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NSTP REVIWER ⚫ MODULE 1 HANDOUT 1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES - According to the Citizen's Movement for a Federal Philippines (CMFP) Article V. Bill of Duties and Obligations (2014), the following are some of duties and responsibilities of a Filipino. Section 1. Loyalt...

NSTP REVIWER ⚫ MODULE 1 HANDOUT 1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES - According to the Citizen's Movement for a Federal Philippines (CMFP) Article V. Bill of Duties and Obligations (2014), the following are some of duties and responsibilities of a Filipino. Section 1. Loyalty, obedience, and cooperation - It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to its development and welfare. Section 2. Correlative Duty - The rights of the individual impose upon him or her the correlative duty to exercise them responsibly. Section 4. Duty to work - It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work and to work well to assure himself/herself and his/her family a life worthy of human dignity. Section 5. Civic, political participation - It shall be the duty and obligation of every citizen qualified to vote to register and cast his or her vote at every election. Section 6. Promote equity, social justice - Citizen shall cooperate in the promotion of equity and social justice for the good of all. Section 7. Responsibility of youth - The youth shall assume their responsibility in developing their social, economic, intellectual and moral well-being. Section 8. Health, ecology, environment - Citizen shall exercise their right to a balanced healthful ecology, and contribute to the maintenance of a clean, enjoyable and sustainable environment. The NSTP Law R.A. 9163 also known as the National Service Training program - refers to the program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth The Three Program Components of NSTP Law 1. Reserve Office Training corps (ROTC) - Program designed to provide military training to tertiary level students 2.Literacy Training Service (LTS) - Designed to train students to become teachers of literacy 3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) - Programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life Coverage of the Law * any baccalaureate degree course or at least two-year technical vocational course * all higher and technical vocational institutions Exemption of the Law * students who finished or graduation from a baccalaureate degree or two year technical vocational * foreign students or aliens * students who completed any of the three NSTP Components * Students of PMA, PMMA, and PNPA Duration and Equivalent Course unit * NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an academic period for two (2) semesters * A certificate of completion with corresponding serial number issued by CHED, TESDA or DND shall be awarded to students who have successfully complied with the program requirements. ⚫ MODULE 2 HANDOUT 1 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION - The word environment is derived from the French word "environ" which means "surrounding" Biotic factors - all living things like human beings, plants, animals, microbes, etc. Abiotic factors - All nonliving components of an ecosystem THE FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT Hydrosphere - Included all water bodies such as lakes, ponds, river, streams, etc. Lithosphere - Means the mantle of rock divided into three layers (Crust, Mantle, and core) (outer and inner) Atmosphere - a thin layer which contains gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. which protects the solid earth and human being from the radiation of the sun. There are five layers within the atmosphere (Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere) Biosphere - Refers to all organisms on the earth's surface THE SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCPLE 1. Nature knows best - One must not go against the natural process if one would like to ensure a continuous and steady supply of resources. 2. All forms of life are important - Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature 3. Everything is connected to everything else - all biotic and amniotic components interact with each other to ensure that the system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may result in an imbalance and the deterioration of the system 4. Everything changes - The environment is constantly changing. Organism evolve through time. 5. Everything must go somewhere else - When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears from sight but it does not cease to exist. It ends up elsewhere. Since wastes are not lost to oblivion, and even goes back to backyard in some other forms. it is important that one becomes aware of the different types of waste whether hazardous or not 6. Ours is a finite earth - The earth's resources are composed of either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are those that can be replenished while non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replenished 7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation - Among all creatures, humans are the only ones made in God's image. Being the most intelligent and gifted with reason. Yet, creation exist not to be ravaged but to be taken care of as Humans cannot exist without nature MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Statement of 1978 (Presidential Decree 1586) - This was formally established in 1978 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. Toxic Substance, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (Republic Act 6969) - It aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act 8749) - Aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) - The law aims to adopt a systematic waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act 9275) - The Law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land- based