination in locating position https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  43 VERTEX PRESENTATION (FULLY FLEXED HEAD) Most favourable shape for dilating the cervix and vaginally delivered Magill-Cuerden, & Macdonald (2012). Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  44 MOLDING OF FETAL SKULL Fi Change of shape of fetal head that takes place during its passage through the birth canal Bones of vault allow a slight degree of bending and override at the sutures Reduction in the size of the presenting A protective mechanism and prevents the fetal brain from being compressed as long as it is not excessive, too rapid or in an unfavorable direction Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  45 CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM F (EASUE) Area of edema over presenting part of fetus / newborn resulting from the pressure against the cervix during labour Edema occurs in the skin superficial to skull & periosteum Usually heal without any major medical intervention Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  49 COMPARISON OF CAPUT SUCCEDANEUM AND CEPHALOHAEMATOMA Caput Succedaneum Cephalohaematoma Present at birth Not present at birth, present after birth May cross a suture line Never cross a suture line Size depends on rate of labour progress Size depends on degree of trauma Tends to grow less as it gradually subsides May increase in the first 1 to 2 days Pits on pressure (oedematous swelling) Does not pit on pressure Disappear completely within 24-48 hours Disappear completely at about 4-6 weeks Unilateral ( Double caput is rare) Bilateral is common (Double Cephalhaematoma) No harm done Harmful – Neonatal jaundice, anaemia, brain damage Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  53 BREAST Anatomy of breast : Composed of fat, fibrous tissue & mammary glands; Rich in lymphatic network Hormonal influences during pregnancy begin in the first trimester → Increase level of oestrogen and progesterone → Fat and fibrous tissue are sensitive to hormones → cause milk ductal sprouting and branching Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  64 PLACENTA Means of metabolic & nutrient exchange between the embryonic & maternal circulation Located at site where embryo attaches to uterine wall, normally in upper uterine segment Purplish red in colour and round shape Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25  76 FUNCTIONS OF AMNIOTIC FLUID : DURING PREGNANCY maintain constant temperature maintain fluid and electrolyte balance permit symmetric growth and development promote fetal movement cushion the fetus from trauma Prevent umbilical cord compression provide some nutritive substances for fetus Candy Tsoi / NUR502 AY24-25