sources Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9512) - In coordination with the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR), the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and other relevant agencies, shall integrate environmental education in its school curricula at all levels, whether public or private MODULE 2 HANDOUT 2 Environmental Degradation deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil. For instance, the destruction of ecosystem, the destruction of habitat, the extinction of wildlife, and pollution. defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. primary cause of environmental degradation is human disturbance. Causes of Environmental Degradation Pollution - process of making land, water, air, or other parts of the environment dirty and unsafe to use. It can be done through the introduction of a contaminant into a natural environment, however, the contaminant doesn't need to be tangible. Things as simple as light, sound and temperature can be considered pollutants when introduced artificially into an environment. Types of pollution: 1. Air Pollution - occurs when things that aren't normally there are added to the air. A common type of air pollution happens when people release particles into the air from burning fuels. Another common type of air pollution may also come from dangerous gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. 2. Land Pollution - Land can become polluted by household garbage and by industrial waste. In 2010, Americans produced about 250 million tons (226.8 million kilograms) of garbage, consisting of product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries. That's about 4.3 pounds (1.95 kg) of waste per person per day, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A little over half of the waste 54 percent is gathered in landfills. Only about 34 percent is recycled, which is about double the amount recycled in 1980, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers. 3.Water Pollution - when chemicals or dangerous foreign substances are introduced to water. These includes chemicals, sewage, pesticides, and fertilizers from agricultural runoff. It could also be metals like lead or mercury. 4. Noise Pollution - when the sound coming from planes, industry, or other sources reaches harmful levels. Research has shown direct links between noise and health, including stress-related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference, and hearing loss. For example, a study by the WHO Noise Environmental Burden on Disease working group found that noise pollution may contribute to hundreds of thousands of deaths per year by increasing the rates of coronary heart disease. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA can regulate machine and plane noise. Underwater noise pollution coming from ships has been shown to upset whales' navigation systems and kill other species that depend on the natural underwater world. Noise also makes wild species communicate louder, which can shorten their lifespan. 5. Light Pollution - Most people can't imagine living without the modern convenience of electric lights. Some consequences of light pollution are: ✓Some birds sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light which can also affect migration schedules, as they allow for longer feeding times. ✓ Streetlights can confuse newly hatched sea turtles that rely on starlight reflecting off the waves to guide them from the beach to the ocean. They may often head in the wrong direction. ✔ Light pollution, called sky glow, also makes it difficult for astronomers, both professional and amateur, to properly see the stars. ✔ Plant's flowering and developmental patterns can be entirely disrupted by artificial light. It could also be making smog worse by destroying nitrate radicals that helps the dispersion of smog. Overpopulation - occurs when a species population exceeds the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. - major cause of most of the world's problems. Whether it is a question of food shortage, lack of drinking water or energy shortages, every country in the world is affected by it-or will be. The world population is threatening to rise in the next few decades to 8 or 10 billion. There is a good chance that more and more countries will need their own products themselves. Deforestation - Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses. An estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of forest, which is roughly the size of the country of Panama, are lost each year, according to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Overexploitation of Resources - also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers. Natural Causes - Things like landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and wildfires can completely destroy local plant and animal communities to the point where they can no longer function. ⚫ MODUL;E 2 HANDOUT 3 State of Local and International Environment The Philippine forests are amongst the most diverse in the world and is also considered as one of the megadiverse countries (refers to any one of a group of nations that harbor the majority of Earth's species. and high numbers of endemic species) as well as global biodiversity hotspot as it has the world's richest plant and animal species. In global biodiversity, it ranks 2nd in fish, 5th in plants, trees, and mammals, and 8th in reptiles. While the rest of the whole world discovers  one (1) species per taxa (family) per year, the Philippines discover five (5) to six (6) specie per taxa per year (Morales, 2014). Philippines is richest in marine biodiversity and has the longest discontinuous coastline and one of the richest coral reefs in the world (Morales, 2014). It is also regarded as "Center of Marine Biodiversity in the world, surpassing the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (Morales, 2014). Rich in coral reefs with 488 out of 800 known species in the world are found in the Philippines (Morales, 2014). Philippines has rich waters due to its geographic location. It has 421 rivers, 69+ natural lakes, 100+ hectares of freshwater swamps and four major groundwater reservoirs (Morales, 2014). When it comes to agriculture, the country has vast land resources. The country has 14.2 million hectares of alienable and disposable land -47% of the country's total land area and 13 million hectares or 43% of the country's total land area are classified as agricultural lands (Morales, 2014). Philippines has rich mineral resources for national industrialization and is 5th mineralized country worldwide (Morales, 2014). Environmental Crisis in the Philippines Also amongst the most endangered. Forest cover was reduced from 70% in 1909 to only 18.3% in 1999. Ideal is 54%. Due to deforestation, more than 93% of original forests lost in past 500 years and is still shrinking at an average rate of 2% per year (Morales, 2014). And according to CIA World Factbook (2018), the forest cover in the Philippines is at 25.9%. Fish production is in crisis and fishing and breeding grounds are diminishing. There is a decline in fish caught and maximum sustainable yields, degraded coral reefs, decreasing mangrove areas and pollution. Also, 90% of fish stocks depleted in fifty (50) years and only four (4) percent of coral reefs are in good condition. There is also an open access policy, privatization of municipal fisheries and monopoly control of fishery resources (Morales, 2014). In the middle of a water crisis. Two out of five Filipinos (34%) do not get water from formal sources for domestic consumption. There is a low annual per capita availability of freshwater. Only 65% of households have portable water (Morales, 2014). The demand for surface water is higher than supply and drinking water is expensive and privatized. Widespread pollution is also a factor. Out of 421 rivers, 158 are unsafe for drinking. Fifty of those are biologically dead (Morales, 2014). This is mainly caused by waste dumping into the water. There is a shrinking in agricultural lands. In 1990, there are 8 million hectares. In the late 90s it was reduced by 5 million hectares. In this land conversion, 1 million farmers were displaced (Morales, 2014). Land degradation, soil erosion, crop conversion, recurrent droughts, pollution, landlessness, and backward agriculture contributed to destruction of the agricultural lands.  The state of mining in the country is mainly extractive, export-oriented, dominated by local mining elite and dependent on foreign capital technologies. In Manila alone, 98% of the population is affected by the pollution. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. (Morales, 2014) The need for new homes, development of new buildings, houses, and establishments are in order. After which, the demand for electricity, food, and other greenhouse gases also increases. Scarcity of food can be experienced due to the limited ability of animals to populate fast. Thus, dishonest people nowadays resort to using chemicals and medications to boost and fake the growth of these animals. Overpopulation. also means having more garbage to dispose. Suffered from even more violent storms like Typhoon Haiyan. On average, about 20 tropical cyclones enter the Philippine waters each year, with eight (8) to nine (9) making landfall. And over the past decade, these tropical storms have struck the nation more often and more severely, scientists believe, because of climate change STATE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL 1. SOUTHEAST ASIA - beautiful area is now struggling with issues of increased pollution, poor resource management, species, and habitat loss. Currently experiencing increased urbanization because of growing population. Increased emissions from transportation, infrastructure, energy consumption, and light pollution. Much of the fresh water remains heavily polluted. 2. AFRICA - one of the continents hardest hit by climate change, increased in severe droughts, floods, and storms expected to threaten the health of populations and economies. Already the hottest continent, expected to warm up to 1.5 times. 3. EUROPE – expected to suffer from more heavy rain falls, greater flood risk. Mountain’s temperature is predicted to get even higher, while Mediterranean part is suffering from heat problems that causes crop failure, droughts, and even forest fires. This continent and the upper part are heating up greater than any other continent. 4. ANTARTICA – marine life is the most affected by global warming. The temperature is increasing by 1C that makes the animals live here reside to another place and also due to increasing temperature, the icebergs melt even more causing the water level to rise up. This continent contains 90% of the world’s fresh water that are lock big icebergs. 5. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA  Northeast – heat waves, heavy rains, and sea level rise that affects ecosystems, infrastructures, and agriculture of the country. Northwest – changes of timing of the streamflow causes lack of water supply. Wildfires, sea level rise, and many more causes dying of trees. Southeast – sea level increase and extreme heat affects the community and agriculture. Lack of water supply also affects this part of the country Midwest – Extreme heat and heavy floodings causes damage to the agriculture and infrastructures of the community. Southwest – Increased heat and insect outbreaks affects the health of the civilians and also experiencing lack of water supply. 6. AUSTRALIA – the lack of political leadership leads to the continent bad respond to climate change and experiencing heavy effects of the global warming throughout their continent. If this won’t be handled properly they will experience more of the global issues like flooding, wildfires, and many more.